TR-37

TECHNICAL REPORT

PROCESSING BATHYTHERMOGRAPH DATA

AT THE

HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE

BENJAMIN S. RICHMOND

Bathythermograph Processing Branch

Division of Computation

JUNE 1956

OCT 1019^6

U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

ABSTRACTSince the beginning of the U. S. Navy's expanded bathy-

thermograph (BT) program, in 1941, the system of proces-

sing the data has changed very little. Log sheet data were

slowly and laboriously hand copied onto the bathythermo-

gram prints. Slides and log sheets were the only negatives.

In 1955 a new method was developed and put into operation

at the Hydrographic Office which places all the BT slide and

log sheet data onto 35-mm. motion picture film. Any number

of prints can be made, and the film can be used for automatic

transcription onto punch cards.

FOREWORD

The adoption of the method of bathythermograph processing

described herein makes it possible for one central agency to

conduct all the various phases of collecting, evaluating, and

coii55iling the data observed by a wide variety of cooperating

vessels, at a considerable saving over the procedures hereto-

fore employed,

Ihe grovjing bulk of bathythermograms now on hand,

together with the increased observational activity anticipated

in the immediate future indicates the desirability of estab-

lishing procedures, such as authorized herein, that will

permit the rapid and economical processing of these data.

. B. COCHRANCaptain, Uo So Navy-

Hydrographer

ili

DISTRIBUTION LIST:

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Iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Foreward illDistribution List ivList of Figures vA. Introduction 1

B. Processing Bathythermograph Data at the Hydrographic Office. 21. Receiving and Logging Bathythermograph Observations. . 2

2. a:iecking and Coding the Log Sheets and Slides k

3. Photographing the Slides and Log Sheets kh. Editing and Screening the Film 95. Processing the Bathythermogram Prints 96. Production Capacities of the Processing Equipment. . . 12

7. Estimate of Costs 12C. Future Plans I5

1. Revisions of Log Sheets and Manuals I5

2. Film Storage I7

3. Electronic Scanning cf Traces I7D. Conclusions I7Bibliography I9

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 - General Flow Chart, BT Data Processing 32 - The BT Grid File 53 - The BT Recorder-Camera 6k - The BT Grid and Slide Frames 8

5 - Editing the Film 10

6 - The Pakomatic Printer 11

7 - The V-Mail Developer-Dryer I38 - The Pakoline Automatic Cutter llj-

9 - A Sample Bathythermogram I6

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2009 with funding from

Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries

http://www.archive.org/details/processingbathytOOrich

PROCESSING BATHYTHEEMOGRAPH DATA AT THE EYDBOGEAPHIC OFFICE

A. IKTEODUCTIOW

In 1914-1 the U. S. Kavy expanded the program for taking bathythermo-graph (BT) oTDservatlona. As a result, a system of processing theseobservations was developed at Woods Hole Oceanographlc Institution andat the University of California, Division of War Eesearch, Saja Diego.

This method has been followed with few modifications to the presenttime. In general, tt consists of h steps: (1) recording; (2) plotting;

(3) photographing (printing); and {k) transcribing. These steps are

briefly described as follows:

1. Becording consists of assigning a file designation or cruisenumber and checking the slides and log sheets for proper entry of dateand other required Information.

?. Plotting consists of plotting the position of each observationand correcting the log sheet when necessary.

3. Photographing (Printing) is carried out by superimposing a

transparent temperature depth grid on a slide and adjusting the rela-tive positions of the grid and slide to correct for any instrumentalerror. The superimposed grid and slide are used as a negative in makingthe photographic prints (LaFond, 1951).

k. Transcribing is the most time consuming of all steps (Leipper,

19^8). It consists of stamping, the back of each print to providespaces for entering pertinent meteorological and other data. Thenlog sheet data are copied by hand onto the back of each print.

The stamping was eliminated in 1950 "when lii5)rlnted photographicpaper became available (Schroeder, 1955).

In 19^7 a transparency method was proposed by Scripps Institu-tion of Oceanography In which the slides were imposed upon transparentsensitized paper (Leipper, 19^7)' A space was provided on an unusedportion of the slide and grid where the log sheet data were insertedand exposed separately. The transparent paper was then developed inthe usual manner and additional prints could be made by contactprinting. A negative became available by this method to make addi-tional prints that required no additional transcribing of data.Initial transcribing was necessary in preparation of the negative.The method apparently was never extensively used.

In 1953 a recording camera for reproduction of BT slide datawas developed by the Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory (Selvidio,

1953)- This type of light, portable equipment is very useful atsea. It uses a small '^'^-nrni.

, 3^-exposure still camera for photo-graphing the slide and grid. The developed film can be viewed

throu^ a microfilm reader or a 35-i'™« projector. Individual frames

may "be cut from the film strip and inserted into electronic accountingmachine (E.A.M.) punch cards for filing. Station number, Greenwich

mean time, and sonic information are punched onto the E.A.M. card.

However, none of the pertinent log sheet information was included.

The same year, the Wavy Electronics Laboratory developed a similartype of light, portable copy camera (Schaniel, 1953)- This camerautilizes a Polaroid Lend-back camera. This further reduces the time

required to obtain finished prints but does not produce negativessuitable for reproduction or filing. Although this camera is usefulat sea for rapid photographing of prints, no provision is made fortranscribing the log sheet data.

Since early In 195^ a new method has been in use at Woods HoleOceanographic Institution, which utilizes an ammonia vapor (ozalld)

processing method of producing multiple prints (Schroeder, 1955)'This excellent method provides a type of negative to reproduce the

data on both sides of the prints, thus considerably reducing the

time previously required to prepare prints and hand -copy data ontothe back of each. It is necessary to copy the data only once foreach slide.

In 1955 "the Hydrographic Office together with the Naval ResearchLaboratory developed a method for photographing the BT slide, grid,

and the pertinent line of log sheet data in a single operation. Thisrecorder-camera was designed and built by N. R. L. It is describedin section B.(3). below.

B. PROCESSING BATHYTHERMOGSAffi DATA AT THE HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE

1. Receiving and Logging Bathythermograph Observations

As is indicated by the flow chart (fig. 1), the greatestportion of bathythermograph slides and log sheets are received fromthe following sources

:

a. U. S. Navy ships

b. Hydrographic and Oceanographic Survey ships

c. Weather shipsd. Other U. S. and foreign government agencies and private

institutions

After the log sheets and slides are received at the HydrographicOffice they are logged in and assigned a priority number and a con-secutive file, or cruise number. The log sheets are filed in manllafolders upon -which a form has been printed that is used to recordevaluation of condition of the slides and log sheets and the progressof the processing. A ship record is maintained in a Kardex file withone card for each observing ship. On each card Is recorded the followingInformation:

VJSATHERSHIPS

HYDEOGRAIEICAMD

OCEANOGEAraiCSURVEY SHIPS

U. S. NAVYSHIPS

a. Cruise numberb. Date the slides and log sheets vere received at the

Hydrographic Office

c. number of slides receivedd. Number of log sheets receivede. The microfilm reel number on vhlch the cruise Is

photographedf

.

The final number of usable prints

g. The total number of prints distributedh. Any pertinent remarks

A file is maintained for all reports and other correspondencereceived from and transmitted to each observing ship.

A master file of bathythermograph grids (fig. 2) has been set upin -which nearly li»-,000 grids have been sorted, filed, and indexedaccording to instrument model numbers and serial numbers.

?. Checking and Coding the Log Sheets and Slides

The log sheets are checked for correctness of positionquadrants and associated meteorological data. Those observationsthat have been Incorrectly coded are receded. In the photographicprocess used, the log sheet is photographed with the slide and grid.

It has been fovtnd that the usual method of making red pencil correctionsdirectly above the original data is confusing and difficult to read onthe bathythermograms . Therefore, a method is used in •vdilch the correc-tions are made on a corresponding log sheet column. The columns arethen cut into strips and attached over the original data by means ofrubber cement. Thus, the original data are preserved and the stripcan be removed if desired.

The slides are ahecked against the log sheets and, vhererequired, corrections are made for slide numbers, times, dates, and BTinstrument numbers. Cruise numbers are not added to the slides as theyappear on the log sheet heading strip at the top of each bathythermogram.

Slides that are fogged are placed in a defogging box con-taining cotton saturated vith lacquer thinner. Unlacquered slides aresprayed with a light plastic coating such as Krylon or Spray-It. Brokenslides are carefully edge -cemented vith Duco cement.

3. Hiotographing the Slides and Log Sheets

The N. R. L. recorder-camera (fig. 3) consists of a projectorsystem in which the BT slide and grid are inserted and projected ontoan opal-glass screen. The projected image is then photographed togetherwith the log sheet information which appears directly above the screen.The Intensity of the light which reaches the screen through the slideand grid is Indicated on a microammeter that is wired to three photo-electric cells placed in front of the lower portion of the screen. Avariac,controls the intensity of the projector lig^t.

Fig. 2. The BT Grid File

Fig. 3. The BT Recorder-Camera

Directly above the screen, onto -which the Bllde and grid

are projected, is a long narrow slot the length and width of a singleline of the BT log sheet. Behind the slot is a roller system, similarto that of a typewriter, which holds the log sheet in position forphotographing. Immediately above the slot are two channels into whichare inserted strips of paper on which are printed the log sheet headingsand the data column headings.

A constant intensity lumiline-type lamp is used to illuminatethe log sheet information. The log sheet headings are filled out beforeInsertion to show the assigned file or cruise number, the sheet number,name of the ship, months year, time zone, and survey cruise name ornumber if given. A space for writing in the key niimber on the finishedprint is provided at the right-hand end of the strip. Facing this datasetup is mounted a Bell and Howell, Eyemc, 35-™™- motion picture camera.It is electrically operated and automatically advances the film andresets the shutter as each photograph is taken. The type of film usedis extremely fine grain panchromatic Micro-file. It is loaded on number10 spools in 100-foot lengths. Approximately I5OO slides can be photo-graphed on each spool. About ij-OO slides a day can be filmed.

Briefly, the operating procedure is as follows: After loadingthe camera with film, the log sheet heading strip is filled out to pro-vide the same information as given on the log sheet. It is insertedInto the top channel. The log sheet is inserted into the roller assemblyand the data line corresponding to the first slide to be photographedis aligned to show in the slot. The data heading strip, showing theproper geographic quadrants, is inserted into the center channel andaligned with the log sheet coliimns. The BT grid is placed in a longhandled frame (fig. k) and inserted into a vertical stage. Fine posi-tioning adjustments to the grid can be made both vertically and hori-zontally by means of thiimbscrews . In a similar manner, the slide is

Inserted into a second stage Immediately behind the grid in such a mannerthat the smoked surface of the slide and the emulsion surface of thegrid are nearly in contact. Parallax is thus reduced to a minimum.The BT slide stage is also adjustable both vertically and horizontally.The slide is adjusted horizontally to bring the trace at the 50-footlevel to the corrected "set-up temperature", by the method describedInH, 0. Pub. No. 6lk, Processing Oceanographic Data. It is adjustedvertically so that the surface trace is aligned with the surface (zero)depth line of the grid.

These adjustments are viewed on a mirror by the operator.The mirror is on hinges inside the recorder between the screen andthe camera. A lever raises the lid of the viewing port In the topof the recorder casing and the mirror simultaneously. The lid of theviewing port is opened and the mirror is raised to the proper angleby a single motion of the lever. When the mirror is positioned, thelog sheet, data column headings, and the log sheet heading strips areeasily visible along with the projected image of the slide and grid.After the necessary alignments have been made, the lid is closed andthe mirror lowered out of range of the camera by moving the lever forward.

Fig. k. The BT Grid, and Slide Frames

8

The light intensity of the projector is then adjusted to the required

meter reading as indicated hy the photoelectric cells. These three

cells are located in front of the slide and grid screen just out of

range of the camera . The photograph is taken when the operator presses

the camera shutter control button located in the top of' the lever

handle, A check on the possible changes of strength, or aging, of the

photoelectric cells is maintained by photographing a neutral density

filter at a knovn light setting. This is then Inspected in a densio-

meter after the film is developed. A neutral density filter is photo-

graphed at the beginning and end of each reel of film. It is mounted

In a frame similar to that used for the BT grid and is inserted into

the grid stage for photographing.

Before photographing a cruise, a slide is shot -which shows

the cruise number. Another slide is shot which indicates the number

of prints to be made of each bathythermogram. Thus, the operator of

the high speed printer is informed of the beginning and ending of each

cruise and the varying number of prints to make as he advances the film

through the printer. The cruise number provides a quick reference -vAien

Inspecting film in a reader.

k. Editing and Screening the Film

After the film has been developed, it is inspected, frame by

frame, in a Recordak Microfilm reader (fig. 5). Any errors that may

have occurred in the photographing are marked during this inspection

and cut out of the film. The film is then spliced and is ready for

printing.

5. Processing the Bathythermogram Prints

The bathythermograms are made on an enlarging strip paper

printer called a Pakomatic printer (fig. 6). This high speed printer

uses roll paper in lengths up to 1,000 feet. The paper used for bathy-

thermograms is a low contrast, semimatte type known as Resisto-Rapid.

It is cut in 500-foot lengths, k^ inches wide. Because of the devel-

oping process now being used, it is only slightly heavier than single

weight paper. It has a plastic backing to reduce absorption of water

during the developing.

The Pakomatic printer is located in the darkroom adjacent

to the developer. The paper is loaded into a large drum or magazine.

The magazine is mounted on the upper left hand part of the printer and

the paper is threaded over a series of rollers which holds it in the

proper position on the paper carriage for making the exposures. It is

then threaded around another roller and onto a windup reel. Exposure

is automatically controlled by a photocell, with provisions for modi-

fication of the photocell readings according to the operator's judge-

ment. (Pako Corp., 1955). As each exposure is made, a small knife

makes a half inch cut in the paper at the center of the strip midway

between consecutive prints. These cuts are three Inches apart. Thej

Fig. 5. Editing the Film

10

Fig. 6. The Pakomatic Printer

11

provide the trigger for the automatic cutter to separate the individualpsrints from the roll after it has been developed and dried.

The exposed paper is developed, fixed, washed, and dried in a

continuous system (fig. 7) of the type used for processing V-mail duringWorld War II. This equipment has teen at the Hydrographic Office forseveral years. No modifications were necessary to adapt it for BT printprocessing. It is still used for other work when BT prints are notbeing processed. The paper is attached to a 72 -foot leader strip whichthreads it over and under a series of rollers. The paper is thus leadup and down into the succeeding tanks which contain developer, fixer,and wash water. The temperatures of the solutions are thermostaticallycontrolled. From the tanks the paper is fed directly onto the dryingdrum and finally comes off the drum ready for the automatic cutter.

The dried paper is cut into individual prints by a Pakolinecutter (fig. 8). As processed dried prints are automatically fed throughthe cutter, the slit made by the printer accurately positions each printfor cutting. Constant operating speed allows the operator sufficienttime to check each print. As the slit in the paper strip reaches thecutter bar, a feeler spring is triggered by the slit in such a mannerthat the cutter bar cuts the paper exactly at the slit. The severedprint then falls into a tray and is ready for sorting, checking, anddistributing to the various agencies.

6. Production Capacities of the Processing Equipment

Test runs of the various pieces of equipment show that theycan process the following number of checked and correct slides and logsheets and bathythermogram prints per day:

BT Recorder-Camera ________ UoO slides/dayPakomatic Printer ________ 2,000 prints/dayV-Mail Developer-Dryer ________ 6,000 prints/dayPakoline Cutter _____ — -32,14-00 prints/day

Each of these figures is for the average daily capacity ofthe particular machine and does not take into consideration the numberof personnel available or the fact that one person may be called uponto operate more than one machine. Time required for mixing chemicals,heating solutions in the tanks, cleaning equipment, sorting slides andselecting grids was Included.

7. Estimate of Costs

As the processing of BT data has not been in progress longat the Hydrographic Office, the following costs are based on an estircate

of processing 38,300 slides and 153,200 prints per year. The number ofslides is an average of the totals received at the Hydrographic Officeduring the years 1^53, 195^^, and 1955

.

12

Fig. 7. The V-Mail Developer -Dryer

13

Fig. 8. The Pakoline Automatic Cutter

11^

Materials --------- -$ 2,590.00Labor ----------------- 20,560.00Amortization of equipment ------- 725. 00Overhead- -------------- - 20,560.00

Total yearly cost $i).i+, 2^35 . oo

Cost per "bathythermogram print- - - - - $ 0.29

C. FUTUEE PLANS

1. Revisions of Log Sheet and Manuals

The method of processing BT data, which has "been describedin this report, eliminates all hand copying of data onto the finishedprint, with the single exception of the key number used for filing.This must be added to the space provided in the upper right hand comerof each print. The method, however, places a greater hurden on theaccuracy and readability of the log sheet data. Errors on the logsheet could be corrected in the older process before or during copyingdata to the backs of the hathythermograms . The newer method requiresthat all corrections he made prior to photographing. Obviously thebest place to make corrections is at the source. To this end the oh-

server in the field must be provided with a precise set of instructionsand all the codes and tables necessary to complete the log sheetproperly. In addition, the log sheet information must be arranged inthe easiest manner for the analyst to read the film or the print(fig. 9) and also to enable the E.A.M. punch -card operator to trans

-

scrihe all the information in the desired order.

In order that these things may be accomplished, the BT logsheet, Oceanographic Log Sheet - B, PENC-KHO II89 , has been revised.Each pad of 100 log sheets is provided with a cover Jacket containinginstructions for filling in the various columns and marking the slides.The jacket also contains all necessary codes and tables for making themeteorological entries. Examples of the entries are shown on a samplelog sheet. H. 0. Pub. Wo. 606-C, Bathythermograph Observations, is

being rewritten and modernized to bring it into agreement with the newlog sheet and the instructions contained in the new edition of E. 0.

Pub. Wo. 607, Instruction Manual for Oceanographic Observations. Theseinstructions will be much more detailed and specific than previous ones.

It has been found that where a choice of observational method wasallowed such as injection or bucket sea temperatures and Beaufort orknots for wind, the observer rarely stated which he used. By elimin-ating choice much time will be saved that is now spent in determiningwhich method the observer used. It is hoped that by providing allobservers with these tools, the time spent in receding and correctinglog sheets can be considerably reduced, which in turn will greatlyreduce the time required for processing each cruise.

15

Fig. 9. A Sample Bathythermogram

16

2. Film storage

The problem of film storage Is "being Investigated. One ofthe methods under consideration for filing negatives is the Fllmsorttechnique. This is a method of machine mounting each negative intoan E.A.M. punch card. Cards could be sorted by any of several keyssuch as Marsden squares, latitude and longitude, date, time, cruise,ship's name, surface temperature, layer depth, etc. Duplicate filmscan be made and retained in reels as an archive. This would permitthe return of all processed slides to one of the BT repair facilitiesfor resmoklng and reissue and would be less expensive than new slides.The log sheets could then be destroyed.

3. Electronic Scanning of Traces

Consideration is being given to automatic or semi-automaticmeans of transcribing temperature data at selected depths from thefilm to a medium suitable for input to a digital data processing system.The present method of visual reading and manual transcription is labor-ious, time consuming, and productive of error. The mechanized methodsunder consideration make feasible the recording of many more pointsper BT trace, permitting more accurate reconstruction and analysis ofthe physical situation by the data processing system. Various avail-able automatic transcription systems make possible the direct prepara-tion of punched cards, punched paper tape or digital magnetic tape.Further study will determine which is most suitable.

Based on a tentative selection of kO points per trace, it is

estimated the cost of purchasing the equipment and a year's operationwould be approximately as follows

:

Data reading system equipment ----- $25,800.00Rental (E.A.M. equipment) ------- 60O.OOLabor ----------------- 6,600.00Materials --------------- 25O.OO

The production capacity of such a system is estimated at60,000 BT elides per year.

D. CONCLUSIONS

The processing method established at the Hydrographic Office is

more versatile than previous methods, because it provides in a singlenegative not only the BT trace but all the associated log sheet data;for example, previous methods omitted barometer and visibility readings.The new method eliminates all hand transcription of data to the print.All information is available on one side of the print thus eliminatingthe necessity to turn each card over to read the associated information.The negative is readily available for reproduction of additional printsat any time. Negatives can be duplicated thus eliminating the necessity

17

for retaining 'bulky boxes of slides and large files of log sheets.The film can "be stored in reels or in individual E.A.M. punch cards.Film is more adaptable to the automatic data processing systemsunder consideration than prints produced by older methods. Morerapid and detailed extraction of data, greater geographic coverage,and wider distribution of information at lover unit cost than everbefore is possible by this method.

18

BIBLIOGEAEHY

LAFOND, E. C. Processing Qceanographlc Data , H. 0. Pub. No. 6lif-,

Washington, D. C, I95I

LEIPPIR, D. F. Annual Report Bathythermograph Processing Jnlt,

1 July 19^7 , Qceanographlc Report No. 6, ScrlppsInstitution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., July19*^7

LEIPI^ER, D. F. & BURT, W. V". Annual Report Bathythermograph ProcessingUnit, 1 July 19^8 , Qceanographlc Report No. 1^, ScrlppsInstitution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif,, July191^8

SffiANIEL, C. L. , Jr. A Copy Camera for Rapid Reproduction of Bathy-thermograph Information , U. S. Navy ElectronicsLaboratory Report ^4-17, San Diego, Calif., I953

SCHROEDER, Elizabeth H. A Nev Method of Bathythermograph Production,

Woods Hole Qceanographlc Institution Reference No.

55-5 (unpublished manuscript). Woods Hole, Mass.,February 1955

SELVTDIO, J. F. Information on Bathythermograph Recording Camera,

U. S. Navy Underwater Sound laboratory TechnicalMemorandum No. 3^8-18-53, New London, Conn., March 1953

PAZD CORPORATION Instructions for the Installation, Operation andMaintenance of the Pakomatlc Printer , Minneapolis,Minn. , 1955

U. S. NAVY HYDROGEAIBIC OFFICE Bathythermograph Observations , E. 0.

Pub. No. 606-C, Washington, D. C, 1951)-

------ Instruction Manual for Qceanographlc Observations ,

H. 0. Pub. No. 607, Washington, D. C, 2nd ed. I956

LIST OF ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

BRALOVE, A. L. & WILLIAMS, E. I., Jr. A Study of the Errors of thaBathythermograph , National Scientific Laboratories,Inc., Washington, D. C, June 1952

UNLVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DIVISION OF WAR RESEARCH Procedure forHandling Bathythermograph Data , U. S. Navy ElectronicsLaboratory (UCDWR M4it2), San Diego, Calif., July 19k6

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