Proceedings ofkailab.edu.ibaraki.ac.jp/asiandust-ERS/pdf/membersonly/...Proceedings of First Seminar...

Proceedings of

First Seminar of the JSPS Core-to-Core Program:

Collaborative Research between Mongolia, China and Japan on Outbreaks of Asian Dust and Environmental Regime Shift

Lecture Hall, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University

Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan

4 – 9 August 2014

Welcome Message

First of all, on behalf of the Core-to-Core Program (B. Asia-Africa Science Platform) of the

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), I would like to extend a warm welcome to

all the participants attending the First JSPS Seminar to be held from 4th from 9th August

2014 at the Nagoya University.

The theme of this program “Outbreaks of Asian Dust and Environmental Regime Shift“ is a

timely and important issue for social and scientific communities in Mongolia, China and

Japan. Dust plays an important role in forming both a climate and an ecosystem. The Gobi

Desert, located across Mongolia and China, is one of the major sources of the Asian dust. The

reduction of grasslands mainly distributed in the north of the Gobi Desert should enhance the

dust emission. There is an interaction between the grasslands and the desert. The Mongolian

grasslands that have a rich ecosystem with a variety of wild animals and plants have act as a

barrier to prevent the desertification that extends northward from the desert. We would need

to get a picture of outbreaks of Asian dust and environmental regime shift in these areas.

The ecological and pathological studies on the environmental regime shift including

desertification, a fundamental change of the ecosystem, etc. have been promoted in the

drylands of East Asia. On the other hand, laser radar (lidar) remote-sensing and in situ

techniques for measuring atmospheric and other environmental variables have advanced

rapidly; the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation)

mission with CloudSAT launched by NASA and CNES in 2006 and the EarthCARE (Earth

Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer) jointly-developed by ESA, JAXA and NICT in

2015. The integration of these results would be a subject of our project.

A proposal for the Asia-Africa Science Platform on the Asian dust and environmental regime

shift has been approved by JSPS in FY 2014 - 2016. The program is designed to build up an

advanced and functionable science platform for the collaborative researches between

Mongolia, China and Japan through seminars and exchange of students and researchers.

Partners of core institutes of this program are invited to this seminar; National Agency for

Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring (Mongolia), Lanzhou University, and Xinjiang

Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS (China), Nagoya University, National Institute of

Environmental Studies, Rakuno Gakuen University, University of Tokyo.

We hope that the First JSPS Seminar will be a platform to exchange knowledge of the latest

developments in studies on the Asian dust and environmental regime shift, and to fostering

the next generation of researchers in Mongolia, China and Japan through the training course.

I would like to wish all of you an enjoyable and fruitful Seminar.

Kenji Kai

Professor of Nagoya University

Coordinator of the JSPS Core-to-Core Program

Program at a glance

Program ===================================================== DAY-1 Monday 4 August

Opening ceremony 10:00-10:30

Vice-President Y. Watanabe (Nagoya University)

Mr. D. Batdorj (National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Mongolia)

Prof. J. Huang (Lanzhou University, China)

Prof. K. Kai (Nagoya University, Coordinator of JSPS Program)

Keynote lectures

10:30-11:00 Field Studies of Dusts and Bioaerosols - New Trend in Asian Dust Research -

Y. Iwasaka (The University of Shiga Prefecture) -------------------------------------

11:00-11:30 Dust Modeling: An Overview of Progress and Challenges

Y. Shao (University of Cologne, Germany) -------------------------------------------

11:30-11:45 Coffee Break

11:45-12:15 Studying the impact of dust on global statistics of cloud thermodynamic phase

Y. Hu (NASA Langley Research Center, USA) et al.---------------------------------

Session R-1: Asian dust in the source regions - observation, numerical modeling,

and long-range transport -

13:30-14:00 Field Campaign of Dust Optical Properties over Northwest China

J. Huang (Lanzhou University, China) et al. -------------------------------------------

14:00-14:30 Study of Asian Dust Using the Asian Dust and Aerosol Lidar Observation Network

(AD-Net)

N. Sugimoto (National Institute for Environmental Studies) et al. -----------------

14:30-14:50 Long-term Continuous Observation of Asian Dust by a Ceilometer at Dalanzadgad,

Mongolia

K. Kawai (Nagoya University) et al. ----------------------------------------------------


15:05-15:30 Recent Measurements and Studies Relevant to Mineral Dust and Anthropogenic

Particulate Matters in Mongolia

D. Jugder (Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Mongolia)---

15:30-15:50 Vertical Structure of Fluorescent Aerosols in the Atmosphere Based on Multi-

Channel Raman/Polarization/Fluorescence Lidar Observation and Sampling

TEM/EDS Analysis

Z. Huang (Lanzhou University, China) et al.--------------------------------------------

15:50-16:10 Ratio of ice-containing clouds observed by the CALIPSO lidar over the arid regions

in East Asia

Y. Jin (National Institutes for Environmental Studies) et al.--------------------------


16:25-16:45 Land Surface Memory Effects on Dust Emission and Its Modeling in a Mongolian

Temperate Grassland

B. Nandintsetseg (Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment,

Mongolia) et al. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

16:45-17:05 A Dust Emission Model Elaborated by Dust Parameters as Soil Moisture Functions

in Mongolia

E. Munkhtsetseg (National University of Mongolia) et al.----------------------------

Poster Session 17:05-17:45

Relation between dust outbreak rate and vegetation cover in the Gobi Desert

Aruhan et al.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Related Factors of Dust Outbreaks in East Asia during

Springtime from 1999 to 2013

J. Wu et al.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A study of Atmospheric Boundary Layer structure and Air Pollution in Ulaanbaatar between Warm

and Cold Periods

M. Wang et al.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Impact of Land Surface Characteristics on Asian Dust Storm Derived by Satellite Data

Y. Demura et al.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dust Storm Events and its Relation to Satellite Vegetation Indices in Southern Gobi of Mongolia

Y. Sofue et al.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18:00-20:00 Ice Breaker

===================================================== DAY-2 Tuesday 5 August

Session R-2: Environmental regime shift - ecological and pathological surveys -

09:00-09:30 Studies on the Mechanism of Asian Dust Storm Outbreaks Using Ground

Measurement and Remote Sensing Technique

Hoshino (Rakno Gakuen University) et al. -----------------------------------------------

The Characteristics of Soil Salinization and Its Driving Forces in Arid Inland

Watershed of China (canceled)

H. Zhou (Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China) et al.---------------

09:30-09:50 The overflowing Areas of Tarim River: a Potential Dust Source in Tarim Basin of

China

W. Li (Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China) et al.------------------

09:50-10:10 Investigation of Dust Transport Event between Mongolia and Japan by Biological

Tracer Approach

J. Noda (Rakno Gakuen University) et al. -----------------------------------------------

10:10-10:30 The Distribution of Nanoparticles under the Experimental Environment and Relations

with an Exposure Risk to the Host

K. Hagiwara (Rakno Gakuen University) et al.------------------------------------------


10:45-11:15 Integrating Dryland Disaster Sciences: 4D Project

M. Shinoda (Nagoya University) ----------------------------------------------------------

11:15-11:45 An Effort of Paleo-dust Modelling as Climate Proxy: Preliminary Results

Y. Shao (University of Cologne, Germany) ----------------------------------------------

11:45-12:05 Impacts of the Asian Dust on the Ocean Carbon Cycle – A Review Of Recent Studies

N. Kurita (Nagoya University) et al.-------------------------------------------------------

Session R-1: Asian dust in the source regions

14:00-14:20 Dust Transport by Convective-Scale and Microscale Processes over Desert Regions of

East Asia

T. Takemi (Kyoto University) ---------------------------------------------------------------

Discussion

14:30-15:00 Outline of the JSPS Core-to-Core Program

K. Kai (Nagoya University) et al------------------------------------------------------------.


15:15-17:00

Science Platforms for the Collaborative Researches ( R-1, R-2 and R-3 )

Networking between Mongolia, China and Japan

Fostering the Next Generations of Young Researchers

Next JSPS Seminar in 2015

18:00-20:00 Dinner

================================================== DAY-3 Wednesday 6 August

Field Seminar in Kamikochi (one of the most scenic spot in Japan, free of charge)

=================================================== DAY-4 Thursday 7 August

Training course for young researchers

09:00-10:15 Introduction to Lidar

by K. Kai (Nagoya University)

10:30-12:00 Lidar in SACOL and Dunhuang

by J. Huang and Z. Huang (Lanzhou University, China)

13:30-14:45 Lidar in Aksu, China

by Y. Jin (NIES) and K. Kai (Nagoya University)

15:00-16:15 Ceilometer in Dalanzadgad, Mongolia

by K. Kawai and K. Kai (Nagoya University)

===================================================== DAY-5 Friday 8 August

Training course for young researchers

09:00-10:15 Remote Sensing of Dry Land Studies

by B. Hoshino (Rakno Gakuen University)

10:30-11:45 Climatology of Dry Land in Mongolia

by D. Jugder (Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Mongolia)

==================================================== DAY- 6 Saturday 9 August

Session R-3: Dusts and Bioaerosol

09:00-10:30

Reports of Field Researchers; brief reports will be given concerning with activities of field

observations. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Research Activities at Dunhuang and SACOL by J. Huang (referred to R-1)

Research Activities at Mongolia by D. Jugder (referred to R-1)

Research Activities at Dalanzadgad by K. Kai (referred to R-1)

Diversity and Structure Dynamics Of Bioaerosols over Dunhuang City in Taklimakan Desert

Maki (Kanazawa University) et al.-------------------------------------------------------------------

Ongoing Atmospheric Research Activities on Noto Peninsula.

A.Matsuki (Kanazawa University) et al.-----------------------------------------------------------

Atmospheric Bioaerosols over the Antarctic

F. Kobayashi (Kanazawa University) et al.--------------------------------------------------------

Evaluation of Health Effects of Aerosol by Epidemiological Approach

T. Higashi (Kanazawa University) et al.-----------------------------------------------------------


10:45-12:00 Discussion on Possible Cooperation chaired by

Y. Iwasaka (The University of Shiga Prefecture)

=======================================================================

Keynote Lectures

10:30-12:15 on 4 August

Field Studies of Dusts and Bioaerosols - New Trend in Asian Dust Research -

Yasunobu IWASAKA1

1) The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hassaka-chou, Hikone 522-8533, Japan

Long-range transport of bioaerosols has become the center of world wide interest since when Griffin et al. suggested noticeable increase of atmospheric bioaerosol content during dust events (2001, 2004). The bioaerosols transported long-range in the free atmosphere is considered to give their effects on various fields including climate system, large food chain, ecology and/or ecosystem, human health, and so on.

In northern east Asia, transport of atmospheric constituents is frequently affected by strong westerly winds, and therefore dust particles originated in arid and/or semi arid regions of the Asian continent are transported long-range to Japan islands, the center of Pacific ocean, Hawaii islands, and sometimes main land of America. It is very important to clarify the behavior of the atmospheric bioaerosols taking the various environmental effect of asian dust (Kosa) in those areas into consideration. In 2005 atmospheric bioaerosol observations have been made to take better understanding on bioaerosol concentrations, biological diversity of bioaerosols, mixing state of bioaerosols and Kosa particles, and others on the basis of not only the ground-based measurements but also observations on various types of plat-form (high mountains, air-craft, and balloon) at Noto Peninsula, Japan, Mt. Tateyama, Japan, and Dunhuang, China.

According to those field measurements, bioaerosols frequently are transported long range in state of internal mixture of bioaerosol-dust in the free atmosphere, and this is essential factor to cause increase in bioaerosol content during dust events as reported by many investigators (ex. Griffin et al., 2001, 2004). The single particle investigations suggested that about 10% of dust particles with larger than 2 micrometer diameter have such mixing state (Iwasaka et al., 2009), and the number ratio of cells and dust particles per unit air volume is estimated to be 0.82 (cells/particles). Those estimations are based on limited case studies and it is desired to make continuous measurements under the various weather conditions at dust source areas and down wind regions. Analysis of accumulated snow at high mountain (Mt. Tateyama, Toyama prefecture, Japan) strongly suggested the similarity in diversity of bioaerosols between snow samples and in aerosol samples collected at Dunhuang, China (Maki et al., 2011). Matsuki et al. (2004) suggested that background Kosa was frequently transported in the free atmosphere, about 4000km, and important source of background Kosa was Taklimakan desert. It can be speculated that the background Kosa contributes the increase in bioaerosol content considering the height of Mt. Tateyama (height of summit is about 3000m) and geographical position of the mountain.

Optical properties of dust (Kosa) particles is considered to be very important factor controlling global and/or regional climate. The observations suggested that mixture of bioaerosols and Kosa particles cause large different optical properties comparing with average type of Kosa. Additionally such bioaerosol-dust mixture particles have large potential as ice nuclei and disturb cloud-rain activities in northern-east Asia.

Drs. B. Chen, K. Hara, T. Higashi, F. Kobayashi, M. Kakikawa, T. Maki, A. Matsuki, G.-Y.

Shi, M. Yamada, D. Zhang contribute to field measurements in Japan and China.

Dust Modeling: An Overview of Progress and Challenges

Yaping SHAO1

1) Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Email: [email protected]

The concept of dust cycle is relatively new, but has attracted much attention, because dust

participates in processes which interfere with the cycles of energy (e.g. radiation), carbon (e.g.

plankton) and water (e.g. cloud). Serious dust modelling started three decades ago, then with

little physics, but much progress has been made in recent years in this important area. In this

talk, I will give an overview of the progress made and discuss the challenges. In University of

Cologne we have been working on convective turbulent dust emission (CTDE). Some results

from this work will be presented. The CTDE scheme (Klose and Shao, 2012, 2013)

development represents some fundamentally new thinking about dust parameterization, by

considering dust emission as an intermittent stochastic process. This scheme is now

implemented in parallel with the saltation-bombardment based dust emission scheme in WRF,

first simulation results show considerable background dust concentration in dust source

regions between summer and winter. Finally, I will discuss the opportunities of joint research.

Figure 1: Large-eddy simulated dust emission by convective turbulence using the scheme.

References:

Klose, M. and Y. Shao, 2012: Stochastic parameterization of dust emission and application to

convective atmospheric conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7309-7320.

Klose, M. and Y. Shao, 2013: Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Dust Emission, Aeolian

Research 8, 49-58.

https://webmail.uni-koeln.de/horde-3.3/imp/message.php?mailbox=Sent&index=8123

Studying the Impact of Dust on Global Statistics of Cloud

Thermodynamic Phase

Yongxiang HU1, Jianping HUANG

2, Kenji KAI

3

1) NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681

2) College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

3) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, [email protected]

It is well known that supercooled liquid wter clouds exist in both stratiform clouds and convective clouds with temperature lower than 0

0C. The water-ice mixture of the mixed-

phase clouds vary with time. Liquid water dominates initially due to the abundance of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) compared with ice nuclei (IN). Liquid droplets form at the beginning of the cloud life cycle when warm, moist air is cooled by adiabatic lifting and/or radiative cooling. As cooling continues, ice nucleation begins through heterogeneous nucleation on dust and biological particles.

The treatment of mixed-phase clouds in the cloud life cycle is an important part of cloud modeling for weather forecasting as well as climate prediction. Heterogeneous ice nucleation process is key to the cold rain process. Heterogeneous ice nucleation reduces cloud optical depths of the clouds and increase absorption in shortwave infrared wavelength when smaller water becomes larger ice particles thus it also affects global radiative energy budget. Prediction of supercooled liquid water clouds is also important for aviation safety.

Dusts from arid regions are one of the most important sources of ice nuclei and can play a very important role in the cold rain process. Collocated remote sensing instruments on A-train satellites can provide the aerosol, water vapor, cloud and precipitation measurements to assess the impact of dust on the cold rain process on a global scale. For example, lidar measurements of CALIPSO satellite can provide accurate identification of supercooled liquid water clouds (Hu et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2010) and dusts around and above these clouds. CALIPSO also provides accurate cloud and dust layer height information for a quantitative assessment of super-saturation.

The CALIPSO statistics (figure above) shows that more than 90 percent of the Southern Ocean clouds with cloud-top temperatures between 0 and -400C are in liquid phase, while the percentage reduces significantly in the Northern storm-track region, where dust and biological particles provide more ice nuclei.

mailto:[email protected]

SESSION R-1

13:30-17:05 on 4 August 14:00-14:20 on 5 August

Field Campaign of Dust Optical Properties over Northwest China

Jianping HUANG1, Jianrong BI

1, Jinsen SHI

1, Zhongwei HUANG

1, Wu ZHANG

1,

and Lei ZHANG1

1) Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education,

College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

Arid and semi-arid areas comprise about 40% of earth surface. Changes in climate and

climate variability will likely have a significant impact on these regions. Semi-arid region

over Northwest China is a special semi-arid land surface and part of dust aerosol source. To

improve understanding and capture the direct evident of the impact of dust aerosol on climate,

10 years ground-based observations and 6 year field experiments have conducted over

Northwest China. These studies are vital to understand the characteristics and variations of

dust aerosols and cloud in East Asian so that we can evaluate more accurately the effect of

mineral dust aerosols on global and regional climate change in the future. Those campaign

include one permanent site (Semi-Arid Climate & Environment Observatory of Lanzhou

University (SACOL)) (located in Yuzhong, 35.95N/104.1E), and one SACOL’s Mobile

Facility (SMF). This study presents a description the objectives, measurements, and sampling

strategies for those campaigns. Those observation results suggest that the local anthropogenic

and nature dust aerosols make significant contribution to the regional interaction among

aerosol-cloud-radiation-precipitation processes and need to be future investigation.

Study of Asian Dust Using the Asian Dust and Aerosol Lidar Observation Network (AD-Net)

Nobuo SUGIMOTO1, Tomoaki NISHIZAWA

1, Atsushi SHIMIZU

1,

Ichiro MATSUI1, Yoshitaka JIN

1

1) National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan

Asian dust studies using AD-Net are reviewed, and on-going studies are introduced.

Continuous observation with an automatic Mie-scattering lidar was started in 1996 at NIES in

Tsukuba. The network observation was started in 2001 with three lidars located in Beijing,

Nagasaki, and Tsukuba. The major subject of the study at that time was long-range transport

of Asian dust from the source regions to Japan. It was found that the continuous vertical

profiles obtained from the lidar network were very useful for validating dust transport models.

A 4D-Var data assimilation system for the lidar network data was developed by Uno et al.

with Kyushu University, and it was demonstrated that data assimilation was useful not only

for reproducing dust transport but also for accurately estimating dust emission. Data from

AD-Net were also used for epidemiological studies of the effects of Asian dust on human

health. It was found that the dust and spherical particle extinction coefficient estimates are

good indexes of dust and air pollution particles. Significant effects of Asian dust, for example

in asthma in children, were reported. Some of the studies also suggested the importance of

mixing of dust and air pollution particles. To study mixing states (external mixing and

internal mixing) of dust and air pollution particles, an in-situ polarization particle counter

(POPC) was introduced, and continuous observation was started at the AD-Net site in Seoul.

Characteristics of pure dust and internally mixed (polluted) dust were captured by POPC. The

POPC data will be used for determining optical models of pure and polluted dust. POPC

would be also useful for studying variability of optical characteristics of dust particles from

different source regions.

AD-Net is currently evolving into an advanced multi-parameter lidar network. The standard

lidar in AD-Net is a two-wavelength (1064 nm, 532 nm) Mie-scattering lidar having a

polarization receiver at 532 nm. A nitrogen Raman receiver was introduced in the lidar at

primary stations. Also, multi-wavelength Raman lidars and high-spectral-resolution lidars

(HSRLs) were developed using three wavelength Nd:YAG lasers (1064 nm, 532 nm, 355 nm).

Continuous observation with a multi-wavelength HSR+Raman lidar was started in Tsukuba,

and observations with multi-wavelength Raman lidars are being prepared in Fukuoka,

Okinawa-Hedo, and Toyama. At the same time with the development of lidar systems, data

analysis methods for multi-parameter lidars are being developed based on the aerosol

component analysis method. The data from the newly developed lidars, as well as standard

AD-Net lidars, are used in the on-going studies on data assimilation of multi-parameter lidars,

and validation of space lidar ATLID on EarthCARE planned for launch in 2016.

Long-term Continuous Observation of Asian Dust by a Ceilometer at Dalanzadgad, Mongolia

Kei KAWAI

1, Kenji KAI

1, Nobuo SUGIMOTO

2, Yoshitaka JIN

2,

Dulam JUGDER3, Dashdondog BATDORJ

4

1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan


3) Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

4) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

The Gobi Desert is one of the significant source regions of Asian dust. Asian dust lifted up at

the deserts in China and Mongolia by the strong wind during spring is easily transported into

the free troposphere, which travels a long distance by the westerly and sometimes reaches

North America beyond the Pacific.

A ceilometer (Vaisala CL51) was installed at the Dalanzadgad Meteorological Observatory in

Mongolia at the end of April 2013 in order to observe the vertical structure of Asian dust in

the Gobi Desert with high resolutions of time and height. The continuous ceilometer

observation has conducted since May 2013. This observation shows the seasonal variations of

the structure of the atmosphere. In summer, the whole attenuated backscatter coefficients tend

to be smaller than other seasons, which indicates the air is clear.

In May 2013, some dust storms occurred. The dust was distributed under a height of 2 km.

The small amount of dust was lifted up over a height of 2 km. Asian dust was not reported in

Japan. This indicates that the long-range transports of Asian dust from the Gobi Desert to

Japan did not occur in May 2013.

A dust event occurred in central Mongolia due to the passage of a developing low-pressure

system with a cold front on 22−23 May 2013. The dust layer was extended up to a height of 1

km from 16:30 to 23:30 LST on 22 May. The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 at 22:00

reached 119 and 76 μg/m3, respectively. The wind speed was more than 6 m/s and reached 10

m/s at 20:00 and 23:00 LST. Between 20:00 LST on 22 May and 1:00 LST on 23 May, there

was an area of slightly high attenuated backscatter coefficients from a height of 1 km to 1.8

km. This suggests that the small amount of dust was climbed up along the cold front.

Although a remarkable long-range transport did not occur because of the small amount, this is

one of the important processes that raise the dust in the boundary layer to the free troposphere.

Recent Measurements and Studies Relevant to Mineral Dust and Anthropogenic Particulate Matters in Mongolia

Dulam JUGDER

1

1) Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology & Environment, Mongolia

Recently, a dust monitoring network with new instruments for measuring dust concentrations

(PM10, PM2.5) was established in the Gobi Deserts and the steppe, and at the Mongolian

capital city of Ulaanbaatar (Jugder et al., 2011, 2012, 2014). Polarization-sensitive Mie-

scattering lidars were installed for dust storm monitoring at Sainshand and Zamyn-Uud in the

Gobi Desert and at the capital city of Ulaanbaatar in 2007 (Jugder, 2012, Sugimoto et al.,

2008). Based on data obtained from the dust monitoring network, some study results were

published (Abulaiti et al., 2014; Igarashi et al., 2011; Ishizuka et al., 2012; Jugder et al., 2011,

2012, 2014; Nishikawa et al., 2011; Park et al., 2010, 2011; Shinoda et al., 2010, Sugimoto et

al., 2010).

Ratio (PM2.5/PM10) between monthly means aerosol concentrations showed that

anthropogenic particles were dominant in the ambient air of province centers and the capital

city in cool months (November to February) (Jugder et al., 2011, 2014). Annual averaged

PM10 concentration were high in winter owing to air pollution and in spring owing to dust

storms; the monthly mean concentrations of PM10 (PM2.5) reached yearly maxima in

December and January (Jugder et al., 2011, 2014).

Diurnal variations of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at three sites, Dalanzadgad, Zamyn-

Uud and Ulaanbaatar, included two maxima in the morning and evening and two minima in

the afternoon and early morning. Both PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were enhanced from

March to May by dust storms. Dust storms raised huge amounts of fine dust particles in the

Gobi Deserts. PM10 (PM2.5) concentrations increase by at least double or by several tens of

times during severe dust events in comparison with the normal atmospheric condition (Jugder

et al., 2011, 2014). Dust concentration, wind speed and visibility have been analyzed for their

relationships and for an estimate of the threshold wind necessary for dust emission in the

region (Jugder et al., 2014).

The lidar measurements at the two Gobi sites detected vertical profiles of dust aerosol with

top heights of the mid-troposphere. The lidar at Ulaanbaatar city revealed vertical spreading

of polluted air with top heights of 300~400 m in average above the ground level, in winter

months (Jugder et al., 2012).

Vertical Structure of Fluorescent Aerosols in the Atmosphere Based on Multi-Channel Raman/Polarization/Fluorescence Lidar

Observation and Sampling TEM/EDS Analysis

Zhongwei HUANG1, Jianping HUANG

1, Nobuo SUGIMOTO

2, and Tian ZHOU

1

1) Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of

Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Email: [email protected]

2) Atmospheric Environment Division, National Institutes for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,

Japan

Atmospheric aerosols have a significant impact on regional and globe climate. The challenge

in quantifying aerosol direct radiative forcing and aerosol-cloud interactions arises from large

spatial and temporal heterogeneity of aerosol concentrations, compositions, sizes, shape and

optical properties (IPCC, 2007). Lidar offers some remarkable advantages for determining the

vertical structure of atmospheric aerosols and their related optical properties.

We developed a Raman/fluorescence/polarization lidar system employed a multi-channel

spectrometer, with capabilities of providing high spatial and temporal resolution

measurements of Raman scattering and laser-induced fluorescence excitation at 355 nm from

atmospheric aerosols. Meanwhile, the lidar system operated polarization measurements both

at 355nm and 532nm wavelengths, aiming to obtain more information of aerosols. It employs

a high power pulsed laser and a received telescope with 350mm diameter. The receiver could

simultaneously detect a wide spectrum about 178 nm with spectral resolution 5.7 nm, mainly

including an F/3.7 Crossed Czerny-Turner spectrograph, a grating (1200 gr/mm) and a PMT

array with 32 photocathode elements.

Vertical structure of fluorescent aerosols in the atmosphere was observed by the developed

lidar system over northwest China. Preliminarily results showed that it could detect vertical

structure of characterization of fluorescent aerosols with high temporal and spatial resolutions.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)

was applied to study morphologies, sizes, and compositions of sampling particles in the

laboratory. More information of atmospheric aerosols could be obtained based on these two

independent results. In near future, we will carry out radiosonde observation with

simultaneous lidar measurements.

Ratio of Ice-Containing Clouds Observed by The CALIPSO Lidar over the Arid Regions in East Asia

Yoshitaka JIN

1, Nobuo SUGIMOTO

1, Tomoaki NISHIZAWA

1, Kenji KAI

2,

Hajime OKAMOTO3, Yuichiro HAGIHARA

3

1) National Institute of Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan,

[email protected]


3) Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Spatial distribution of aerosols as acting ice nuclei and microphysical processes regarding ice

nuclei are not yet fully understood. The climate models that do not account for the ice

nucleation processes cause large uncertainties in cloud radiative effects and precipitation rate.

To solve the issue on the parameterization of ice nuclei, first we should investigate where ice

crystals exist under what environment (e.g., temperature and humidity). The Cloud-Aerosol

Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument on board the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar

and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) spacecraft has enabled us to

observe the global vertical distribution of aerosols and clouds since June 2006. Several studies

investigate the global distribution of ice crystals and the cloud-aerosol interaction. However,

the incorrect spatial distribution of ice crystals causes wrong parameterization scheme. This

study investigated the change of ice distribution with different cloud masks. The used cloud

masks were vertical feature mask (VFM) developed by the NASA CALIPSO science team

and C2 cloud mask developed by Hagihara et al. (2010). Ratio of ice-containing clouds

(RICC) (i.e., number of ice clouds / number of clouds) was calculated as a function of cloud

temperature to make comparison between the results from different cloud masks (i.e., ice

occurrence frequency is normalized). The results of RICC derived from two cloud masks

were quit different. The maximum difference of RICC was more than 0.3 over the

Taklimakan Desert in spring 2007. For the results of VFM cloud mask, 30% of clouds were

classified as ice crystals at 20°C, whereas RICC from C2 cloud mask was approximately 0

(no ice). If we applied the discriminant analysis to the cloud masks to remove misclassified

clouds, RICC at 0°C decreased to one-third at a maximum. This indicated that a lot of dust at

0°C was misclassified as clouds and the misclassified clouds (dust) were classified as ice

crystals. This study suggests that RICC can vary depending on the cloud mask and the correct

discrimination between dust and clouds is essential in the analysis of ice occurrence frequency

using CALIPSO lidar.

[Reference]

Hagihara, Y., H. Okamoto, and R. Yoshida (2010), Development of a combined CloudSat-

CALIPSO cloud mask to show global cloud distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00H33,

doi:10.1029/2009JD012344.

mailto:jin.yoshitaka@

Land Surface Memory Effects on Dust Emission and its Modeling in a Mongolian Temperate Grassland

Banzragch NANDINTSETSEG

1, Masato SHINODA

2, Yaping SHAO

3

1) Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0001, Japan, [email protected]


3) Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, German

Aeolian processes in temperate grassland are unique in the plant growth-decay cycle, induced-

grazing, and weathering processes. To date, relatively few studies have been dedicated to dust

emission in grasslands, but these issues deserve more attention. Moreover, current existing

dust models do not have sufficient capability in simulating characteristics of grassland and

their memory effects on dust emission. In this study, we focused on (1) examining the effects

of memories of grassland parameters (soil moisture/vegetation) on dust emission in

Mongolian grassland, and (2) incorporating DAYCENT vegetation-growth and nutrient-cycle

model into QF2003 wind-erosion model. The measured dust saltation flux in spring of 2008-

2009 enabled us to examine the relationships between dust emission and surface parameters.

Firstly, we assessed the DAYCENT for its capability to provide estimations of surface

parameters dynamics in order to incorporate into the QF2003. The simulations from the

DAYCENT have been validated with field-measured values at the Bayan-Unjuul (the most

frequent dust outbreak region) during 2003‒2010. Results showed that the DAYCENT could

realistically simulate the surface parameters dynamics and their memories, which suppressed

dust emission. It was found that dust emission frequently occurred in spring with the

combination of frequent strong winds and low land surface factors, which reflected the

memories of the preceding drought year. It indicated that surface parameters during the dust

emission (spring) are strongly dependent on the preceding year’s (autumn) surface conditions,

which were controlled by the rainfall during a given summer (drought/non-drought). Focusing

on surface effects, we found that the standing dead vegetation was the primarily controlling

factor in dust emission, while the current soil moisture was secondary. This indicates that the

vegetation produced in the previous summer remains through the succeeding cold grazing

season to exert a carry-over effect on the spring dust emission. Secondly, we coupled the

DAYCENT with the QF2003, and conducted the numerical test of the coupled DAYCENT-

QF2003 model to predict dust flux. To our knowledge, this kind of approach has not been

attempted yet. With the initial results, we have demonstrated the potential of the DAYCENT-

QF2003 coupled model. The preliminary simulation shows that dust emission significantly

depletes the surface soil nitrogen, and wind erosion can substantially reduce the surface

vegetation cover. Therefore, the integrated DAYCENT-QF2003 modeling system will

provide a useful tool for an early warning system and the future projection of dust events over

dust source areas in grassland region.

mailto:Nandiad98@gmail.

A Dust Emission Model Elaborated by Dust Parameters as Soil Moisture Functions in Mongolia

Munkhtsetseg, E.1, Shinoda, M.

2, Gillies, J.A.

3, Kimura, R.

5, Nikolich, G.

5, Ishizuka, M.

6,

Mikami, M.7, and King, J.

8

1National University of Mongolia, University street 3, Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar 14201,

Mongolia, [email protected] 2 Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

3 Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, U.S.A.

4 Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan

5 Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, NV, U.S.A.

6 Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan

7 Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan

8 School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, UK

A new dust emission model based on wind and surface wetness is introduced for Mongolian

sandy soil. First, we examined dust parameters included the threshold friction velocity and the

strength of dust emission in conjunction with surface soil moisture variations. Then the

parameterization of dry to wet thresholds as a function of soil moisture was supplied for the

dust emission model development. The model is established on dust emission function

derived theoretically and verified by portable mini wind tunnel field experiment. The

performance of dust emission model was evaluated with observed dust concentration data for

the study area.

Dust Transport by Convective-Scale and Microscale Processes over Desert Regions of East Asia

Tetsuya TAKEMI

1

1) Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan,

[email protected]

Tracer transport in the atmosphere is controlled not only by synoptic-scale to mesoscale

weather disturbances but also by convective-scale and microscale processes especially under

fair-weather conditions. Synoptic-scale weather disturbances frequently pass over desert

regions of East Asia especially in the spring season. Such synoptic-scale disturbances induce

active convection over the deserts. Strong solar heating also plays a role in determining the

activity of convective-scale and boundary-layer processes. These processes will induce and/or

enhance dust transport over the desert. The present study investigates numerically the diurnal

variation of boundary-layer convection and cumulus clouds and their role in transporting dust

aerosols by conducting high-resolution simulations that explicitly resolve turbulent eddies.

The transport of dust aerosols in a desert area under two distinct stability conditions is

specifically examined. Convection plays a significant role in transporting dust upward; in

other words, the vertical depth of the dust transport is critically determined by the depth of

convection. Deep convection is effective in transporting dust into the free atmosphere. The

early morning stratification strongly regulates the temporal evolution and the vertical growth

of convection and therefore the amount of tracer emission and transport. A sensitivity to

model resolution in a cloud-resolving simulation range is also examined. It is indicated that

the adequate representations of shallow and deep convection are critically important in

simulating the transport of dust aerosols under convective conditions.

POSTER SESSION

17:05-17:45 on 4 August 17:00-17:45 on 5 August

Relation between dust outbreak rate and vegetation cover in the Gobi Desert

Aruhan1, Kenji Kai

1, Nobuo Sugimoto

2, D. Batdorj

3

1) Graduate School of Environmental studies, Nagoya University, Japan

2) National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

3) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Mongolia

In the Gobi Desert, the dust outbreak rate influenced by the surface condition varies a lot with

the season. This research used data of Dust and Sandstorm (DSS) Monitoring, SYNOP report,

and SPOT Vegetation in Dalanzadgad for 2010. We investigated the relation between dust

outbreak rate (DOR) and meteorological elements, vegetation cover. The peak value of DOR

appeared in March, when there was no precipitation. DOR then decreased until July with the

increasing vegetation cover affected by precipitation. Dust was observed until August due to

the extremely low precipitation. Then from September to December, DOR increased because

of the plant started withering due to the decreasing temperature. Dust concentration in the late

March was higher than that in the early March. The season might be that land surface was

drier in the late March.

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Related Factors of Dust Outbreaks in East Asia during Springtime from 1999 to 2013

Jing WU

1 and Kenji KAI

1

1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, D2-2(510), Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku,

Nagoya, JAPAN

Dust events occurring frequently in arid and semi-arid regions have a wide range of

climatic and environmental impacts. The Gobi Desert and the surrounding area in Mongolia

and Northern China is one of the main source regions for Asia Dust. The purpose of this study

is to clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics and related factors of dust occurrence in

East Asia during springtime from 1999 to 2013. In this study, dust outbreak ratio is defined as

the ratio of dust outbreak frequency and strong wind frequency. Strong wind is defined as

wind speed exceeding 6.5 m/s, which is often used as the threshold wind for dust emission in

arid and semi-arid region. The index of dust outbreak ratio is a parameter reflecting the

vulnerability of land surface condition to wind erosion. Over the study period, dust outbreak

is easily to occur in the year of 2000 to 2002 and 2006. Since then, dust outbreak ratio

decreases and keeps in a low value in the most recent 6 years. In terms of spatial distribution,

dust outbreak occurs frequently in the Mongolian Gobi Desert, Loess Plateau and Hexi

Corridor. Based on the classification of vegetation, the study region is divided into three sub-

regions: desert; grassland; agriculture and forest region. Land surface in desert region is often

under the proper condition for dust occurrence. However, surface condition in grassland

region becomes more vulnerable after 2010. NDVI and snow cover show a depressing effect

on dust emission. NDVI reduces the possibility of dust occurrence in the desert of Northern

China, while in the grassland of Northeast region snow cover protects the land surface from

wind erosion. Based on our findings dust outbreak tend to occur when NDVI is less than 0.2

and snow coverage is less than 4%. The effects of anthropogenic factors on dust outbreak are

discussed.

A study of Atmospheric Boundary Layer structure and Air Pollution in Ulaanbaatar between Warm and Cold Periods

Minrui WANG1, Kenji KAI

1, Nobuo SUGIMOTO

2，Dashdondog BATDORJ3

1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya

464-8601, Japan, [email protected] 2) National Institutes for Environmental Studies

3) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Mongolia）

Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, has suffered a serious atmospheric pollution caused by

airborne particulate matter in winter season for resent years. It is an important way to fix our

eyes on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) structure if we want to solve the problem of

air pollution. However, there are quite few previous works about Ulaanbaatar’s air pollution

using such a way. Guttinkunda (2007) and Nishikawa et al.（2011）have pointed out that

during winter time, there is the surface inversion layer that continuously exists in Ulaanbaatar.

In this research we use LIDAR data, surface meteorological data, and radiosonde data to

study the ABL structure and air pollution in Ulaanbaatar between warm and cold periods. The

LIDAR and meteorological data were provided by National Institute for Environmental

Studies, Japan (NIES) and Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment of

Mongolia. We choose October 2010 to stand for the period in which the weather in

Ulaanbaatar changes from warm one to cold one.

As the air temperature dropped down from warm to cold period, the feature of ABL structure

as well as the atmospheric environment near the surface significantly changed. During the

first time when air temperature dropped down to about 0℃ on Oct. 10, airborne particulate

matter was discharged in great volume as citizens in Ulaanbaatar started heating. Then it came

the second time of freezing on Oct. 21, which caused the lower temperature and greater

volume of airborne particulate matter. It was in this period that ABL came to be stable, and

the surface inversion layer started to present throughout the day and night .

As the effect of surface inversion layer, airborne particulate matter stayed at the low level of

approximately 300 m or less above the ground, which increased PM2.5 during the last days of

October. In Ulaanbaatar, there are non-spherical dust particles that always present both in

heating and non-heating periods in the urban area, which are mixed with spherical particles

that indicate anthropogenic atmospheric pollution.

After Oct. 10 until the end of the month, more than 3/4 of the wind blows in Ulaanbaatar is

northerly or westerly, and the velocity is quite low (under 4m/s). There is a trend that the wind

velocity becomes greater in the morning, then reach a peak in about 6 UTC, and decrease in

the afternoon. As the Gel area, which is recognized as the main source of the air pollution,

distributes mainly in the northwest, north and east of Ulaanbaatar City, there is some

possibility that the wind circulation in winter makes the air pollutants stay in the urban area,

as we known the air pollution.

Impact of Land Surface Characteristics on Asian Dust Storm Derived by Satellite Data

Yuta DEMURA

1, Yuki SOFUE

1, Tsedendamba PUREVSUREN

1,

Buho HOSHINO 1, Kenji KAI

2

1) Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan


The cause of the Asian dust over Japan in springtime is severe dust storms occurring in arid

and semi-arid regions of northeast Asia. Dust storm outbreak is mainly affected by strong

wind, vegetation cover, snow cover and soil surface conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to

consider ground truth that has an important effect on the dust storm outbreak. This paper

examines to explain a dust storm outbreak by the ground truth conditions and precipitation

from 2001 to 2014.

Study area located in the dust storm sources are of Mongolian southern Gobi (latitude: 42°

25’ N to 46°15’ N, and longitude: 103°07’ E to 111°03’ E). We acquired ground truth

data in the dust source of the south Gobi, by using a remote sensing technology. In particular,

effect of ground truth on dust storm outbreak season in springtime was analyzed using

vegetation index (MSAVI2: Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) and topographic

roughness (TRI: Terrain Ruggedness Index).

The number of Dust storm outbreak in springtime agreed well with the annual change of

MSAVI2 in the study area (R2 = 0.58, p < 0.01). The summer precipitation has significant

effect on MSAVI2 (R2 = 0.39, p < 0.05). This result indicates that summer precipitation

becomes the limiting factor of the grassy plain growth. The dust storm outbreak depends on

precipitation of last summer and the vegetative cover of the year.

Dust Storm Events and its Relation to Satellite Vegetation Indices in Southern Gobi of Mongolia

Yuki SOFUE

1, Yuta DEMURA

1,Tsedendamba PUREVSUREN

1, Buho HOSHINO

1

Kenji BABA 1, Jun NODA

1, Kenji KAI

2

1) Rakuno Gakuen University, Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan


In late years, dust storm attracts attention as a global environmental problem. The main dust

source area in Asia is arid and semi-arid regions such as the Mongolian Gobi desert and the

Taklamakan desert in northwestern China. It is known that mainly three conditions are needed

to cause dust storms occurrences: (1) strong wind; (2) instability in the lower troposphere, and

(3) dry land surface to provide a dust source [Fang et al., 1997]. Therefore, the purpose in this

study is to discuss relationship between vegetation and number of dust storm events, with

vegetation index NDVI and meteorological data. Field surveys were performed in Southern

Gobi, Sainshand and Dalanzadgad.

In both areas, there are positive correlation between NDVI from May to August and

precipitation from April and July. In the Sainshand site, there is negative correlation between

the number of dust storm events from March to May and NDVI during same times, and it

from May to August. However, in the Dalanzadgad site, there is no correlation between same

relations.

Therefore, in both areas, there are positive correlation between the vegetation of May to

August and accumulated precipitation from April to July. A negative correlation between

NDVI and the number of dust storm events, particularly the previous summer vegetation

condition may affect the number of dust storm events in the Sainshand site. In contrast, the

number of dust storm events seems not related to vegetation in the Dalanzadgad site. This

result shows if the vegetation degradation has occurred, the Sainshand site may be easy to be

affected more than the Dalanzadgad site.

SESSION R-2

09:00-12:25 on 5 August

Studies on the Mechanism of Asian Dust Storm Outbreaks Using Ground Measurement and Remote Sensing Technique

Buho Hoshino

1, Yuta Demura

1, Yuki Sofue

1, Kenji Baba

1, Jun Noda

2, Tsedendamba

PUREVSUREN1, Kai Kenji

3, Katsuro HAGIWARA

2, Dashdondog Batdorj

4

1) Graduate School of Dairy Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501,

Japan, [email protected]

2) School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan


4) National Agency for Meteorology and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

The Inland Asian Gobi and desert is the most important dust source region in the world (Hoshino,

2010). However, in recent years the dust storms were found to have been outbreak from the

degraded pastureland around the watering place. Surrounding of watering places areas are the

main sources of Asian Dust Storm (ADS). However, Asian dust storms occur from where?

Distribution of Asian dust storm particulate matter (sand: 100-500 μm）・silt: 50-100 μm <

and clay: < 5 μm ）in the affected regions are: (A) Included 65% of the topsoil site of dried-up

lakes and dried-up river basins;(B) Includes 52 percent of the topsoil degraded pastureland; (C) It

contains 30% or more includes in abandoned croplands; (D) Only 5% included in natural desert

[© CAS、2001].

In condition of aridity the water is a major driving force for various environmental changes. In

such places the people, livestock and wild animals are forced to be concentrated around water

sources (rivers, lakes, wells, springs and etc.), and their life traces often results in inhibition of the

vegetation around that place. Over-exploitation of surroundings to the water source area, is

transform it to devoid of plants a barren spot. Since water sources are very rare in arid land, their

usage is very intense, without rest time and impedes the recovery of vegetation. Places with long

term degradation are may increase in size, covering the adjoining area and could serve as hot

spots for the further degradation or desertification of the pastures. Moreover, due to climate

change in recent years, the overgrazing of pastures in Mongolia has led to the expansion of

desertification and degradation of grassland. Newly deserted area generates a new source of ADS

that affects the neighboring countries and becomes a serious scale environmental issue. These

environmental changes are shaking the animal husbandry that is one of the major industries in the

country. Also, it has been suggested that ADS may transfer pathogenic substances like foot-and-

mouth disease agents across the borders. In this study, we investigated ground truth (such as

surface roughness, soil moisture, micro-topographic and animal's behavior) of ASD source region

and calculated satellite-based land surface characteristics using MODIS and Landsat 8 satellite

data, based on down scaling model method to clear the land surface characteristics and

mechanism of ASD outbreak condition. Our result shows the precipitation has a high correlation

with the NDVI, but they not directly correlation between the occurrences of ASD. In order to

clarify the watering places was new source of ADS, we satellite tracking of the daily movement of

domestic and wild animals were using GPS (Global Positioning System) collars and ARGOS

satellite transmitters. The home range of sheep, goats and horses was investigated in Mongolia;

those of sheep in China (Inner Mongolia). Pasture degradation in the wide area of arid and semi-

arid Afro-Eurasian watering places is forces by climate change and overgrazing. We suggest that

in condition of arid and sub-arid land, the livestock and wild animal's concentration around water

sources may cause progressing degradation, desertification of pasture.


The Characteristics of Soil Salinization and its Driving Forces in Arid Inland Watershed of China

Hongfei ZHOU1, Yugang WANG

1, Mu QIAO

1, Guiqing XU

1

1) Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011,

China. Email: [email protected] Tel: +86-991-7885427

Based on the ground soil sample and remote-sensing data at the Sangong River Watershed

and Weigan River Watershed in the northwest of China, the characteristics of soil salinization

and its driving forces in the arid inland watershed are analyzed. The results are as below.

In the past 50 years, the damage degree of soil salinization in the farmland of arid inland

watershed in China is decrease in general. But the ratio of the salinization areas is still

keeping high level in irrigation region. The areas of light and heavy grade salinization land

are increase, and the areas of middle grade salinization land are decrease.

The status of soil salinization in the upper reaches land is lighter than in lower reaches land.

The status of soil salinization in the elder oases is lighter than in the younger oases. The heavy

soil salinization land is mainly distributed in the lower reaches and the edge of oases.

Land reclamation has outstanding impact for the total dissolvable salt concentration in dry

land. The salt content in the soil layer is gradually decreased along with the land reclamation

time. The soil content in the upper 50 cm layer is decreased obviously.

Soil salt content in alluvial-proluvial delta is lower than in alluvial plain. Salt content of

irrigated landscape type in alluvial-proluvial delta and alluvial plain have a similar trend of

decreases, but soil salinity in non-irrigated landscape type is increased in alluvial plain, while

decreased in alluvial-proluvial delta.

Accumulation of soil salinity in different land use types is significantly affected by natural

processes and human activities. Mean values of soil salinity in different geomorphology zones

are increased with the change of geomorphology from upper land to lower land.


The overflowing areas of Tarim River: a potential dust source in Tarim Basin of China

Xinhu LI

1 and Guanglong FENG

1

1) Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS, Urumqi, China

In the low-precipitation zone (<100 mm annual precipitation) of the Tarim Basin, wind

erosion and fugitive dust emission is a recognized problem. The objectives of this study were

to characterize PM2.5 and PM10 emission potential and wind erosion potential of soils along

the Tarim River. 51 soil samples were taken from the upper 5 cm layer of the soil profile in

the overflow area of the Tarim River. It was found that the river overflow area was one of the

important PM2.5 and PM10 emission sources in the Tarim Basin. Most soils contain a high

percentage of PM2.5 and PM10. The PM2.5 and PM10 content of the 51 soils ranged from

1.56 to 30.39% and 4.46 to 78.61% with mean values of 11.49% and 31.99%, respectively.

River floods could result in additions of fine particles to these overflow areas and

considerable dust may be generated from river sediment by the erosive forces of wind.

Therefore, the river overflowing of Trim River should be considered as a potential dust source

in the Tarim Basin.

Investigation of Dust Transport Event between Mongolia and Japan by Biological Tracer Approach

Jun NODA

1*, Kenji BABA

1, Buho HOSHINO

1, Izumi NOGUCHI

2,

Batdorj DASHDONDOG3, Takaaki NAKAYA

4, and Katsuro HAGIWARA

1

1) Rakuno Gakuen University, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan, [email protected]

2) Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hokkaido Research Organization, Sapporo, Japan

3) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

4) Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

Dust from Asian continent can travel one full circle around the globe (Uno et al., 2009).

These dusts materials may transport different substances to cause some effects to ecosystems

including human. Iwasaka et al. (2009) reported that Asian dust collected in China indicated

that presence of nucleic acid on the surface of the dust. Biological components of aerosols, i.e.

“bioaerosols” may be transported long distance to cause some effects to human and livestock

in the downwind and/or surrounding regions. According to Rodó et al. (2011), the number of

Kawasaki disease (KD) patients in Japan increased with northwesterly winds, they suspected

on airborne microorganisms components as causative agents.

This work examines possible application of genomic information as a tracer to verify the

transport of the Asian dust between Mongolia and Japan. We deployed NILU filter holder unit

with PTFE filter and impactor to collect PM2.5 for over 24 hour period. Sampling was

conducted in three selected locations in Mongolia and one location in Sapporo, Japan with the

NILU sampling unites during the spring of 2012. From the sampled filters, nucleic acid

fractions were extracted then analyzed for 16S rRNA and metagenomic process. The result of

16S rRNA indicated that Gobi desert samples had about 2 and 10 times higher concentrations

than Ulaanbaatar city and Sapporo city, respectively. The metagenomic analysis indicated a

higher total reads number from Mongolia than Sapporo, Japan; however, between 10 to 25

species were identified from all the locations. Among the identified species, the number of

matched species between Mongolia and Japan fluctuated from 0 to 5, which was correlated

with amount of PM2.5 measured continuously in Sapporo as well as back trajectory analyses

during the same sampling period.

From these results, bioaerosol can be deployed as a tracer to understand the transport of PM2.5

from Asian continent. However, it is important to consider the mechanisms of significant

reduction of 16S rRNA copy numbers associated with loss and/or degradation processes along

the long distance transport. Also it is important to consider with the interactions with other

environmental aerosols during the transport process.

Further advancement in obtaining knowledge of different processes occur during the

transection period may increase a confidence to apply the bioaerosol as a tracer to understand

the Asian dust transport mechanisms.

References:

Iwasaka, Y., et al.., (2009), Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2, (1), 29-38.

Rodó, X., Ballester, J., Cayan, D., Melish, M.E., Nakamura, Y., Uehara, R., Burns, J.

C., (2011), Scientific Reports, 1, 152, doi:10.1038/srep00152.

Uno, I., Eguchi, K., Yumimoto, K., Takemura, T., Shimizu, A., Uematsu, M., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Hara,

Y.,Sugimoto, N.,(2009), Nature Geoscience, (2), 8, 557-5

The Distribution of Nanoparticles under the Experimental Environment and Relations with an Exposure Risk to the Host

Katsuro HAGIWARA

1, Michiko AKIYAMA

1, Shigefumi KISHIDA

1, Jun NODA

1

1) Rakuno Gakuen University, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan, [email protected]

In ambient air, minute particles may contain various components, including some pathogens

such as virus and bacteria, which are commonly classified as bioaerosols. It is well

understood that minute particle containing pathogens may reach deeper parts of lung to cause

some droplet infections. The droplets of nano-size particles including microbes such as

viruses and bacteria are present in our living environment as bioaerosol. For an example of

influenza virus infection, viral component of aerosols are generated from the patients and

transmited to the others as the droplet infections. However relation between characteristic of

the bioaerosols and infection patterns of diseases have not been fully understood. We

performed the distribution analysis of the nanoparticles with Paramyxovirus and

Orthomyxovirus for understanding a characteristic and behavior of the bioaerosol in the

experimental chamber system. In this talk, we would like to introduce a part of those findings.

The virus containing in PBS solution was atomized using nebulizer in the airtight container as

a model of bioaerosol. We put a virus of the known concentration in the aerosol solution, and

monitored the particle size (0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 10.0μm) by optical particle counter for

120 minutes. The majority of particles was lower than 0.3μm particles (~3 x102cm-3), and

was detected stably in the container during the experiment. Whereas, the particles from 0.5 to

10μm showed a tendency to decrease almost 10 times lower than that from early period of

aerosol development. The particles were collected with a Sioutas Cascade impacter by

different particle sizes (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5μm), sequentially monitored the viral copy

numbers by Quantitative RT-PCR. Interestingly, the highest concentration of viral copy

numbers was detected in the particle size less than 0.3μm. The minute particle was stable in

the container even after 120 minutes. Further understanding of relation between bioaerosols

and infection, we established the viral exposure to murine lung using this particle monitoring

chamber system. The mice experiment performed with anesthesia, the concentration of

particles tends to decrease faster when the mice awakening, which may indicate activity

dependent intake of the particles Viral genome was detected in the lung tissues from the

exposed mice to supports the idea of active intake of particles in the lung system.


Integrating Dryland Disaster Sciences: 4D Project

Masato SHINODA1


464-8601, Japan, [email protected]

Drylands occupy 41% of the earth’s land area and are home to more than two billion people—

a third of the human population in the year 2000. The largest proportion of these people are

poor, forming the bottom of the economic pyramid. The nature-society system is among the

most vulnerable to the projected increasing frequency of various kinds of extreme weather

events. In particular, drylands in the middle-high latitudes (such as seen in Eurasia) have a

severe environment coupled with an arid and cold climate; the livelihood of people inhabiting

drylands has long been repeatedly jeopardized by natural disasters that occur in such a climate.

The disasters are characterized as the so-called 4Ds, drought, dzud, dust storm, and

desertification, which occur interactively. However, previous attempts to elucidate disaster

mechanisms and implement appropriate land management techniques have not been fully

integrated, since these efforts typically only deal with individual disasters. Given this

background, a new project “Integrating Dryland Disaster Science” has been implemented for

FY2013–2017 under the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research program supported by the

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

The present project's dual aims include (1) relating the 4D disasters in the Eurasian dry inland

area to each other in terms of causal mechanisms (especially drought memory) and the time

scales of their occurrence, and (2) developing comprehensive proactive countermeasures and

making policy recommendations designed to mitigate multi-disaster impacts. Objective 1 can

be achieved by correlating impacts of 4D-producing extreme weather events in terms of the

concept of drought memory, by evaluating risks for each disaster as the product of impact

(hazard or forcing) and evaluating the vulnerability (expressed by the three elements of

exposure, sensitivity, and resilience) of the nature-society syste. Objective 2 can be achieved

by implementing approaches that integrate opinions of various stakeholders related to the

countermeasures needed to reduce the vulnerability of both people and the environment to 4D

disasters.

An Effort of Paleo-dust Modelling as Climate Proxy : Preliminary Results

Yaping Shao1

1) Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Email: [email protected]

The German CRC806 “Our Way to Europe” is a collaborative project on the movement of

homo-sapiens from Africa to Europe. The aim of project E6 is to generate necessary

understanding of global and regional paleo-climate conditions which drive and constrain

human mobility, to support the interpretation of geo-scientific and archeological climate

proxies, extrapolation of proxy data, paleo-environmental reconstructions and to support the

development of human mobility theory and model. This requires us to carry out

comprehensive paleo-dust modelling. At University of Cologne, we have been developing

techniques to meet this requirement. First, the paleo-climatic conditions must be analyzed.

Work has been done to study the PMIP3 simulations using present weather pattern analysis

and EOF analysis for different time slides in history. In this talk, I will present the preliminary

results of our work so far.

Figure 2: GCM-simulated 2-m temperature difference between glacial and interglacial periods

in Africa – Europe region.

https://webmail.uni-koeln.de/horde-3.3/imp/message.php?mailbox=Sent&index=8123

Impacts of the Asian Dust on the Ocean Carbon Cycle – A Review of Recent Studies –

Naoyuki KURITA

1



Dust travels around the world and deposits not only over the land but also the oceans also.

Thus, there is no region, which escapes from its influence. In this presentation, I focus on the

impact to the oceanic region and explain how the dust deposition affects the ocean’s carbon

cycle.

The ocean is the largest reservoir of carbon on earth. Currently, the ocean absorbs CO2 from

the atmosphere. As well known, the concentration of atmospheric CO2 is increasing due to

fossil fuel combustion, but the ratio of increase is largely smaller than the total emission

because of ocean CO2 uptake. Annual ocean uptake of CO2 is equivalent to about 30% of

total emission by fossil fuel combustion. It is crucial to understand how the oceans absorb

atmospheric CO2 is crucially important for predicting future climate changes of earth.

Although there are several factors, which determine the rate at which the ocean takes up CO2,

one of the most important processes is biogeochemical cycle of the oceans. Just like land

plants, marine phytoplankton can consume CO2 in seawater during photosynthesis. In turn,

this allows the oceans to absorb more CO2 from the atmosphere. Thus, the more

phytoplankton existed, the more the ocean would absorb atmospheric CO2. Similar to land

plant, phytoplankton keeps growing until nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silicic acid) run out.

However, over vast area of ocean (approximately one-third of world ocean), excess nutrients

are perennially available yet phytoplankton biomass is relatively low. Such regions are so-

called high nutrient-low chlorophyll (HNLC) regions. For example, North Pacific is the

second largest HNLC region. In these regions, phytoplankton growth and biomass is not

controlled by the nutrients, but by the concentration of iron. Supplying iron to these regions

leads to the enhancement of biological productivity, in turn increasing CO2 removal from the

atmosphere (so-called Iron fertilization).

The dominant source of iron to the oceans is river discharge. However, suspended particles,

including iron are efficiently trapped at near coastal regions, cannot transport beyond a

continental shelf. Alternative input of iron to the surface of the open ocean is aeolian dust

deposition. To North Pacific, Asian dust is the most likely contributor of iron, and deposition

flux of Asian dust seems to limit the biological productivity at present day condition. Future

changes in intensity and frequency of dust storms from the Taklimakan Desert, Gobi Desert,

and the desert in the northern China should give large impact on the biogeochemical cycle in

North Pacific, in turn affecting the ocean carbon cycle.


DISCUSSION

14:30-17:00 on 5 August

Outline of the JSPS Core-to-Core Program

Kenji KAI1, Dashdondog BATDORJ

2, Jianping HUANG

3, Hongfei ZHOU

4,

Nobuo SUGIMOTO 5

, Buho HOSHINO6, Teruyuki NAKAJIMA

7



2) National Agency for Meteorology and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

3) College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

4) Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS, Urumqi, China,


6) Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan

7) Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan

Dust plays an important role in forming both a climate and an ecosystem. The Gobi Desert,

located across Mongolia and China, is one of the great sources of the Asian dust. Grasslands

are mainly distributed in the north of the Gobi Desert. There is an interaction between the

grasslands and the desert. The Mongolian grasslands that have a rich ecosystem with a variety

of wild animals and plants act as a barrier to prevent the desertification that extends northward

from the desert (Fig. 1).

A proposal for the Asia-Africa Science Platform on Asian dust has been approved by the

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) in FY 2014-2016. The URL is found at

http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-c2c/index.html

The title of the program is “Collaborative Research between Mongolia, China and Japan on

Outbreaks of Asian Dust and Environmental Regime Shift”. The URL is found at

http://env728.env.nagoya-u.ac.jp/asiandust-ERS/

The program period is from April 2014 to March 2017. The program is designed to build up a

science platform for the collaborative research between Mongolia, China and Japan on

Fig.1 Mongolian wild horses (Takhi; Przewalski’s Wild Horse) in the Hustai National Park, Mongolia


http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-c2c/index.html


outbreaks of Asian dust and environmental regime shift through seminars and exchange of

students and researchers. Core institutes of this program are Nagoya University, National

Institute of Environmental Studies, Rakuno Gakuen University, University of Tokyo, National

Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring (Mongolia), Lanzhou University, and

Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS (China). JSPS seminars will be held at

core institutez in Nagoya, Ulaanbaatar and Lanzhou etc (Fig. 2-3).

The scientific goal of the program is to better understand the mechanism of dust storms over

Mongolian grasslands, Gobi and Taklimakan Desserts, with a• research emphasis on the

environmental regime shift such as desertification, a regime shift of the ecosystem etc.

Fig.2 Research fields of the JSPS Core-to-Core Program

Fig.3 Research system of the JSPS Core-to-Core Program

SESSION R-3

09:00-12:00 on 5 August

Reports of Field Researchers; brief reports will be given concerning with activities of field

observations.

Research Activities at Dunhuang and SACOL by J. Huang (referred to R-1)

Research Activities at Mongolia by D. Jugder (referred to R-1)

Research Activities at Dalanzadgad by K. Kai (referred to R-1)

Research Activities on bioaerosol at Mongolia by J. Noda (referred to R-2)


Maki (Kanazawa University) et al.

Ongoing Atmospheric Research Activities on Noto Peninsula. A. Matsuki (Kanazawa University) et al.


F. Kobayashi (Kanazawa University) et al.


T. Higashi (Kanazawa University) et al.

Discussion on Possible Cooperation chaired by

Y. Iwasaka (The University of Shiga Prefecture)


Teruya MAKI

1, Fumihisa KOBAYASHI

1, Bin CHEN

2, Findya PUSPITASARI

1,

Makiko KAKIKAWA 3

, Atsushi MATSUKI 1

, Yasunori KUROSAKI 4

,

Kazunari ONISHI 5

, Guangyu SHI 2

, and Yasunobu IWASAKA 6

1) College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakumamachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-

1192, Japan, [email protected]

2) Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 3) Institute of Nature & Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. 4) Faculty of Medicin, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan. 5) Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan. 6) University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikoneshi, Japan.

Background: Microorganisms associated with mineral particles in Chinese desert regions are

transported up to atmospheric area and disperse to downwind environment by Asian dust

(Kosa) events. There is a possibility that the transport of airborne microorganisms beneficially

and negatively impact biological ecosystems, human life, and atmospheric processes.

However, airborne bacterial communities over dust source regions in China continent have

rarely been investigated. This study reports on airborne bacterial characteristics within the

dust source area such as Takulamakan Desert and Gobi Desert.

Sampling: Air samplings were performed on the top of building (10 m altitude) in Dunhuang

city (Meteorological Department, China) from September 9 to 11, 2012, when a dust event is

occurring. Air samples were collected at 10m ands 800m using balloon in Dunhuang city in

September 10, 2013. Moreover, in Tsogt-Ovoo of Gobi Desert, air sampling has been

conducted on desert area in March 16 to 19, 2014 when a dust event (TOMKOJ) caused.

Clone library analysis: A 16S rDNA clone library prepared from the air samples at 10m over

Dunhuang city mainly belonged to the two phyla, such as Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The

clones belonging to Proteobacteria decreased during a dust event, while Firmicutes clones

increased corresponding to a dust event. On the other hand, the bacterial communities in

desert-sand samples collected from 4 sampling sites of Taklamakan Desert were mainly

composed the members of Firmicutes, Propionobacteria and Actinobacteria. Firmicutes were

mainly composed of B. subtilis, which is detected from the air samples of Meteorological

Department. Presumably, airborne bacterial communities over Meteorological Department are

mainly originated from local plant fields or animal rumens around sampling site.

Pyrosequence analysis: Bioaerosol samples at 10 and 800 m over Dunhuang city, and

bacterial compositions were determined using pyrosequence analysis. Bacterial compositions

were similar between 10 and 800 m suggesting that the bacterial communities would be

mixed vertically over desert area. Bacterial communities of 10 and 800 m were mainly

composed of members of Betaproteobacteria and Frimicutes members. Bacterial compositions

at ground surface of Dunhuang city and Tsogt-Ovoo are found to include several bacterial

genera (over hundreds) and significantly varied during dust events. Presumably, active mixing

processes of the boundary layer transport high-diverse bacteria into the free atmosphere,

where the long-range atmospheric transport of desert dust is frequently observed.

Ongoing Atmospheric Research Activities on Noto Peninsula

Atsushi MATSUKI1, Yoko IWAMOTO

2, Kento KINOUCHI

3,

Fumihisa KOBAYASHI4, Teruya MAKI

4, Makiko KAKIKAWA

1,

Koichi WATANABE5, Naoki KANEYASU

6, Yasunobu IWASAKA

7

1) Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi,

Kanazawa 920-0812, Japan, [email protected]

2) Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan

3) Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan

4) College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan

5) Department of Environmental Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan

6) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan

7) University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan

The East Asia is identified as one of the five global hotspots of the Atmospheric Brown Cloud

(UNEP/ABC, 2008). The prevailing atmospheric pollutants along with Asian dust outbreaks

are increasingly concerned in connection with their impacts on the public health and regional

climate. In order to conduct in-situ aerosol characterization over extended periods, a new

ground-based research station “NOTOGRO” (acronym for NOTO Ground-based Research

Observatory) has been established in Suzu city (37.45ºN, 137.36ºE) at the tip of Noto

peninsula. The peninsula stems approximately 150km from the north-western coast of

mainland Japan. Such a geographical setting is considered ideal for an additional baseline

atmospheric monitoring station in East Asia (Fig. 1), since it is surrounded by the sea and

isolated from any neighboring city and other pollution sources.

The instruments are housed in a room on the top level of a 3-storey building facing the eastern

coast of Suzu city. The PM10 inlet located directly above (14.7 m a.g.l.) provides sample air

into the room for the aerosol in-situ and continuous measurements. In addition to the aerosols,

atmospheric trace gas measurements are being conducted at the station in collaboration with

domestic partner institutions. Recent findings and activities related to the research station will

be presented during the seminar.

Fig. 1 Geographical setting of NOTOGRO station.


Fumihisa KOBAYASHI1, Teruya MAKI

2, Makiko KAKIKAWA

3, Maromu YAMADA

4,

Atsushi MATSUKI 3

, Takeshi NAGANUMA5, Yasunobu IWASAKA

6

1) Institute of Science & Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa


2) Institute of Science & Engineering, Kanazawa University, Japan

3) Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Japan

4) National Institute of Occupational Safty and Health, Japan

5) Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan

6) University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan

The atmospheric bioaerosol at an altitude of about 1,000 m was directly sampled at Syowa

Station using a tethered balloon during the 54th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition

(2012-2013) (Fig.1). The bioaerosols near to the ground and sea surface were sampled by the

bioaerosol sampling apparatus on the naval ice-breaker, Shirase, in the Antarctic Ocean and

by the bioaerosol sampler at the Yukidori Valley, the Langhovde Glacier, and the Hukuro

Cove. The study of atmospheric bioaerosol over the Antarctic will be focused on because it is

attracting attention to find the microorganism in the Antarctic ice cores, investigate the long-

range transport of atmospheric bioaerosol, and be starting the worldwide bioaerosol

observations. To apply our previous methods in the study on KOSA bioaerosol, the direct

sampling and bio-analysis of atmospheric bioaerosol over the Antarctic will be tried. The

results and finding of atmospheric bioaerosol over the Antarctic will be establish the strong

and important impacts to not only biogeography, ecology, history of the Earth, theory of

evolution, influence of health, ice-forming nucleus, and global long-range transports of

atmospheric bioaerosols, but also investigation on ecosystem in the sky.

Fig.1 The sampling of atmospheric bioaerosol using a tethered balloon (Photo

by Yoichi INAI: a member of JARE5


Tomomi HIGASHI１

1) Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa,

920-8640, Japan

In recent years, Asian dust (kosa) has been the focus of international research, such as climate

system, ecology and/or ecosystem, human health. However, the effects of kosa aerosol on

human health have been studied little, compared with the abundance of research on Asian dust.

Because the desert dust storms are major contributors to the atmospheric particulate matter

(PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10), PM10 or SPM were used as

an indicator of the desert dust event in epidemiological studies. These studies demonstrated

significant associations of PM10 with adverse health effects, including cardiopulmonary

morbidity and mortality, and increase in hospitalization with asthma. Furthermore the kosa

particles absorb various atmospheric gases, including air pollution and bioaerosol. Such

environmental factors are suspected to enhance the response to allergens.

Recently, some epidemiological studies used the dust data obtained by the light detection and

ranging (LIDAR) system, which distinguish between mineral dust and other spherical

particles, by identifying differences in the shape of the particles. By using the LIDAR data,

we conducted the patient survey among the patients with asthma and/or chronic cough in

Kanazawa University Hospital (Fig 1). A dose-response association was observed between

kosa concentration, and daily cough and allergic symptoms (Ref 1,2). Further studies will

provide to identify the kosa aerosol components that have adverse health effects.

Fig. 1 Patients record their personal daily cough and allergic symptoms in their

allergy diaries every day.

Ref. 1) Higashi, T. et al., Atmospheric Environment, 92, 506-513, 2014.

2) Higashi, T. et al., Atmospheric Environment in press.

Field Seminar

Field Seminar "Takayama, Kamikochi 1 Day"

Schedule

6 August 2014

Mielparque Nagoya (7:00)--Kamikochi--Free time--(lunch at local

restaurant)---Kamikochi(15:00)---(20:00) Mielparque Nagoya

The Features

"Kamikochi" is one of the most scenic spot in Japan. Feature vast

virgin forests of birch trees and Japanese larch trees.

Kamikochi, Kappa Bridge Takayama Central Area

JSPS Core-to-Core Program (B. Asia-Africa Science Platforms) Coordinator

Prof. Kenji KAI Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University

Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan http://env728.env.nagoya-u.ac.jp/asiandust-ERS/


Proceedings ofkailab.edu.ibaraki.ac.jp/asiandust-ERS/pdf/membersonly/...Proceedings of First Seminar...

Documents

Transcript of Proceedings ofkailab.edu.ibaraki.ac.jp/asiandust-ERS/pdf/membersonly/...Proceedings of First Seminar...