Proceedings of

The International Conference on

Martensitic Transformations

(ICOMAT-92)

20-24 July 1992Monterey, California

ICOMAT-92

Edited by CM. Wayman and J. Perkins

Proceedings of ICOMAT-92The International Conference on Martensitic Transformations

20-24 July 1992, Monterey, California, USA

© 1993, Monterey Institute of Advanced Studies, P.O. Box 4427, Camel, CA 93921, USA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

History and Perspectives on Martensitic Transformations

A Tribute to Adolf Martens 1Horst Czichos

A Tribute to Zenji Nishiyama 9Shen'ichiSato

KEYNOTE LECTUREStudies of Martensitic Transformations in the Past Forty Years 13

Ken'ichi Shimizu

Views of Martensitic Transformations from Other Disciplines

KEYNOTE LECTUREViews from Physics on Martensitic Transformations 25

James A. Krumhansl and Gerhard R. Barsch

Polydomain Phases in Martensitic Transformations 37Alexander L. Roytburd

Atomistic Modeling of Ni-Ti 47Hermann JJP. van Midden

Topological Soliton Models for Interfacesin Proper Ferroelastic Martensites 53

Gerhard R. Barsch and James A. Krumhansl

Theory for the Microstructure of Martensite and Applications 65John M. Ball and Richard D. James

Surface Energy And The Length Scale Of Twinning In Martensite 77Robert V. Kohn and Stefan Muller

Computational Results For Martensitic Twinning , 83Mitchell Luskin and C. Collins \

vu

Lattice Instabilities

Heterophase Fluctuations and Exact Thermodynamics of a First-OrderStructural Phase Transformation 89

James R. Morris and Robert J. Gooding

HRTEM Observations of Modulated Structures in Ti-Pd-Cr p2 Alloys 95AdamJ. Schwartz and Lee E. Tanner

Displacive and Diffusive Components in the Formationof the Ni2Al Structure Studied by HREM, SAED And Micro-ED 101

Shunsuke Moto, Nima Merk, Dominique Schryvers and Lee E. Tanner

A Thermodynamical Consideration of the Tweed Structure of Martensite 107Francesco Eiichi Fujita

Modulated Structure and Martensitic Transformationin Fe-28.10 Ni-5.19 Al-0.36 C Alloy 113

J. S. Lee and Woong-Kil Choo

The Origin of Martensitic Transition in TiNi 119Frederick E. Wang

Factors Determining B2 Phase Stability in Ti-Based Compounds 123Svetlana A. Shabalovskaya

The Structure Factors, Charge Density and Debye-WallerFactors of Martensitic Ni-Rich p_NiAI 129

Alan G. Fox and MA. Tabbernor

NMR Study of the Martensitic Transformation in Ni-Al and Ag-Cd Alloys 135Silvia Rubini, Constantin Dimitropoulos, F. Borsa, DJR. Torgeson,and Rolf Gotthardt

Neutron Scattering Studies of the Structure and Lattice Dynamicsof the Alkali Metals 141

Harold G. Smith, R. Berliner andJ. Trivisonno

Pre-Martensite Observations Using Thermal Expansion 147Trevor R. Finlayson and T.F. Smith

The Origin of Pre-Transitional Effects in Alloys With co-Transformation 153David A. Vul

A Phenomenological Model for Magnetically Driven Lattice-DistortiveTransformations in Fe-Pd Alloys 161

Po Hong and Gregory B. Olson

Local Softening of Parent Phase Within the Incubation Periodof Isothermal Martensitic Transformation in an Fe-Ni-Mn Alloy 167

Zhang Jihua, Chen Shuchan, Xu Zuyao (T.Y. Hsu) and Chen Weizhong

Nucleation of Martensitic Transformations

Computer Simulation of the Nucleation Process of Martensitein a Small Particle 173

Tetsuro Suzuki and Ken' ichiro Takahashi

Cellular Automaton Model of a Martensitic Transformationin a Hexagonal Lattice 179

DanielMaeder andM. Droz

In Situ High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope Studyof Martensite Nucleation and Growth in a Co-32 wt.% Ni Alloy 185

James M. Howe

Homogeneous Martensitic Nucleation in Iron-Cobalt PrecipitatesFormed in a Copper Matrix 191

Minfa Lin, Gregory B. Olson and Morris Cohen

The Atomistic Processes of the Martensitic Transformation of FineIron Precipitates in Copper Alloys by Cold-Rolling 197

Iwao Ishida

On the Nucleation and Growth of Ferrous Martensites 203Xiumu Zhang and YiYi Li

Nucleation and Growth of Chevron Martensite in Vanadium- andCarbon-Bearing Iron-Nickel Alloys 209

Chen Qi-Zhi, Wu Xing-Fang and Tsun Ko

Modulation Mechanism for Displacive Transformation 215Alexander Umantsev and Gregory B. Olson

Crystallography and Morphology

KEYNOTE LECTURERecent Work on the Determination of Crystal Structure of Martensites 221

Kazuhiro Otsuka and Takuya Ohba

Martensitic Transformations- A Structural Classification 233John W. Christian

S.O.S.- Shears or Shuffles in Martensitic Transformations 239John W. Christian

Crystallography of Hierarchical Structures of (Ti,Nb)3Al AlloysInvolving Both Displacive and Chemical Ordering 245

Leonid A. Bendersky, WJ. Boettinger and Alexander L. Roytburd

Martensite Group Morphology and Relative Frequencies of theCrystallographically Different Junction Planes in Pi' Martensite 251

L. Chen, Druce P. Dunne and Noel F. Kennon

High Resolution Electron Microscopy Observations of Twin Interfacesin YJ' Cu-Al-Ni and Y2'Au-Cd Martensites 257

Torn Hara, Takuya Ohba, Kazuhiro Otsuka, Y. Bando and S. Nenno

Electron Microscopy Study of Twin Sequences and Branchingin Ni66Al34 3R Martensite 263

Dominique Schryvers and Joseph T. Van Landuyt

Twinned Structures in Terfenol 269Richard D. James and David Kinderlehrer

Shear-Rotation Mechanism of Martensite and IPS Crystallographic Theory 275Shidao Wang, Xiuntu Zhang and L.F. Wang

Crystallography of Self-Accommodating Martensite Platesin Fe-Ni-C Alloys 281

Shidao Wang, Y.H. Wen andXiumu Zhang

Crystallography of Ferrous (252)f Martensitic Transformation 287ShidaoWang andXiumu Zhang

The Crystallography of the (225)F Martensitic Transformation in Steels 293Patrick M.Kelly

The Crystallography of Lath Martensite in Steels 299Patrick M.Kelly

Thermodynamics. Kinetics and Interfacial Motion

KEYNOTE LECTUREThermodynamics and Kinetics of Martensitic Transformations 305

Jordi Ortin

Theoretical Calculation of the Transformation of Austenite into Ferrite 317Zi-Kui Liu and John Agren

Thermodynamics of Martensitic Transformations 323T.Y. Hsu (Xu Zuyao)

On Some Features of Martensitic Transformation 329EJ. Estrin

On the Thermodynamics of Pseudoelasticity 335S. Fu, Ingo Muller and H. Xu

Martensitic Transformation Plasticity Simulations by Finite Elements 341J.F. Ganghoffer, K. Simonsson, S. Denis, Elisabeth Gautier,S. Sjostrom and A. Simon

Thermodynamics of the R-Phase Transformationin NiTi Shape Memory Alloys 347

Graziella Airoldi, Guido Riva, Giordano Carcano and A. Sciacca

Solid Solution Strengthening and Kinetics of MartensiticTransformation in Iron-Based Alloys 353

Gautam Ghosh and Gregory B. Olson

Some Remarks on the Thermodynamical Description of theHysteretic Behaviour in Martensitic Transformations 359

Antoni Isalgue, Antoni Amengual, Francisco C. Lovey,JL. Pelegrina and Vicenc Torra

Role of Dislocations on the Properties of the Shape Memory Alloys 365Francisco C. Lovey, Marcos Sade, Vicenc Torra and Antoni Amengual

The Thermodynamic Properties of the Martensitic Phasesin a Cu-Al-Ni Alloy 371

Clifford M. Friend, Li Manosa, Jordi Ortin and Antoni Planes

Subloop Behaviour in Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformations 377Antoni Amengual, Eduard Cesari and Concepcio Segui

Calorimetric Study of the Martensitic Transformation inCu-Al-Be Shape Memory Alloys 383

David Rios-Jara, Jordi Ortin, LI. Manosa, Antoni Planes,S. Belkahla and Michel Morin

A Simple Mathematical Model of Two-Way Memory Effect 389Yefim Ivshin and Thomas J. Pence

On the Constitutive Relations for S -» a Martensitic TransformationPlasticity in Plutonium Alloys 395

Paul H. Adler and Gregory B. Olson

Micromechanical Aspects of the Shape Memory Behaviour 401Etienne Patoor, M.O. Bensalah, A. Eberhardt and Marcel Berveiller

Growth Kinetics During Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformations 407Antoni Planes and Jordi Ortin

Hysteretic Behaviour in SMA: A Model Based on Intrinsic Parameters 413Antoni Isalgue, Francisco C. Lovey and Vincenc Torra

A Continuum Mechanical Approach to the Kinetics and Deformationof Alloys During Martensitic Transformations 419

Kikuaki Tanaka, Franz Dieter Fischer and E. Oberaigner

Martensitic Transformations in Steels and Other Ferrous Alloys

The Connection of Martensitic and Bainitic Transformationsin Carbon and Alloyed Steels 425

Vadim M. Schastlivtsev, DA. Mirzayev, AJ. Baev,S.Ye. Karzunov and I.L. Yakovleva

The Formation of Widmanstatten Cementite Plates in Alloy Steels 431FA. Khalid, M. Farooque and David V. Edmonds

Acicular Ferrite Formation at Inclusions in Low-Carbon Steels 439Peter Krauklis, FJ. Barbaro and Kenneth E. Easterling

A Mechanism for Enhanced Hardenability 445John B. Breedis and Lee J. Cuddy

Serrated Plastic Flow in the Martensite of a Low-Carbon Steel 451Shoji Okamoto, David K. Matlock and George Krauss

Effects of Magnetic Fields on Martensitic Transformation of AusteniticFe-Ni and Fe-Ni-Cr Steels at Cryogenic Temperatures 457

Yasushi Kurita, S. Emura, K. Fujita, K. Nagai, K. Ishikawa and Koji Shibata

Mobility of Coherent Interfaces in Freshly-Formed Highly-TetragonalFe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C Martensites 463

Kari Martti Ullakko and V.G. Gavriljuk

Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Isothermal MartensiticTransformation in an Fe-Ni-C Alloy at Low Temperatures 469

ZL. Xie, H. Hdnninen andJuhani Pietikainen

Invar Effect on Martensitic Transformations Under Hydrostatic Pressure 475Tomoyuki Kakeshita and Ken'ichi Shimizu

Local Atomic Arrangements of Fe-Ni Steel 481BD. Butler and Jerome B. Cohen

An Acoustic Emission Study on Martensitic Transformationin Fe-Ni-C Alloy During Cooling and During Tensile Testing 487

Zuming Zhu, Q.Y. Long, Xiumu Zhang, D.F. Li and CX. Jiang

Morphology Transitions of Deformation-Induced Martensitesin Fe-Ni-C Alloys 4 93

Xiumu Zhang, D.F. Li, X. Zhao, Z.S. Xing, J.Z. Zhang,Elisabeth Gautier and A. Simon

Catalytic Formation of Chevron (Butterfly) Martensite 499Chen Qi-Zhi,Wu Xing-Fang and Tsun Ko

Reversible and Irreversible Transformation PlasticityDeformations in Fe-Ni-C Alloys 503

J.S. Zhang, Elisabeth Gautier and A. Simon

Damping Capacities in Fe-X% Mn Martensitic Alloys 509Chong-Sool Choi, JJD. Kim, T.H. Cho, S.H. Baik and G.H. Ryu

Martensitic Transformations in Non-Ferrous Alloys

On the Martensitic Transformation in a Dual Phase a/(3 Cu-Zn Alloy 515Y.F. Hsu, W.H. Wang and C. Marvin Wayman

9R Martensite in the TiPd-Fe Alloys 521Kazuyuki Enami and Y. Nakagawa

Transmission Electron Microscope Investigations of 9R MartensiteFormation in Copper Precipitates in Thermally Aged Iron-Copper Alloys 527

Peter J. Othen, ML. Jenkins and GJD.W. Smith

Microstructures of Athermal and Stress-Induced Martensitesof Ti-V-Al Shape Memory Alloys 533

/ . S. Lee Pak, C.Y. Lei, Ming-Hsiung Wu, HRP. Inoue and C. Marvin Wayman

Shape Memory Behavior of Ti-V-Al Alloys 539C.Y. Lei, J.S. Lee Pak H.R.P. Inoue and CMarvin Wayman

Deformation Twins and Martensite in Ductile B2 Alloysof the Zr (RuPd) System 545

RM. Waterstrat, Leonid A. Bendersky and Raymond Kuentzler

Tempering

Structure and Morphology of FegC and Fei$N2 PrecipitatesObtained by Aging Martensites 551

Jean-Marie Robert Genin, I. Fall and Oswald N.C. Uwakweh

Low Temperature Aging of Iron-Based Martensites 557Kari Martti Ullakko, V.G. Gavriljuk and Vladimir M. Nadutov

Structure and Aging Behaviour of Fe-Ni Martensites 563V.G. Gavriljuk, Vladimir M. Nadutov, and Kari Martti Ullakko

Internal Friction Behaviour of Virgin Dislocated Martensite 569Yong Liu andJuhani Pietikainen

Aging and Stabilization

Reverse Transformation of Aged Cu-Zn-AI Martensite:The Mechanism of Stabilisation 575

Muthuswamy Chandrasekaran, Eduard Cesari and Jan Van Humbeeck

Site Determination of Mn Atoms in Cu-Al-Mn Alloys by ALCHEMI 581Norihiko Nakanishi, Toshihiko Shigematsu, N. Machida, K. Ueda,Ken'ichi Shimizu and Yoshiyuki Nakata

Atom Location of the Third Element in Ti-Ni-X Shape Memory Alloys 587Yoshiyuki Nakata, Tsugio Tadaki and Ken'ichi Shimizu

Effect of Aluminum Content on Precipitation in Cu-Zn-AIShape Memory Alloys 5 93

Shyue-Shang Leu and Chen-Ti Hu

Stabilization of Martensite and Ordering of the Parent Phasein a Cu-Zn-AI Alloy 599

Chen Shuchuan, T.Y. Hsu (Xu Zuyao), Yang Fan and Zhang Jihua

Influence of the Interactions of Order-Disorder Phenomena withThermomechanical Cycling on the Hysteresis of the MartensiticTransformation in a Cu-Zn-Al-Ni Alloy 605

Laurent Buffard, Pierre Charbonnier, JJL. Macqueron, andE. Weynant

Modelisation of the Influence of Order-Disorder State on Hysteresisof Martensitic Transformation in a Cu-Zn-Al-Ni Shape Memory Alloy 611

Laurent Buffard, Pierre Charbonnier, A. Delon, C. Roucau,J. Jaud and Bernard Dubois

oci Precipitates Induced by Constraint Aging in a Cu-Zn-AIShape Memory Alloy 617

Hu Chen-Ti and Leu Shyue-Shang

Influence of Mn Additions on the Thermal Stability of Cu-Al-NiShape Memory Alloys 623

Inahi Hurtado, Jan Van Humbeeck, Muthuswamy Chandrasekaran and Luc Delaey

Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study of Aging in a Ti-Pd-Ni-BShape Memory Alloy 62 9

Ming-Hsiung Wu, Scott M. Russell and C.C. Law

Effects of Thermal Treatments on the Respective Behavior of"R" and Martensitic Phases in Ni-Ti-Co Shape Memory Alloys 635

L. Jordan, M. Masse, A. Villafana and G. Bouquet

Microstructural Changes Occurring During Ageing of the ThermoelasticMartensite ofY-Quenched U-6 wt.% Nb Alloy Below 450°C 641

G. Beverini and David V. Edmonds

Martensitic Transformations in Ceramics

KEYNOTE LECTUREMartensitic Transformations in Ceramics 647

Barry C. Muddle and Geoffrey R. Hugo

Neutron Diffraction Study of the Martensitic Monoclinic-to-TetragonalPhase Transformation in Zirconia (ZrO2) 659

Friedrich Frey andH. Boysen

Application of the Crystallographic Theory to the Tetragonal-to-Monoclinic Transformation in Ceria-Zirconia 665

Geoffrey R. Hugo and Barry C. Muddle

The Diffusionless Cubic-to-Tetragonal Transition in ZrO2-R2O3Systems (R: Rare Earths) 671

Taketa Sakuma, T. Seki and T. Yamamoto

Effect of Grain Size on the Martensitic Transformation in CeO2-TZP(Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals) 677

Motozo Hayakawa, H. Shinmen and Muneo Oka

Transformation Mechanisms in Dicalcium and Distrontium Orthosilicates 683YJ. Kim, J.L. Shull, B.N. Sun and Waltraud M. Kriven

Martensitic Transformation in Twinned Tetragonal ZrO2 Precipitatesin Y2O3 Partially-Stabilized ZrO2 (Y-PSZ) Single Crystals 689

Julian Martinez-Fernandez, M. Jiminez-Melondo,A. Dominguez-Rodriguez and Arthur H. Heuer

Crystallography of the Cubic to Tetragonal Transformationin Lead Titanate Single Crystals 695

Chen-Chia Chou, Kunio Wakasa and CMarvin Wayman

The Alpha to Beta Transformation in Stoichiometric Nickel Sulflde 701B. Kim, Chen-Chia Chou and C.Marvin Wayman

Acicular Martensite Induced by Low Temperature Aging of anArc-Melted ZrO2-Y2O3 Alloy 707

Motozo Hayakawa, Y. Onda, and M. Oka

Analysis of Creep-in-Tension Data on Mg-PSZ 713WJ. Batchelor and Trevor R. Finlayson

Shape Memory and Superelasticity for Ceramics with Field-InducedAntiferroelectric-Ferroelectric Phase Transformations 719

Pin Yang and David A. Payne

Superconducting Oxide Ceramics

Phase Transformations in Superconducting and Non-SuperconductingPerovskites 725

Terrence E. Mitchell

Diffuse X-Ray Scattering Study of Oxygen-Disordered TetragonalYBa 2 (Cui . x Al x ) 3 O7 Crystals 731

X. Jiang, P. Wochner, Simon C. Moss and P. Zschack

Oxygen Ordering and Strain-Related Morphology inY B a 2 C u 3 . x M x O 7 Systems 737

Zhi-Xiong Cai, Yimei Zhu and David O. Welch

Study of Structural Phase Transition and Superconductivity inQuenched YBa2Cu3Ox 743

Shoichi Edo

Bainitic Transformations in Steels

Effect of Stress on Bainitic Transformation in Fe-Si-Mn-C Alloy 749Akihiro Matsuzaki, Harshad KJJ.H. Bhadeshia and H. Harada

Effects of Elastic Stress on Bainitic Transformation in a 0.4C -2Mo Steel 755Koji Shibata, Toshifumi Hori, K. Asakura and A. Ohmori

Upper Bainite Transformation in an Fe-2%Si-0.6%C Alloy 761Kaneaki Tsuzaki, Aki Kodai and Tadashi Maki

Bainitic Intermediate Microstructures of Very Low-C Steels 767Toru Araki, Koji Shibata and Hirooki Nakajima

Relationship of Bainitic Microstructure to Impact Toughnessin Cr-Mo and Cr-W Steels 773

Ronald L. Klueh andDJ. Alexander

Monte Carlo Simulation of Lamellar Products at MiddleTemperature Range 779

Hua Feng and MokuangKang

Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram Within the Bainite Reactionin Some Alloy Steels 785

Mokuang Kang, Darning Chen, G.L. Hu and XX. Meng

Thermodynamics of Bainitic Transformations in Fe-C-EXjMultiple-Element Systems 791

Quiming Wei, Darning Chen and Mokuang Kang

Thermodynamic Analyses of Bainitic Transformation in Fe-C Alloysat the Initial Stage 797

ZhaoyangXie and Mokuang Kang

Crystallographic Features of Bainitic Carbides from Different Sources 803Jialin Sun and Mokuang Kang

Substructural and Crystallographic Features of Lower Bainite 809Jialin Sun and Mokuang Kang

Shape Memory and Trip-Effect in Bainitic Steels after IsothermalThermomechanical Treatment 815

Sergei A. Faldin and Octal V. Samedov

Bainitic Transformations in Copper-Based Alloys

Theoretical Investigation of the Bainitic Transformationin Copper-Based Alloys 821

Kenzaburo Marukawa

Composition Dependence of the Bainitic Transformation in P-PhaseCu-Zn-Au Alloys 827

Tsugio Tadaki, Cai Jing-Qiang, Ken'ichi Shimizu, Yin Fuxing amd Gu Nanju

The P3 to cti Transformation in a Cu-Zn-AI Alloy 833Yoichiro Hamada, Ming-Hsiung Wu and C.Marvin Wayman

Observation of Bainite Shear in a Cu-Zn-Al-Mn Alloy 839Fu-Min Chen, M. Han, Y.R. Chen, WX. Liu and Tsun Ko

A TEM Study of Bainite in a Cu-Zn-AI Alloy 845Qiu-Hua Li, De-Lu Liu and Tsun Ko

Anisotropic Growth of Bainite Plates in Cu-Zn-AI Alloys 851Kazuyoshi Takezawa, Shin'ichi Sato and Kenzaburo Marukawa

Fundamentals of Ti-Ni-Based Shape Memory Alloys

KEYNOTE LECTURETi-Ni Shape Memory Alloys and Martensitic Transformations 857

Toshio Saburi

Martensitic Transformation and Shape Memory in Ti-Ni-Zr Alloys 869Jan H. Mulder, Jan H. Maas and Jeno Beyer

A Study of the Martensitic Transformation in Ti-Rich TiNi Alloys 875H.C. Lin, Shyi-Kaan Wu and J.C. Lin

Internal Structures of Triangular Self-Accommodating Martensitein a Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloy 881

Minoru Nishida, Kiyoshi Yamauchi, A. Chiba and Y. Higashi

Shape Memory and Superelasticity in Powder Metallurgy TiNi Alloys 887Sei Miura, Hiroyuki Kato, T. Koyari, K. Isonishi and Masaharu Tokizane

Shape Memory Characteristics of Ti-Ni Thin FilmsFormed by Sputtering 893

Shuichi Miyazaki, Akira Ishida and A. Takei

Effect of Aging on Martensitic Transformationin a Ti-50.7 at.% Ni Alloy 899

S.V. Oleynikova, Irene Yu. Khmelevskaya, Sergei D. ProkoshkinandLM. Kaputkina

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure ofRapidly Solidified TiNiCu Alloy 905

Yasubumi Furuya, Minoru Matsumoto and T. Matsumoto

Transformation Behaviour and Shape Memory Effectsin Melt Spun Ni-Al Alloys 911

J.H. Zhu, Druce P. Dunne, G.W. Delamore and Noel F. Kennon

The Effect of Cold Work and Heat Treatment on the R-Phase toAustenite and Martensite to Austenite Transformationof a Near-Equiatomic Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloy 917

Paul E. Thoma, Ming-Yuan Kao, Sepehr Fariabi andDN. AbuJudom

Influence of Heat Treatment on the Internal Resistance to theMartensitic Transformation in NiTi 923

Yinong Liu and Paul G. McCormick

Electrical Resistance Change in a Ti-Ni Alloy During a ThermalCycle Under Constant Load 929

Shuichi Miyazaki, Yinong Liu, Kazuhiro Otsuka and Paul G. McCormick

Effects of Neutron Irradiation on the Transformation Behaviorin Ti-Ni Alloys 935

Akihiro Kimura, Shuichi Miyazaki, Hiroshi Horikawa and Kiyoshi Yamauchi

Comparison of Homogeneous Shear and Tensile Tests on a Ni-TiShape Memory Alloy 941

Pierre-Yves Manach and Denis Favier

Stability of Deformed Martensite in a Ni47Ti44Nb9 Shape Memory Alloy 947Lian-Cheng Zhao and C.S. Zhang

Restoration Phenomena and Deformation Behavior ofNeutron-Irradiated Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloys 953

Tajii Hoshiya, Mitsuo Ohmi, I. Goto,Y. Ichihashi and H. Ando

Step-Wise Transformations in Shape Memory Alloys 959Graziella Airoldi, S. Besseghini and Guido Riva

Two-Way Shape Memory Effect Generated By Deformation ofParent Phase in Ni-Ti 965

Shoichi Edo

X-Ray Diffraction of Rapidly Solidified Ti-Ni-Cu Shape Memory Alloy 971Minoru Matsumoto, T. Suzuki and Yasubumi Furuya

Martensitic Transformation in Rapidly SolidifiedTi-47 at.% Al Alloy Powder 975

Minoru Nishida, T. Tateyama, R. Tomoshige, K. Morita and A. Chiba

Junction Plane of TiNi Martensite Variants 981Minoru Nishida, Kiyoshi Yamauchi, A. Chiba and Y. Higashi

Formation of Ti-Ni Shape Memory Films by Sputtering Method 987Akira Ishida, A. Takei and Shuichi Miyazaki

Effects of Grain Refinement on Phase Transformation Characteristicsand Mechanical Properties of Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloys 993

Yoshinobu Motohashi, Taketo Sakuma, M. Suzuki,Tajii Hoshiya and K. Ohsawa

Intrinsic Transformation Influenced Mechanical Behaviour in a NiTi Alloy 999Paul G. McCormick, Shuichi Miyazaki and Yinong Liu

Effect of Hydrogen on Mechanical and Shape Memory Propertiesof Ti-Ni Alloy 1003

Teruo Asaoka, H. Saito and Y. Ishida

Stress-Induced Martensitic Transformation in a Ni-Ti-NbShape Memory Alloy 1009

W. Cai, C.S. Zhang and Liancheng Zhao

Fundamentals of Copper-Based Shape Memory Allovs

KEYNOTE LECTURECopper-Based Shape Memory Alloys and Martensitic Transformation 1015

Jan Van Humbeeck, Muthuswamy Chandrasekaran and Rudy Stalmans

The Effect of Load-Cycling on the Psuedoelastic Behavior in aPolycrystalline Cu-Zn-AI Shape Memory Alloy 1027

Noboru Ono

Ductility and Two-Way Memory Effect Associated With Stress-InducedMartensite Stability Produced by Deformation of Cu-Al-Ni Alloys 1033

Maria A. Morris and T. Lipe

Prediction of Reversion Stress of Shape Memory Alloys DuringMartensitic Transformation 1039

Li Lu, Etienne Aernoudt, Patrick Wollants, Jan Van Humbeeck and Luc Delaey

Parameter Determination for the Thermodynamic Model of Shape MemoryCu-Zn-AI Polycrystal by Resistivity and Infra-Red Thermography 1047

Cecile Rogueda, Christian Lexcellent, Bogdan Raniecki and A. Chrysochoos

The Two-Way Memory Effect of a Cu-Al-Be Alloy:General Characteristics and Ageing 1053

H. Flores Ziiniga, S. Belkahla, Francisco C. Lovey and Gerard Guenin

Acoustic Emission Study of Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformationin Cu-Al-Ni Alloys 1059

Katsuro Oda, I. Takahashi, S. Tamaki, Kazuhiro Otsuka and Tetsuro Suzuki

Training of Copper Based Shape Memory Alloys 1065Rudy Stalmans, Jan Van Humbeeck and Luc Delaey

The Reverse Martensitic Transformation in Cu-Al-NiShape Memory Alloys 1071

Aaron D. Cockerill, Noel F. Kennon andDruce P. Dunne

Shape Memory Characteristics in P/M Cu-Al-Mn-Ni Alloys 1077Norihiko Nakanishi, Toshihiko Shigematsu, N. Machida, K. Ueda,H. Tanaka, T. Inaba and O. Iwatsu

The Effect of Rapid Solidification on Shape Memory Behaviourof a Copper-Based Shape Memory Alloy 1083

J.H. Zhu, Druce P. Dunne, G.W. Delamore and Noel F. Kennon

Internal Friction Study of Single Variant Transformations inCu-Zn-AI Shape Memory Alloys 1089

Johannes Stoiber, J.-E. Bidaux and Rolf Gotthardt

Anharmonic Behaviour of Cu-Zn-AI Alloys 1095B. Coluzzi, Andrea Biscarini, Fabio M. Mazzolai, C. Costa,S. Ceresara and A. Giarda

Shock Damping in a Cu-Zn-AI Shape Memory Alloy 1101Jean Muller, Bernard Dubois, J. Condoure and JJ. Fries

Effects of Compressive Pseudoelastic Cycling in Cu-Zn-AI SingleCrystals: Characteristics of the Induced Two-Way Shape Memory Effect 1107

Eduard Cesari, Catalina Picornell and Marcos Sade

The Effect of y Precipitates on the Two Way Memory Effect in Cu-Zn-AI 1113Jaume Pons, Marcos Sade, Francisco C. Lovey and Eduard Cesari

The Effect of Constraint Aging of Two-Way Shape Memory Effectof a Cu-Zn-AI Alloy 1119

Ren-Der Jean, HJ. Lai and S.C. Cheuh

Shape Memory Effect and Superelasticity Effect Associated With P2 to £2'Martensitic Transformation in a Au-49.5 at.% Cd Alloy 1125

Koichi Morii, Shuichi Miyazaki and Kazuhiro Otsuka

Pseudoelasticity and Shape Memory Effect in Mn-18.6at.%Cu AlloySingle Crystal 1131

Hiroyuki Kato, H. Morishita and Sei Miura

Differences in the Kinetic Grain Growth Between Cu-Zn-AI,Cu-Zn-Al-Mn, Cu-AI-Mn and Cu-Al-Mn (Si) Shape Memory Alloy 1137

FJ. Gil andJosep M. Guilemany

Study of Superficial Oxide Coats and Composition Changes inCu-Zn-AI-Ni Alloys after Heat Treatments 1145

Pierre Charbonnier, Michel Morin and Laurent Buffard

Fundamentals of Iron-Based and Other Shape Memory Allovs

KEYNOTE LECTURETransformation Behavior of e-Martensite in Fe-Mn-SiShape Memory Alloys 1151

Tadashi Maki and Kaneaki Tsuzaki

Shape Memory Behaviour in Fe-Mn-Co-Ni-Si Alloys 1163Manijeh M. Reyhani, X. Chen and Paul G. McCormick

Cyclic y <-> e Transformation Behavior and its Effect on the ShapeMemory Characteristics in Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni Alloy 1169

Hideyuki Ohtsuka, S. Kajiwara andT. Ishihara

Study of Thermal e-Phase Martensite in a Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni ShapeMemory Alloy by X-Ray Diffraction and Thermoelectric Power 1175

Luc Federzoni, D. Gex, Q. Gu, Gerard Guenin, D. Labrosse,Marc Mantel and Jan Van Humbeeck

In Situ Experiments During a Thermal Cycle in an Fe-Mn-SiShape Memory Alloy 1181

K. Tamarat, G. Andre and Bernard Dubois

Some New Aspects of Shape Memory Behavior of e-Martensite 1187Jian-Hua Yang, H. Chen and CMarvin Wayman

Secondary Variants, Self-Accommodation and Shape MemoryMechanism of e-Martensite 1193

Jian-Hua Yang and C. Marvin Wayman

Effect of Thermal-Mechanical Treatment on Stress-Induced y <-» eMartensitic Transformation and Shape Memory Effect in anFe-Mn-Si-Ni-Co Alloy 1199

XX. Wang, WX. Wang and Liancheng Zhao

Ni2MnGa as a New Ferromagnetic Ordered Shape Memory Alloy 1205Vladimir A. Chernenko and Vladimir V. Kokorin

First Order Phase Transition of Fe-Rh Alloys 1211Ryuichiro Oshima, M. Takahashi, A. Taniyama and Yorihiko Tsunoda

Engineering and Application of Shape Memory Alloys

Systemizing the Use of TiNi Orthodontic Archwires 1217Rohit CL. Sachdeva, Y. Oshida, Farrokh Farz-nia and Shuichi Miyazaki

Load Deformation Characteristics of TiNi Orthodontic Archwires 1223Rohit CL. Sachdeva, Y. Oshida , Farrokh Farz-nia and Shuichi Miyazaki

Characterization of Ni-Ti Orthodontic Archwires 1229Ren-Der Jean and HJ. Lai and JJ. Lin

Application of Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloys to Partial Dentures 1235Shuichi Miyazaki, S. Fukutsuji andM. Taira

Mechanical Engineering for Shape Memory Alloys 1241Y. Gillet, Etienne Patoor and Marcel Berveiller

Specific Manufacture of Copper Based Shape Memory Springs:Thermomechanical Treatment and Working Test 1247

T. Lours, Michel Raymond and E. Weynant

Production Line of Springs of Copper-Based Shape Memory Alloys 1253Michel Raymond and E. Weynant

Effects of Heat Treatment and Thermal Cycle on Helical SpringProperties in NiTiCu Alloy 1259

Yoshiro Shugo, Takayoshi Shimizu, Koichi Morii, T. Yamada and K. Kusaka

Static Rock Breaker Using TiNi Alloy With Reversible ShapeMemory Effect 1265

Minoru Nishida, K. Kaneko, K. Takashima, Kiyoshi Yamauchi and T. Inaba

Application of Ni-Ti-Nb Shape Memory Alloy Pipe Couplings 1271Hiroshi Horikawa, Y. Suzuki, A. Horie, S. Yamamoto and Y. Yasuda

The Dynamics of the Simple Pulley SMA Heat Engine 1277Brian Berg

Characterization of Nitinol Material for a Bending Application 1283Dennis N. Petrakis

The Two-Way Effect in Homogeneous Alloys and Composites forRobotic Applications 1289

Kurt Esther, Erhard Hornbogen and M. Mertmann

Stability of the Shape Memory Effect and Mechanical Fatigue ofNi-Ti-Cu and Ni-Ti Elements 1295

Peter Tautzenberger, Hans-Peter Kehrer, H. Nupkern and H.H. Kocher

Thermal Fatigue of Shape Memory Alloys 1301Iain Le May, S.K.P. Cheung-Mak and P. Jacobsen

Study of the Thermomechanical Fatigue of a Cu-Al-Ni Alloy Subjectedto a Bending Test 1307

F. Trivero, Michel Morin and Gerard Guenin

TiNi-Base Shape Memory Alloys and Their Applications 1313Alexander G. Chernyavsky, YuJJ. Kravchenko andLjudmila P. Fatkullina

Characteristics of Shape Memory X-Y Microstage and Necessity ofMaterial Improvement in SMA Actuator Application 1319

Yasubumi Furuya, K. Abe, T. Teshima, Minoru Matsumotoand C.Marvin Wayman

The Shape Memory Effect of Ni-Ti for Electrical HF-Connectors 1325Heinrich Ehrenstein

Tribology of Unlubricated Copper-Based Cu-Zn-AIShape Memory Alloys 1329

Hong Wei Wang, Dazhi Yang andZ.G. Wang