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7• SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LABORATORY . A.d _l// _x/ S E L- 88 -,o05 = i =PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM " i-: ! . DECEMBER 1988 i i ;,..,.., (NASA-IM-102941) PPGCEFDINGS OF THE FIR3T N9i-11389 NASA Ada USFkg' SY,_PUc:|[!M (NASA) 227 D C£CL 09 _ uncl :_S G31ol 0_709_,6 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 _ _ ::: : ..... https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910002076 2020-06-23T21:39:21+00:00Z

Transcript of =PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM€¦ · FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM w w...

Page 1: =PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM€¦ · FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM w w Software Organized by" Engineering Laboratory GSFC Sponsored by" Goddard Ada Users'

7 •

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LABORATORY

. A.d _l// _x/

S E L- 88 -,o05

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=PROCEEDINGSOF THE

FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM

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. DECEMBER 1988

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(NASA-IM-102941) PPGCEFDINGS OF THE FIR3T N9i-11389NASA Ada USFkg' SY,_PUc:|[!M (NASA) 227 D

C£CL 09 _

uncl :_S

G31ol 0_709_,6

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland 20771

_ _ ::: : .....

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910002076 2020-06-23T21:39:21+00:00Z

Page 2: =PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM€¦ · FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM w w Software Organized by" Engineering Laboratory GSFC Sponsored by" Goddard Ada Users'

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM

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SoftwareOrganized by"

Engineering LaboratoryGSFC

Sponsored by"Goddard Ada Users' Group

December 1, 1988

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GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER

Greenbelt, Maryland

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FOREWORD

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The Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL) is an organization

sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC) and created for the

purpose of investigating the effectiveness of software

engineering technologies when applied to the development of

applications software. The SEL was created in 1977 and has three

primary organizational members:

NASA/GSFC (Systems Development Branch)

The University of Maryland (Computer Sciences Department)

The Computer Sciences Corporation (Flight Systems Operation)

The goals of the SEL are (i) to understand the software

development process in the GSFC environment; (2) to measure the

effect of various methodologies, tools, and models in the

process; and (3) to identify and then to apply successful

development practices. The activities, findings, and

recommendations of the SEL are recorded in the Software

Engineering Laboratory Series, a continuing series of reports

that includes this document.

Single copies of this document can be obtained from:

NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center

Systems Development Branch

Code 552

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

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TABLE OF CONTENTSOF THE

FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

E

Introduction

Session 1: Experiences. ('hair: led Seidewitz

Iixperiences with Ada in the Flight Dynamics Division

lid Seidewitz. NASA (;oddard Space Flight Center

Applications of Ada to MSFC Projects

William llowle. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center

l_,eal-time Weather Processor (RWP) Project: Ada Experience at PDR

Robert Locsh and Pat Molko. Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Session 2: Ai)plications, ('hair: David Littmann

l.xplorer Platform Ada Flight Software

Barbara Scott. NASA (;oddard Space Flight Center

The livolulion of Ada Software to St_pport the Space Station Power Management and Distribution Subsystem

Kathy St_'htlbert, NASA Lewis Research Center

UsingAda: An liarly Space Station Freedom Experience

Brandon Rigney and Cora Carmody, Planning Research Corp.

Ada ltosts. Workstations and Cross-colupilers: I-_valuation Report

I)avid Badal, Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.

Session 3: l)irectionsand Iml)lications, Chair: Frank Mc(;arry

lml31ications of Ada for Space Station FreedomRobert Nelson, NASA Space Statioll Freedoin Program Office

Soflware I{ngirlecrillg ;illcl Ada Trailling at NASA/JS(': Mylh_, Lessons LearYled and I)h'ecliOl'iS(ilenn I:rcedinan. l.hliveisity of ttouston al ('lear Lake

lhe.lel Prol_ulsioll [_aboralory: Transition to Ada Software l)evelopinenl

(;ary Walker, Jet Prol_ulsion Laboratory

I Xl_orienceswith Adaal NASA/(ISF(': iinl_licationsand Directions

I:rank Mc(larry, NASA (]oddard Space |:light Center

Ai)pendix A-Open Discussion, Moderaior: I{d Seidewit/

Pailelisls:

(;ary Walker, Jel Prot_ulsion Laboratory

Michael llolloway, NASA Langley Research ('ellterWilliam t lowle. NASA Marshall Space l:light Center

l:rank Mc(;arr), NASA (;oddard Space Flight Center

Robert Nelson. NASA Space Station Program Office

Kath\ P,ogcrs. MlTRlltor NASA Johnson Space(entcr)

B - .,lltiendees of the First NASA Ad;i Usei',;" Synlposiunl

(" - Standard Bibliogral)hy of SI']L Literature ORIGI_IAL PAGE ISOF POOR QUALITY

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INTRODUCTIONOF

FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM

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E. SeidewitzNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center

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INTRODUCTION

+File Ada l_rogramnling language was created as tile common language for tile Department of l)cfense (1)OD).

llowevcr, there arc a growing nunlber of organizations outside tile I)OD. both governnlent and commercial.

who are choosing to use Ada for their large system development efforts. NASA is one such organization.

Mandated for the space station. Ada has also been adopted or considered for use by several other large NASAp rogra m s.

Ada has the potential to bca part of the most significant change in software engineering technology withinNASA in the last twenty years. Thus, it is particularly important that all NASA centers be aware of Ada ex--

perience and plans at other centers. To promote such an awareness, the First NASAAda Users'Syml_osiumprovided a forum for the exchange of ideas, experiences and plans on the use of Ada within NASA.

The syml3osium attracted a diverse, enthusiastic audience. The program cover_,'d Ada activity across NASA,

with presenters representing five of the nine major NASA centers and the Space Station Freedom ProgramOffice. Projects discussed included-

__ Space Station Freedom Program Office the implications of Ada on training, reuse, managelnentand

the software suPt_ort envirormlent_

Johnson Space Center (JSC): early experience with tile use of Ada, software engineering and Adatraining and the evaluation of Ada compilers;

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC): university research with Ada and the application of Ada to

Space Station l:reedom, the Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle, the Acre-Assist Flight l_xperiment and theSecure Shuttle l)ata SystenY

• Lewis Research Center (LeRCI the evolution of Ada software to SUl3port the Space Station PowerManagement and l)istribution System'

• ,let Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)' the creation of a centralized Ada development laboratory and cur,rent aplHications of Ada incltlding the Real-time Weather Processor for tile FAA_ --

• (_oddard Space Flight Center (GS[-C): experiences with Ada in tile Flight I)ymlmics I)ivision and the

tlxtreme Ultraviolet lixplorer It!UVI.I) project and tile implications of (;S[:C experience for Ada use inNASA.

I)espite lhe tli_ersily of the presentations, several common themes emerged fronl the program:

.Methodology: NASA experience in general indicates thal tile effective use of Ada requires modern

software engineering methodologies, There is a growing trend towards the acceptance of object-oriented approaches as the basis for the most approl3riate methodologies for Ada development.

Tr:lining; -It is the software engineering principles and methods that surround Ada, rather than Ada

itself, which requires the major training efR_rt. This is evident in experience at LeRC, JPL and GSFC

and is reinforced by the research of the Univt?rsily of llouston for JSC. Further. both GSFC and the

University of Ilouslon stress that this training must be focused to the needs of each organization and

must include immediate hands-on involvement in re:_l tlevclor_lllcnt efforts.

Reuse: I)uc to training and transition costs, the use of Ada may initially actually decrease produc-tivity, as v,':ls clearly l'ottnd at (;SFC. floweret, at (;SFC as well tts in work done for JSC, there is a

cle:lr indication that tile use of Aria :mtl associated methodologies can result in an immediate signifi-

cant incrcJse in the reusal_ilitv ot software. Of cottrse, over time this will result in a major increase ineffective productivity, reliability and maintainability, since less and less new code will need to be ere-alcd for each project.

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l_c_iI-Iimc:Work. ',itL,:I4('.JIG_ and (;St(" >,bows tkai itisl_OSSiIqcto u._c..\d_lfor rc:fl-timc:il_l_Ii,-'_l-

lion,,.IIo_v<_cr.lhc I.¢14('experience c,_IX'Ci_iII,,shov,,,how ¢',Ir_'I'ulone must bc i11dloosing _icorn-

plier. .\t _;SIT. the llt!\"lproject foum.l itncccss_irvto modify tll_'vctlclor-surGqiodrun-lime svstcm

it) II+indlu +l _pccil'ic clnl+cddcd harclwarc confiTur+ilion.

()xcr;lll. the' xynll+O,,iu111 I'el]ccicd _i high level of cnthtisia,_in for lh_' use of ,\d+i in NASA..Jtd_i is being eI'IL'c+

lively _ll+l+lic'cl lo l]ight Cillcl {ZlOtlllUt-SUl+t+ort tasks, both iilsidc ;.ind out_iclc tile st++icc st;ition i+rojc'ct, tlowcvc'r,

lhcrc _irc _ilso SOlllC c;.iulion:.tl) ilolc_: th+" trl.in.sitiOl'i Io Ad_i in,i)' tcikc lollgOr ;.ind be more difficult than ori<_i-

v+_li])"anliCil+atcd: NASA i+cccls to foctis illorc' clo_irly, cfl'cctivcly _ind ii+tCilscl)' oil software cngii_eoring lr;iit+ing

cllorts: and ._ASA llltl_,l i+rcss coi++l+ilcr vcnclors Io I+roviclc nlorc hi{zh-qu+ility Ad+i comt+ilors with the l\'attiros

i]ccdctl lor rc_il-linlc, clnl-)cdclcd upl_licutioils.

tly pro_.iding :i foruin lor discussing Adci benefits. Icssons-lc:lri3cd i.llld problems, the First NASA Adcl Users'

Symt_osiunl w_is highly succes.,,ful in its aim of fostc ring coinli]ullici.ition between the NASA COl]lmullity oi"

AC]tl users. ]-his COlllllltlllity is still )'Otlllg and growii]g, but it i_ clear that Act_i is "'horo to st:iy'" in NASA.

Right ilow wc ;irc _il lhc kncc o1" lhc growth u'urvc in tho USC of AcNl. ,.\s we proceed upward on thai curve il

will bc illcrc:lsii]L'ly ilUl_ortunt to in_iinl_iin _tlld strcn7lhci] the sh_iring of cxt_ol'i_.'nc_.'. This sylnl_osium will h_ivcbccn tltll) ',ucccs',ltil il ii is ollly ;i boginl]ii_g to such ;i l_lOCu'ss.

li_ coiMusion. I would like io _zrc:ltly Ill,ink Lisa KclI$', I:rank Mc(;:trry _irid the Sol'tw:.lrc I!il_irlcerh17 [abor:i-

lOly staff. Wilhoul lhcir hcll_ il would h_ivc been tolcilly impossible to Ol_anizc this SylllpOSiUlll in the shorl

time vvc did. I wotlld '<il_o like' to Ih_illk all the presenters who, oil quite shoil nolicc, put toTcEhcr _.lll cxccllcnlmcrvicw cll Acl;i _iu'li_ ilic's ii_ NASA.

Iicl Scidcwili

l lccld, (;odd:ild Atilt Users" (;rOtll_

(;odcl:ird SlXiCc I"li,_,ht ('tiller

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Session 1: EXPERIENCES

1. Ed Seidewitz, NASA/GSFC

2. William Howle, NASA/MSFC

3. Robert Loesh and Pat Molko, JPL

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AUBURN UNIVERSrrY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

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NASA PROJECTS

QUEST

- Query Utility Environment for Software Testing

Dr. David B. Brown, Principal Investigator

GRASP

- Graphical Representation of Algorithms, Structures

and Processes

Dr. James C. Cross, Principal Investigator

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QueryUtili_/Environment forSoftwareTesting

GENERAL GOAL:

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OBJECTIVES:

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2. Controlled Test Case Execution

3. Coverage Analysis

- to measure module reliability

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QUEST/ADA PROJECT SCOPE

IREQUIREMENTS_

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To increase designer and programmer productivity

through the use of grapl_ics-based tools.

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and maintenance, i

• CSD- Control Structure Diagram• Structure Chart

• Data Flow Diagram

To understand the process of graphical representation

generation• _

.......Tore verse theoPr0cessto generate code from the

graphiC[ representation.

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• Reviews of requirements and design specificationsare potentially better facihtated by use of GR's

• 90% of maintenance effort is attempting to

understand existing code (Standish)

• Generation of standardized GR's of Ada software

will promote reuseability- an original objective forthe adoption of Ada

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• Software safety can be ensured to a large extentby software verification

"A Comparison of Software VerificationTechnique" (NASA Goddard SE Lab series,April 1985)

• Empirical study of code-reading, functionaltesting, and structural testing

• Found code-reading provided greatest errordetection capability at lowest cost

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SOFTWAREMODULE

Ada Run TimeExecutive

(rel. 3.1)

COP FlightExecutive

Instruction

Test

Unused

Memory Test

Exclusive-ORTest

MemoryMonitor

COP OK

SUBTOTAL

ISSUE 2 COMPILER EFFICIENCY

1750 MEMORY WORDS.............. W_.m-= .................

RUN TIME CHECKS

O__NN OF__[

6385

(3810,239,2336)

17585

(12303,399,4883)

I011

(816,6,189)

859

(849,10,0)

615

(601,14,0)

173(167,6,0)

141(131,10,0)

....................................

26769 22580

__ APPLICATIONS PROCESSORS

Update Filter 17946 6180(16371,144,1541) (4695,54,1431)

Math Library 3765 3018(3455,229,81) (2780,157,81)

v__ .

Statistics 8489 6969

--" Monitor (6082,202,2205) (4562,202,2205)

TOTAL

DATA AREAS

56969 38747

System Heap/ 12288 12288Stack (0,0,12288) (0,0,12288)

Star Catalog 2100 2100

(0,0,2100) (0,0,2100)

32%SAVINGS

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UPDATE FILTER CONTROL PROCESSOR

SOFTWARE ADA

MODULE LOC

1750A MEMORY

WORDS...........................

RUN TIME CHECKS

ON OF___EF

UF DATA DEF 52 1437 1434

-(spe_) (32, 2, 1403) (29, 2, 1403)

UF DATA TYPES 16 30 27

-(spe_) (28, 2, O) (25, 2, O)

UF ONE (spec) 6 36 33- (32, 2, 2) (29, 2, 2)

UF ONE (body) 27 460 178- (454, 6, O) (176, 2, O)

UF TWO (spec) 25 57 54- (46, 2, 9) (43, 2, 9)

UF TWO (body) 223 4877 2050- (4827, 50, O) (2036, 14, O)

UF THREE (spec) 12 48 45- (40, 2, 6) (37, 2, 6)

UF THREE (body) 109 4519 879- (4491, 28, O) (865, 14, O)

UF FOUR (spec) 9 42 39- (36, 2, 4) (33, 2, 4)

UF FOUR (body) 96 4958 910- (4930, 28, O) (904, 6, O)

UF TASK (body) 18 78 51

- (78, O, O) (51, O, O)

FLOAT UTILITY 19 51 48

(_pec) (42, 2, 7) (39, 2, 7)

FLOAT UTILITY 41 1353 432

(6ody) (1335, 18, O) (428, 4, O)

TOTAL 653 17946 6180

(16371, 144, 1431) (4695, 54, 1431)

KEY: (code, literals, data)

RATIO WORDS

PER LOC

RUN TIME CHECKS

ON OF___EF

27.6:1 27.6:1

1.9:1 1.7:1

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4.0:1 3.7:1

41:1 8.1:1

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2.7:1 2.5:1

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Page 81: =PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM€¦ · FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM w w Software Organized by" Engineering Laboratory GSFC Sponsored by" Goddard Ada Users'

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Page 89: =PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM€¦ · FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM w w Software Organized by" Engineering Laboratory GSFC Sponsored by" Goddard Ada Users'

FORTRAN PDL EXAMPLE

SUBROUTINE STATE TRANSITION

XI(1) = FLOAT (WXC,I,-5)

XI(2) = FLOAT (WYC,I,-5)

XI(9) = FLOAT (VRZ,I,-65)

TPS = TP

** CONVERT INPUTS TO FLOATING POINT

X2 (i) = HALF (TP*TP)

X2(2) = (X2 (1)*TP)/3.0

x2(3) --xi(i) * xi(I)x2(4) --xi(2) * xi(2)x2(5) = xi(3) * xl(3)X2(6) = XI(1) * TP

X2(7) = XI(2) * TP

x2(8) = xi(3) * TPX2(9) = X2(3) + X2(4) + X2(5)X3(I) = XI(I) * XI(2)X3(2) = XI(I) * XI(3)

: : :

x3(9) --xi(2) * x3(v)x4(i) = xi(3) * x3(v)X4(2) = XI(1) * X2(1)

: : :

X4(7) = X3(3) * X2(2) ** COMPUTE THE ELEMENTS OF THE

• , TRANSITION MATRIX

FMII(1) = 1.0 - (X2(4) + X2(5)) * X2(1)

FM11(4) = X2(S) + X3(4) - X4(1)FMII(7) = -X2(7) + X3(5) + X3(9)

FM11(2) = -X2(S) + X3(4) + X4(I)FM11(5) = 1.0- (X2(3) + X2(5)) * X2(i)FMII(8) = X2(6) + X3(6) - X3(8)

FMII(3) = X2(7) + X3(5) - X3(9)

FMII(6) = -X2(6) + X3(6) + X3(8)

FMII(9) = 1.0- (X2(3) + X2(4)) * X2(1)

FMI2(1) =-TP + (X2(4) + X2(5)) * X2(2)

FMI2(4) ": -X4(4) - X4(5)

FMI2(7) "= X4(3) - X4(6)

FM12(2) = X4(4) - X4(5)FMI2(5) = -TP + (X2(3) + X2(5)) * X2(2)

FMI2(8) = -X4(2) - X4(7)

FMI2(3) -- -X4(3) - X4(6)

FMI2(6) = X4(2) - X4(7)

FMI2(9) = -TP + (X2(3) + X2(4)) * X2(2)

** SAVE THE CURRENT PROPAGATION INTERVAL

** COMPUTE INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES

** NEEDED FOR THE MATRICES

** COMPUTATIONS

STATE

._.. END

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ADA PDL EXAMPLE

package UF PROC is

type MATRIX is array (INTEGER range <>, INTEGER range <>) of FLOAT;subtype MATRIX3X3 is MATRIX(I..3,1..3) ;

Xl : MATRiX3X3;X2 : MATRIX3X3;X3 : MATRIX3X3;X4 : MATRIX3X3;StateTra Blkll : MATRIX3X3;StateTra Blkl2 : MATRIX3X3;

end UF PROC;

m

W

r

= _

W77 package body UF_PROC is

procedure STATE_TRANSITION_MATRIX is

begin

-- compute the elements of the state transition matrix

-- NOTE : X3(I,I) = propagation time interval

-- X3(2,3) = SIN(W*Dt)

-- X3(3,3) = 1 - COS(W*Dt)

-- X3(2,1) = (i - COS(W*Dt))/W

-- X3(3,1) = Dt - (SIN (W*Dt) /W)

for i in 1..3

loop

for j in 1..3

loop

StateTra Blkll(i,j) := +X3(2,3)*XI(i,j)+X3(3,3)*X2(i,j);

StateTra Blkl2(i,j) := -X4(2,i)*xI(i,j)-X4(3,1)*X2(i,j) ;

End loop;

End loop;

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

I00

101

102

103

104

105

StateTra Blkll(l,l) :_ 1.0 + StateTra Bikll(l,l);

StateTra Blkll(2,2) := 1.0 + StateTra Blkll(2,2);

StateTra_Blkll(3,3) := 1.0 + StateTra Blkll(3,3);

:= -X3(I,I) + StateTra Blkl2(l,l) ;

:= -X3(I,I) + StateTra Blk12(2,2);

:= -X3(I,I) + StateTra_Blkl2(3,3) ;

StateTra Blkl2(l,l)

StateTra Blk12(2,2)

StateTra Blk12(3,3)

106 end STATE TRANSITION MATRIX;

107

108 end UF PROC;

109

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Page 91: =PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM€¦ · FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM w w Software Organized by" Engineering Laboratory GSFC Sponsored by" Goddard Ada Users'

3026

3026

3027

3030

060220

002367

OOOOO5

3030 060244

3031 002346

3032

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3032 060253

3033 002323

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3034

3034 060222

3035 002467

3036

3036 060220

3037 002502

3040

000005

3040 060251

3041 002440

3042

3042 060222

3043 002145

NSSC-I ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE EXAMPLE

FMII(1) = 1.0 - (X2(4) + X2(5)) * X2(1)

FLD

BRM

DATA

FADD

USE

BRM

DATA

FMPY

USE

BRM

DATA

X2+9 * FLT. PT. LOAD

@FLD * SUBROUTINE CALL

X2+9-@FLD

X2+12 * FLT. PT. ADD

PROG

@FADD * SUBROUTINE CALL

X2+I2-@FADD

X2 * FLT. PT. MULTIPLY

PROG

@FMPY * SUBROUTINE CALL

X2-@FMPY

X4(8) = X2(1) * (X2(4) + X2(5))

FST

BRM

DATA

FLD

BRM

DATA

FSUB

USE

BRM

DATA

FST

BRM

DATA

X4+21 * INTERMEDIATE

@FST * VALUE

X4+21-@FST

FONE * 1.0

@FLD

FONE-@FLD

X4+21

PROG

@FSUB * SUBROUTINE CALL

X4+21-@FSUB

FMII * FINAL RESULT

@FST * SUBROUTINE CALL

FMII-@FST

* SUBROUTINE CALL

* FLT. PT. SUBTRACT

SUBROUTINES CALLED:

FLD, FADD, FMPY, FST, FSUB

THE FIRST COLUMN IS THE NSSC-I MEMORY LOCATION IN OCTAL.

THE SECOND COLUMN IS THE 18-BIT CONTENTS OF THE MEMORY LOCATION.

THE THIRD COLUMN IS THE INSTRUCTION MNEMONIC.

THE FOURTH COLUMN IS THE OPERANDS FOR THE INSTRUCTION.

THE FIFTH COLUMN IS A COMMENT FIELD.

Page 92: =PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM€¦ · FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM w w Software Organized by" Engineering Laboratory GSFC Sponsored by" Goddard Ada Users'

i

ADA ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE EXAMPLE W

; Source Line 98

0188 8220 LD4

0189 F420 CMPRNG

018A 0000

018B 7503 BZ

018C 7EF0 CALL

OI8D 0000

018E B220 SUB4

OI8F C020 MULS

0190 0002

0191 50F0 SETI

0192 0000

0193 4A21 ADD

0194 0048

0195 53F0 CLRI

0196 0000

0197 8132 MOV

0198 8643 LDL

0199 0000

019A 8620 LDL

019B 0000

019C A924 ADDF

019D 8240 LD4

019E F440 CMPRNG

019F 0000

01A0 7503 BZ

OIAI 7EFO CALL

OIA2 0000

OIA3 B240 SUB4

01A4 C040 MULS

01A5 0002

01A6 50FO SETI

OIA7 0000

01A8 4A41 ADD

01A9 0048

01AA 53F0 CLRI

0lAB 0000

01AC 8154 MOV

0lAD 9625 STL

01AE 0000

#1,R2

R2,$C$04098500000

%*+3

@-CP,rts.raise.constraint.error

#I,R2

$C$04098500000+2,R2

#15,rts.unsigned.arith.flag

#$P$O4098500000+72,R2

#15,rts.unsigned.arith.flag

R2,R3

0(R3),R4

$C$04099500000,R2

R4,R2

#1,R4

R4,$C$04098500000 ......

%*+3

@-CP,rts.raise.constraint.error

#1,R4

$C$04098500000+2,R4

#15,rts.unsigned.arith.flag

#$P$04098500000+72,R4

#15,rts.unsigned.arith.flag

R4,R5

R2,0(R5)

THE FIRST COLUMN IS THE 1750A CO-PROCESSOR MEMORY LOCATION IN HEX.

THE SECOND COLUMN IS THE 16-BIT CONTENTS OF THE MEMORY LOCATION.

THE THIRD COLUMN IS THE INSTRUCTION MNEMONIC.

THE FOURTH COLUMN IS THE OPERANDS FOR THE INSTRUCTION.

L T

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Page 93: =PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM€¦ · FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM w w Software Organized by" Engineering Laboratory GSFC Sponsored by" Goddard Ada Users'

= ,

= i-_-I

Nalional Aeronaulics and

Space AdminislraIJon

Lewis Research Cenler

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

The Evolution of Ada Software

to support theSpace Station Power Management

and Distribution System

Kathy Schubert

NASA Ada Symposium

December 1, 1988

Author Biography

Kathy Schubert is a member of the Space Station Electrical Systems Division at NASA Lewis Research

Center. in Cleveland, Ohiol She is currently the Work Package 04, Flight Software Manager, for the

Phase C/D Space Station Electrical Power S_stem soft_are. Kath_ received a BSEE degree from Ohio

Northern University and is currently working on her NISEE al Clexeland State l_'ni_er_il._.

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National Aeronautics and

Space Adrninislradon

Lewis Research Center

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIV[S[ON

Space Station

I. Introduction

II. Ada Software Development

A. Power Management and Distribution (PMAD)Photovoltaic (PV) Testbed

B. PMAD System Testbed

C. PMAD Integrated Testbed

III. Space Station Electrical Power System

IV. Summary

I I|

Introduction

Space Station has chosen Ada as the language of choice for all new Space Station opera-

tional software. The embedded applications inherent in the onboard computer architec-

ture made Ada a logical choice, although the lack of Aria experience was a major con-

cern. So, in support of the Electrical Power System (EPS), research and development

activities, the Ada Control Program for the Phase I PMAD PV Testbed was initiated.

Since that time, the Ada software has evolved from a relatively simple Ada application to

a more complex embedded Ada project. The purpose of this presentation is to show the

progression of the Ada software applications, the lessons learned, and the problems en-

countered in applying Ada to a real-time, embedded, power management and distribution

(PMAD) system.

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r

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Lewis Research Center

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Evolution of Ada Software Experience

PMAD

PV

Testbed

PMAD

l SystemTestbed

1985 1987

1989

PMAD

IntegratedTestbed

1988 1990

Space Station

2

Ada software experience began with the development of an Ada control program for the

Phase I, PMAD PV testbed. The testbed hardware was modeled by Ada simulation soft-

ware and consisted of a solar array field, a battery bank, a battery charge converter, two

load banks, a DC distribution bus, and remote power controllers. This project served as a

learning and evaluation phase of Ada for embedded applications. It should be noted that

each testbed consists of different system configurations and that each of these represents

independent software development efforts. The PMAD System Testbed and the PMAD

Integrated Testbed are currently under development and will be discussed briefly. The

PMAD PV Testbed software is complete and will serve as the focal point of discussion.

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U

National Aeronautics and

Space Adminislration

Lewis Research Cenler

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

Phase I PMAD PV Testbed Software

• INTEL 8086 based microprocessor environ-ment

• Originally written in FORTRAN

• Utilizes the PAMELA design methodology

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The Phase I PMAD PV Testbed hardware consists of a solar array field for power genera-

tion, a battery bank for power storage, a DC distribution bus, remote power controllers

(RPCs), and a DC to DC charge converter. Simulation software, which characterizes each

hardware component, provided the operating environment for the Ada control software.

The software runs on the VAX 11/785 under the DEC Ada compiler for initial debugging

and is then crossed compiled with the Softech Ada-86 compiler to the iSCB 8086 micro-

processor hardware.

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The same control and simulation software had previously been written in FORTRAN

when this project began. This provided interesting comparisons but resulted in very little

documentation and the Ada project started out as a re-coding effort rather than a soft-

ware development effort. After 10 months into the project, the Ada development team

decided to retrofit parts of the software development lifecycle to the project. The testbed

hardware requirements were established and the PAMELA design methodology was fol-

lowed.

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. --=

= =National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Lewis Research Center

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

PMAD PV Testbed Configuration20 LOAD BANK SWITCHES

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LOAD

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BANK

_'_ ANALOG LINES

BANK 1

LOADBANK 2

DIGITAL LINES

[I I I

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W

W

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Lewis Research Center

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

Control Software Design

O PAMELA 1 was ideal for designing with Ada tasks but not

as well suited to sequential programming

• PAMELA 2 has since been introduced which solves this

• Easy to follow, step by step, REPEATABLE, methodology

0 Design diagrams are done with a drawing tool

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The design phase of the Ada controls program utilizes the PAMELA design methodology.

PAMELA is an acronym for Process Abstraction Method for Embedded Large Applica-

tions, developed by George Cherry. The Ada control program design consists of a series

of graphs which build the program both graphically and textually. The External Object

Graph and a simplified Master Subprogram Graph are included here as a top level de-

scription of the Controls software design. PAMELA is an easy to follow, REPEATABLE

design methodology which can be documented with a drawing tool. Keep in mind though,

a drawing tool does not provide any traceability, consistency checking or automated PDL

generation.

PAMELA 2 is a second generation of PAMELA 1. in _vhich even the acronym has been

changed to reflect the extended applications of PAMELA 1. PAMELA 2 now stands for

Pictorial Ada Method for Every Large Application and consists of a standardized, seman-

tically rich, graphical notation which can be applied to the entire software lifecycle.

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Nallonal Aeronaulics and

Space Adminislralion

Lewis Research Center

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

External Object Graph

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Array

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Battery_V

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Naliona[ Aeronautics and

Space Adminislradon

LewEs Research Cenler

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

System Power Controller Master Subprogram Graph

Array_Shortl

Array_OutV

1Solar

ArrayController

Charge/DischargeControl Signal

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Array_Short[ I

Battery TBattery_I,_,.._

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L.t....--.t

t_ T

Nallonal Aeronautlcs and

Space Administralion

Lewis Research Cenler

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

Ada Development Environment

INTEL 16 BIT

MICROCOMPUTER

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

IDEC VAX 111785 |

iSBC 86-30

TARGET SYSTEM

The Ada development environment consisted of a DEC VAX 11/785 connected to the

INTEL Development System, which was tied to a bare 86-30 single board computer via

an in-circuit emulator. This environment proved to be very slow and cumbersome. It

became apparent that Ada was not as "transportable" as it claimed to be and that a

compiler could pass validation but that did not necessarily mean that it was a production

quality compiler. The controls and simulation software could successfully compile and

execute on the VAX and complete cross-compilation on the VAX but the execution on

the iSBC 86-30 board was beyond the abilities of the Softech Ada-86 run-time environ-

ment.

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m

m

National Aeronautics and

Space Adminisltalion

Lewis Research Cenlet

Lines of Code

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Ada vs Fortran

1100 1600

Space Station

Executable Statements 900 1500

# of Modules 13 6

Steady StateExecution Speed

EmbeddedExecution Speed

No noticeable difference forsteady state execution

NOT Real-Time Real-time

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Listed are some empirical relationships drawn from the Ada and Fortran control pro-

grams. Even thoug h the metrics are based on the implementation of only one problem,

they provide significant evidence supporting the desirability of a high order language such

as Ada. The difference in the executable statements is the most notable. This is ac-

counted for by comparing the language constructs in Ada to those in Fortran. For exam-

ple, exception handling in Ada eliminates the need for flag variables that are repetitively

set and checked for fault conditions. Also, the number of modules in Ada is more than

double the ones used for the Fortran equivalent. The higher modularity of the Ada pro-

gram is a direct result of software engineering principles such as a structured design

methodology, reusability, and increased efficiency. The stead) state execution speed was

compared on the VAX 11/785 with no noticeable difference, but, once the application is

embedded on the 8086, the execution is bogged down by the run time environment. At

this time though, proof of concept was more critical than real-time execution. Also, note

that the extent of the listed differences is likely to vary from one application to another

and the metrics used are generalizations and should not be used as absolute conclusive

results.

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t

. =

National Aeronautics and

Space Adminislralion

Lewis Research Cenler

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVIS1ON

Space Station

Lessons Learned

• Ada requires welI-educated software engineers

0 DO NOT code Ada from another language

• The requirements specification and design will determine

the success or failure of a project.

0 All Ada compilers are not created equal

*Both functional and performance differences

The main lesson learned was that Ada requires well-educated software engineers. The

training program currently followed includes a week long Introduction to Ada, with

hands-on training as a course requirement. This is followed with a course in a software

design methodology such as PAMELA or Object Oriented Design. Then, once the devel-

opment team gains some experience in writing Ada code, a follow up Advanced Ada

course is scheduled. A Software Engineering course is also recommended, which in-

cludes a discussion of the software lifecycle, its phases, products and activities. Class-

room training which provides hands-on experience is the most effective for people ready

to start coding in Ada, but for managers a day of Ada terminology and its benefits is

more appropriate. Other forms of training such as video tapes or computer aided instruc-

tion are available to anyone at any time.

The objectives of this project were to demonstrate and evaluate the abilities and limita-

tions of the Ada programming language for an embedded m_croprocessor application.

Since that time, there has been a vast improvement in the availability and performance of

target compilers. The objectives were met and the development team learned a great deal

about Ada.

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I

m

National Aeronaulics and

Space Adminislration

Lewis Research Cenler

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

PMAD System Testbed

• Multi-Processor Power System Testbed

• Currently in the design phase, implementing Object Ori-ented Design techniques

• Configuration managed with the SSE Automated Product

Control Environment (APCE)

The PMAD System Testbed is a multi-processor system used to control the hardware as

shown in the following diagram. The purpose of the power system testbed software is to

provide an environment for testing various control algorithms and newly developed hard-

ware. The software can be broken down into two types: the system environment software

and the algorithms under test. The algorithms under test include any algorithms written

to control the power system. The Power Management Controller is connected to the other

control processors via the Ethernet communications protocol. Processor status and power

system component informati0n]s avfiilabie to any processor requesting that information.

The Power Component controllers are connected directly to the power component via a

1553 interface. The software is currently in its design phase and the development team is

implementing Object Oriented Design techniques. The software development lifecycle is

configuration managed with the Space Station Software Suppori:Environment (SSE) Auto-

mated Product ControiEnvironment (APCE).

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F

L

National Aeronautics and

Space Administralion

Lewis Research Cenler

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

PMAD System Test Bed

IBM PC/AT i

Auxiliary

Computer

(Operator

DMA llnk

RS-232

t POWER

MANAGEMENT

CONTROLLER

q

ARRAY

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CONTROLL[:]

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INSTRUMENTS --_m

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I

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NaHonai Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Lewis Research Center

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Main Programa Control Processo_

Text GraphicsInterface Interface

Algorithm

RouterMessen

Power

System Decomposition Chart for a Single Processor

Space Station

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Each of the distributed processors shall contain the main program, unique to that control

processor function, which communicates with a common set of interface packages. These

packages include the following: a text interface which provides an operator interface to

the system for debugging capabilities; a standard control algorithm interface so that proto-

type control algorithms may be easily incorporated into the system and tested; a router or

messenger package which standardizes all the inter-process communications to the Ether-

net; a power component package which communicates to the power components via the

1553 data busi _i_d a_ graphics interface which shall receive, interpret and display com-

mands from the PC/AT graphics connection. A functional block diagram is shown in the

following diagram. The development team is currently evaluating the ALSYS Ada 8086

family of cross-c0mpiiers for this application.

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i

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[]National Aeronaulics and

Space Adminislration

Lewis Research Cenler

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

Experience with the APCE

0 The project documentation is under configuration control.

0 Traceability pointers have been defined for all the software

requirements.

O The mechanics of using the APCE are difficult to learn.

S Currently unable to transfer design diagrams to the SSEmainframe.

• PRC support has been excellent.

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The APCE database for the Power System Test Bed Software contains all the documenta-

tion under configuration control. The system requirements have been identified, and

pointers have been defined which establish the traceability of requirements throughout the

lifecycle. The mechanics involved in entering the information into the APCE has proved

to be difficult at times_ To use the APCE effectively requires that the user learn the

APCE project language. For example, the phases, products, and sections are identifiedwith two or three letters, i.e. "RD SR ALL" is the Software Requirements Document, in

the requirements definition phase, and includes ALL the sections. Once the project base

has been established, the APCE is relatively easy to use for the developers and testers.

The tester takes on a major role throughout the software lifecycle by defining test proCe-

dures to verify and validate each step in the lifecycle. The PMAD project is currently in

the detailed design phase, but at this time we are unable to place the design diagrams

under APCE control. Although, as the development team completes their detailed design

the APCE team is defining test procedures to run against the code as soon as it is pro-

moted to the APCE. Planning Research Corp., PRC, has provided excellent assistance

and guidance throughout the project, particularly in the area of software testing.

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n

Nallonal Aeronaulics and

Space Adrntnislration

Lewis Research Cenler

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

IIIIIH I

Space Station

PMAD Integrated Te tbed

Q Representative of the Space Station PMAD System.

• Currently in the initiation/requirements definition phase.

• Shall be used to evaluate overall PMAD system perform-

ance and to address system level issues.

w

The PMAD Integrated Testbed (ITB) is a 20kHz power system testbed consisting of the

components shown in the following diagram. The major items of the ITB include the DC

Switching Units, the Main Bus Switching Units, the Power Distribution and Control Units,

and the Main Inverter Units. The software control system shall monitor, evaluate, and

control the ITB performance from the power sources to the loads. In addition, the control

system shall monitor and control feeder, bus, and component electrical loads. The ITB is

currently in its initiation/requirements definition phase and shall be used to evaluate over-

all PMAD system performance and to address system level issues.

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N

Naliona/ Aeronautlcs and

Space Administrallon

Lewis Research Center

!

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

PMAD Integrated Test Bed Configuration

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u

Nal|onal Aeronaulics and

Space Administration

Lewis Research Center

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

Space Station Electrical Power System

Q Work Package 04 C/D contractor is Rockwell Interna-

tional, Rocketdyne Division.

• Software Lines of Code Estimation - 90,000 SLOCS

O Software is broken up into 9 CSCIs, the use of Ada is a

program requirement.

The Space Station Project is divided into 4 work packages, each divided into two phases.

NASA Lewis Research Center and its prime contractor, Rocketdyne, is Work Package 04

and is responsible for the detailed design, development, test, evaluation, and construction

of the electrical power system. Initially, power will be provided by eight solar array

wings, phase two shall incorporate a solar dynamic power module. The power system

software is broken down into nine Computer Software Configuration Items (CSCIs) which

include a Power Management Controller, a Node Switching Controller, a Power Distribu-

tion Controller, a Main Bus Switching Controller, a Photovoltaic Controller, a Solar Dy-

namic Controller, a Solar Dynamic Engine Controller, a Main Inverter Unit, and a Fre-

quency Changer Unit. The total estimated software lines of code are 64,800 SLOCS and

will be written in Ada. The Space StationSoftware Support Environment tools, rules and

standards shall apply to all operational software for the Space Station.

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m

Natlonal Aeronau[ics and

Space Adminislralion

Lewis Research Center

I I

SPACE STATION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION

Space Station

Conclusion

Q Space Station is committed to Ada

• Space Station software demands embedded, real-time per-

formance

0 Ada compiler technology must improve

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In conclusion, the Space Station project is committed to the use of Ada. NASA Lewis

Research Center has been involved in the implementation of Ada for the Power Manage-

ment-and Disiribution System for Over three _years and have confronted major :issues in

the use of Ada, of which all of these can be overcome with the improvement in Ada host

and target compiler technology. The Aria language itself requires intensive training in the

use of Ada as well as in modern Software Engineering techniques. Finally, the Space

Station imposes very stringent demands on the capabilities of the Ada language and the

compiler technology has to keep pace with these demands for the application of Ada to be

successful.

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Session 3: DIRECTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

1. Robert Nelson, NASA/Space Station Freedom Program Office2. Glen Freedman, Univ. of Houston at Clear Lake

3. Garry Walker, JPL

4. Frank McGarry, NASA/GSFC

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,._....,

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JPLAda Development Laboratory

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory:Transition to Ada Software Development

Gary N. Walker1 December 1987

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JPLAda Development Laboratory

Catalysts for creation of JPL AdaDevelopment Laboratory:

Limited JPL experience with Ada

Global Decision Support System-- Command and Control System for Military Airlift Command.- 279K Lines of Ada Code (374 L.O.C. with comments, etc.)-- 12 - 15 Subcontractors-- Interfaced with RDB and GKS through Fortran, C, and Macro

JPL commitment to software development improvement

SSORCE burden funded software development organization

-- SORCE to sharpen software engineering methodologies and standards-- SERC to support systems engineering and system management-- SPARC to support software product assurance programs-- SI&TRCE to support systems integration and test.- OPERC to support operations engineering

JPL's need to keep in step with technologyand sponsors' needs.

-- Ada support for current software engineering methodologies-- Increasing number of NASA, FAA, and DoD Ada directives

JPL management realized that better tools are required.

-- Save money-- Save time

-- Improve consistency-- Improve quality

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JPLAda Development Laboratory

A centralized JPL Ada DevelopmentLaboratory intended to:

-- Provide Ada tools for development

Lack of tool continuity: Most JPL work is done on a project basis.

Projects procure equipment and software tools necessary for a givenwork unit. In most cases, tasks return tools as deliverables.

Lab management decision to make institutional commitment to a

centralized facility to benefit a wide spectrum of tasks and provide

for continuity.

-- Train and educate JPL personnel

-- Provide a testbed for metrics study

-- Provide a source of consultation assistance

-- Promote Ada and software engineering practices(users' group, etc.)

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JPLAda Development Laboratory

Training and Education:

Management

Sponsors

Architects & Engineers

Programmers

Educate Train

X

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X

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Training includes developing proficiencies in the use ofAda, software engineering tools, and environments.

Education includes:

-- What are "good" software engineering practices?-- What Ada is?-- What Ada is not?

-- What Ada will do for development?-- What Ada will do to development?

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JPLAda Development Laboratory

Staff Development:

Training

-- Rational Fundamentals

-- Advanced Topics-- Basic Subsystems and Configuration Management-- Networking

-- Design Facility-- Target Build Facility-- Cross Development Facility-- Project Design Methodology

-- Ada fundamentals

Education

-- Management class-- Seminars on concept of dealing with Ada

Page 194: =PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM€¦ · FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM w w Software Organized by" Engineering Laboratory GSFC Sponsored by" Goddard Ada Users'

JPLAda Development Laboratory

!ADL Facility and Equipment Su te.

DEC VAX11/780 TCP IP

DECrier

Macintosh II

S_PAN

80386 IBM

Compatible

RationalR1000

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ILAN

1300 Sq. Ft. development center being built

Reuse of an existing VAX

Institutional purchase of Rational R1000 Model 20

Microcomputer equipment support-- Design tools

-- Ada compilers

-- Ada tutorials

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Rational'.

JPLAda Development Laboratory

The Rational Ada Development System

• Validated Ada® compiler

• Ada-specific productivity tools

• Networking compatibility with ILAN and TCP/IP

• Configuration management and version control

• Workorder/change tracking

° Statistics collection

• Standardized documentation generation

• A user/vendor customizable user interface

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Rational'.

JPLAda Development Laboratory.

Advantages of Using a Universal Host Environment

-- High degree of parallelism can be built into schedules

-- Selection of the host hardware architecture and operating system can be delayed

-- Training and tool development in a common environment

-- Project managers are more flexible to move staff among tasks for different targets

-- Tools have permanence and are reuseable

-- Incremental compilation provides rapid turnaround

-- Host/target debugging uses universal host environment while working on target

.- Common and host specific code are manageable in the same environment

Universal Host Development

Embedded

Applications

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JPLAda Development Laboratory I

Rational:

The Software Lifecycle and Rational Tools

Proposal

naly_/Desig__C°deTe_s__Integr_i_

Rational Design Facility -, Target Build Utility_ross-Development Facilitie:

Rational SubsystemsConfiguration Management and Version Control

Mail

Rational Environment

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JPLAda Development Laboratory

Current Ada Activities at JPL:

Network Operations Communications Center Upgrade

-- Development on Rational and VAX

-- Target Host is to be determined

Ground Communications Facility Upgrade

.- Development on Rational and Gould

.. Target Host is Gould

ASAS/ENSCE

-- Development on Rational and VAX

-- Target Host is VAX

Realtime Weather Processor

.- Development on VAX

-. Target Host is VAX

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JilLAda Development Laboratory

Problems to be Addressed:

Manpower

.-Hiring--Maintaining--Training

Who should purchase?

VAX Type Ada Compiler VAXSET Ada Environment_VAX II $15.7K $16.4K11/780 $ 31.7K $ 33.1K

8600 $ 57.5K $ 60.2K8800 $ 70.6K+ $ 98.6K+

For what work is Ada appropriate?

What Ada features should be used?

How should compiler compatibility be studied?

How should tool development be funded?

Hew -" al:l reuse libraries be maintained?

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Appendix A:

OPEN DISCUSSION

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OPEN DISCUSSION

Moderator

Ed Seidewitz. Goddard Space Flight Center

Panelists

Gary Walker. Jet Propulsion LaboratoryMichael Holloway. NASA Langley Research CenterWilliam Howle, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center

Frank McGarry, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterRobert Nelson. NASA Space Station Program Office

Kathy Rogers. MITRE (for NASA Johnson Space Center)

Recorder

Dwight Shank, Computer Sciences Corporation

The final session of the symposium provided the opportunity for an active, open discttssion between theattdience and panelists representing various NASA centers. The following is not a transcript of the session,but is instead an attempt to summarize some key points addressed during the discussion. These pointsare organized into broad areas which reflect the general themes which emerged during the course of thesymposium.

Transition

There are both management and technical issues involved in tile transition to Ada. The panel was asked toaddress the isstie of managing the risk of transition. Bob Nelson remarked oil the need for a risk managementapproach and on the management of risk at the project as well as the organizational level.

There were also coimnents from the audience on specific projects which addressed risk management. EileenQuann of Fastrak Training mentioned that risk management was an important consideration in the decision to

use Ada for the Second TDRSS Ground Terminal project at Goddard. A representative from Logicon relatedthat thcre was much emphasis on risk management in the study of Ada by the FAA. The FAA also ultimatelydecided to use Ada for their Advanced Automation System.

Another transition issue is the "conversion" of progranlmers to Ada. Programmers are known to often bequite loyal to a particular langxlage. However, Frank McGarry noted that once people begin to use Ada onreal projects, they do not want to go back to the language they used before. Ed Scidewitz mentioned that

Rational had begun early development with a large number of LISP programmers, who became strong Adaconverts and refused to maintain their previous LISP code.

There can be, nevertheless, considerable resistance to the switch to Ada. A representative from PRC com-mented that experienced C and Pascal programmers consider Ada to have "too much overhead" and theycomplained that "Ada was designed to control the programmer." Gary Walker remarked that the transitionfrom MOi)ULA I1 to Ada is easier. MODULA is now taught in several schools.

Methodology

There is an increasing emphasis on the use or object-oriented design with Ada. ltowever, there was someconcern in the audience about the maturity of object-oriented methodologies.

i!d Scidewitz replied that the problem is partly that dift'crent people mean different things by the term"'object-oriented design.'" Ne_c='thclcss. there :ire some important, useful concepts which are comnlo=l to all

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object-oriented approaches, such as abstraction and encapst|lation, The object-oriented methodology devel-oped by and used in the Flight Dynamics Division at Goddard has proven effective so far, though moreexperience is needed on judging tile quality of proposed designs.

I

Kathy Rogers commented that a major issue is the scaling up of object-oriented approaches to larger and more ....complex systems. Eric Booth of CSC stated that they had run into a wall with the original object-oriented napproaches at sizes of 200 to 300 thousand lines of code. However, much of this problem could be over-come by the use of the object-oriented "subsystem" concepts. Ed Seidewitz indicated that with such tech-niques, he believes object-oriented design can readily scale up to large systems, i

Training

Several speakers during the symposium stressed the importance of effective training and especially the gainingof hands-on experience in the use of Ada. The panelists were asked how big they felt a training project had tobe to give new Ada programmers practical experience.

Frank McGarry felt that the Electronic Message System (EMS) project used for early training in the GoddardFlight Dynamics Division was of marginal size at 8 to 10 thousand lines of code. Ed Seidewitz remarked thatEMS would have been a better exercise if it had been more directly applicable to the application domain ofthe division. However, such training projects are often difficult to formulate.

Glenn Freedman commented from the audience that the real scaling issue was complexity, not size. He be-lieves that a good pilot project is a complete Ada Artifact, such as that being considered by the SoftwareEngineering Institute, on which students can build.

Reuse

There was a strong interest in ways to promote the reuse of code across projects. However, there was aisoa

feeling that current contracting approaches discourage this. Bob Nelson expressed the need for contractualmandates for reuse.

Effective reuse also requires a common repository of quality reusable components. Cora Carmody from PRCmentioned that the space station Software Support Environment (SSE) will apply qualification criteria tosoftware in its reuse library. Components will have to meet both functionality and complexity requirements.Tire exact method for doing this is still under development.

Kathy Rogers commented that the space station project also plans to reuse more than code. This includes thereuse of such things as require|nents and staffing plans.

Real-Time

There was considerable discussion of the use of Ada in embedded, real-time applications. There are still con-

cerns with the performance of Ada in time critical situations, especially when tasking is involved. The panelseemed to feel that the problems right now were mostly with poor implementations, rather than with flaws in

the language itself.

Frank Mc(;arry stated that he felt that Ada implementations were not yet ready for real-time applications, butthat most software does not have real-time requirements. On the other hand, Bob Nelson said that theseissues were being addressed for the space station through ongoing prototyping, and that early indications arethat Ada is OK for real-time.

l)an Roy of Ford Aerospace commented l'rom the audience on the great improvement certain implementa-tions have made in reducing tire time for a synchronous rendezvous, down to 25-500 microseconds. He also

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mentioned that if one has problems with tasking, it is possible to do real-time applications using a non-taskingsubset of Ada. This should be just as easy as doing these applications in other non-tasking languages, withsimilar performance.

Stephen Leake from tile National Institute for Standards and Technology described his work on tile use of

Ada for NASA Flight Telerobotic Servicer robotics software. At Goddard they are currently reimplementinga robotic control system in Ada. He believes that the Ada system is much better than the original and that theexecution speed is good.

There was general agreement that it is very important to choose a good compiler if you need to make effectiveuse of tasking, ttowever, there was still some concern with the fundamental Ada tasking paradigm for hardreal-time applications. There was disagreement on how far the Ada 9X standard revision will go in altering thetasking model, though the Ada 9X process will certainly address tasking issues.

Besides execution speed, there were some remarks on the varying Ada source-to-machine-instruction expan-sion ratios presented by various speakers. Kathy Rogers commented that this is highly implementation depen-dent and that it is improving. However, Dan Roy responded that he did not feel that such expansion ratioswere really important measures, and Bill Howle did not even consider them valid.

Conclusion

To conclude tile session, the moderator asked each panelist how he or she would advise a new NASA adminis-trator to ease the transition to Ada.

Gary Walker felt that NASA headquarters should not make edicts, but should give support to the centers.

Michael Holloway throught that it was important for Langley to catch up to the other centers in the use ofAda.

Bill Howle stated that tile most important thing is to promote education and training, to both technical andmanagement personnel.

Frank Mcf;arry felt that NASA headquarters should go beyond just supporting tile use of Ada, and actuallymandate Ada as the common NASA language.

Bob Nelson, however, was uncomfortable with the idea of a mandate, saying that people in NASA are notused to such dictates from headquarters. He stressed, instead, the importance of incentives to promote theuse of Ada.

Finally, Kathy Rogers felt that NASA should revisit the software development life cycle and replace theinadequate waterfall model.

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Appendix B:

ATTENDEES OF THEFIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM

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_.-.vr-__,.'_- PA_E '_'"_"_""_' |"_0_ F_LMED

,.._._

Alanen, Jack

Amsler, John

Anderson, Marshall

Badal, David

Barber, Gary

Barksdale, Joseph

Bartlett, Tom

Bates, Eileen

Beall, Daniel

Bennett, Toby

Blue. Velma

Bobzien, Gale

Bognar, Jeff

Booth. Eric

Bradley, Stephen

Brady, Talbot

Brechbiel, Fred

Bredeson, Mimi

Bredeson, Richard

Brierschmitt, Michael

Brinker, Elisabeth

Britt, Chester

Brophy, Carolyn

Brown, David

Brown, James

Burt, Roger

Butler. Madeline

Carmody, CoraCarr, Maureen

Carroll, Rossye

Caughcl, Brian

Ccrnosek, Gary

Chang, Joan

Chen, Jennifer

Chiang, Ted

Chu, Richard

Church. Vic

Cisney, Lee

Clark. David

Clema, Joe

Colaizzi, Donald

Court, Terry

Cross, James

Cuddle. Jim

('upak. John

ATTENDEES

Sohar, Inc.

OAO Corp.

Dept. of Defense

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.

lntermetrics, Inc.

NASA/GSFC

GSFC/NASA

IDE, Inc.

Ford Aerospace Corp.

Ford Aerospace Corp.

Defense Communications Agency

PSC

DCA/JDSSC/C344

Computer Sciences Corp.

MMS Systems

Jet Propulsion Lab

Computer Sciences Corp.

Space Telescope Science Inst.

Omitron

Ford Aerospace Corp.

NASA/GSFC

Defense Communications Agency

University of Maryland

Auburn University

Jet Propulsion Lab

Jet Propulsion Lab

NASA/GSFC

Planning Research Corp.

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.

Computer Sciences Corp.

Cadre Technologies

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.

Computer Sciences Corp.

Computer Sciences Corp.

Ford Aerospace Corp.

Ford Aerospace Corp.

Computer Sciences Corp.

NASA/GSFC

Unisys Corp.

IITRI

Computer Sciences Corp.

Hughes Aircraft Company

Auburn UniversityMartin Marietta

H RB Systems

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Daniell, Walter

Daniels, Catherine

Diclaudio, Mary

Drew, Dan

Driesman, Debbie

Dyer, Kevin

Ebker, Keith

Edelstein, E.

Edgar, Eric

Ellis, Walter

Emerson, Curtis

Emmart, Connie

Esker, Linda

Evers, Jay

Ferguson, Frances

Fermino, Kerri

Ferry, Dan

Finnegan, Kenneth

Firsching, Dorothy

Fly, Ken

Formanek, Kathleen

Freedman, Glenn

Gacuk, Peter

Garcia, Enrique

Gardner, Michael

Gilliland, Denise

Gilyeat, Colin

Girone, Chuck

Godfrey, Sally

Goldberg, Nancy

Gordon, Marc

Grafton, Ed

Graves, Rusell

Griswold, Robert

Guenterberg, Sharon

Gupta, Lakshmi

Hain, Gertrud

Hain, Klaus

Hall, David

Hall, Gardiner

Halterman, Karen

Harley, Modenna

Harris, Bernard

Hartman, Ken

ttcbenstreit. Karl

Heffernan, Henry

tteyligcr. George

Higgins. Herman

IBM

Defense Communications Agency

Jet Propulsion Lab

Unisys Corp.

Computer Sciences Corp.

Adanet

Computer Sciences Corp.

Grumman Data Systems

HRB Systems

IBM

NASA/GSFC

Computer Sciences Corp.

Computer Sciences Corp.

Unisys Corp.

Stanford Teleconmlunications Corp.

Stanford Telecommunications Corp.

Computer Sciences Corp.Martin Marietta

PRC

NASA/GSFC

Martin Marietta

University of Houston at Clear Lake

Spar Aerospace

Jet Propulsion Lab

Computer Sciences Corp.

Stanford Telecommunications Corp.

Advanced Technology, Inc.

GE Astro Space

NASA/GSFC

Computer Sciences Corp.

Booz, Allen & Hamilton

Link Flight Simulation Corp.

Dept. of Defense

Computer Technology Associates

Planning Research Corp.

Ford Aerospace Corp.

Computer Based Systems, Inc.

Ford Aerospace Corp.

OAO Corporation

Martin Marietta

NASA/GSFC

Computer Sciences Corp.

Logican, Inc.GCN

Computer Technology Associates

I)ept. of Defense

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Holloway. Michael

Holmes, James

HoMe, Bill

Huber, Hartmut

Hutchison, Roberta

Iseman, Chelsea

Jackson, Laverne

Janaczek, Mark

Jaworski, Allan

Jessen, William

Johannson, Hank

Kannappan, Sam

Kathuria, Manbir

Kelly, John

Kelly, Lisa

Kelly, Nancy

Kim, Seung

Kirby, PhilipKirk, Daniel

Klein, Camille

Klitsch, Gerald

Kubaryk, Peter

Kudlinski, Robert

Labaugh, Robert

Lavallee, David

Leake, Stephen

Ledford, Rick

Lee, Sophia

Lee, Tom

Leenhouts, Kathleen

Liebhardt, Edward

Lin, Chi

Lin, Meng-Chun

Littman, Dave

Liu, Kuen-San

Lloyd, Michael

Locsh, Bob

Lowe, Dawn

Mall, Vance

Mallet, Bob

Mangieri, Mark

Marciniak, John

Martinez, Bill

Mathiasen, Candy

Maury, Jesse

McComas, l)avc

McCtfllough. Sterling

Mcl)onald, Beth

NASA/LaRC

Unisys Corp.

NASA/MSFC

NSWC

The Mitre Corp.

Defense Communications AgencyPRC

Martin Marietta

Software Productivity Consortium

RCA - ESD

Ford Aerospace Co.

ABI Enterprises

Jet Propulsion Lab

NASA/G SFC

PSC

Computer Sciences Corp.

NASA/(-; SFC

NASA/GSFC

Hughes Aircraft Co,

Computer Sciences Corp.

IITRI

NASA/LaRC

Martin Marietta Aerospace Corp.

Ford Aerospace & Comm. Corp.

NIST

McDonnell Douglas Corp.

Defense Communications Agency

NASA/GSFC

General Electric

Jet Propulsion Lab

Integral Systems, Inc.

NASA/GSFC

Computer Sciences Corp.

General Dynamics

System Technology Institute

NASA/GSFC

Independent Consultant

Technology Planning, Inc.

Johrlson Space CenterMarciniak & Associates

Ford Aerospace Corp.

Unisys Corp.

NASA/(;SFC

NASA/GSFC

Compttter Technology Group

1)ept. of l)etense

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McGarry, Frank

McKeag, Tllomas

Mixon, Don

Mohrman, Carl

Molko, Patricia

Montoya, Maria

Moore, Mike

Mularz. Diane

Murphy, Robert

Naab, Joseph

Nelson, Robert

O'Brien, David

Osman, Jeffrey

Owens, Kevin

Owings, Jan

Patel, Kant

Peters, Karl

Pincosy, John

Pixton, Jerry

Plunkett, Theresa

Puleo, Joe

Ransom, Bert

Rennie, Tom

Reph, Mary

Rice, Raymond

Rigney, Brandon

Ritter, Sheila

Roberts, Becky

Robertson, Laurie

Robinson, Mary

Robison III, W.

Rogers. Kathy

Rohr, John

Roy, Daniel

Rucki, l)an

Sabnis, Releha

Sank, Victor

Schubert, Kathy

Schwcnk, Robert

Seeger, ttoward

Seidcwitz, Ed

See, Kyungsil

Severino, Tony

Shen. Vil'lcent

Skinner, Judith

Smalling. Richard

Smith. David

Snyder. Glenn

NASA/GSFC

ttRB Systems

The Mitre Corp.

Martin Marietta ATC

Jet Propulsion Lab

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.

CTA, Inc.

The Mitre Corp.

NASA/GSFC

NASA/GSFC

NASA Space Station Program Office

Concurrent Computer Corp.

Jet Propulsion Lab

PRC

NASA/GSFC

Computer Sciences Corp.

NASA/GSFC

Data Systems Analysis

Unisys Corporation

Dept. of De(ense

Concurrent Computer Corp.

NASA/GSFC

NASAI(;SFC

NASA/GSFC

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.

PRC

NASAiGSFC

PRC

Computer Sciences Corp.

The Mitre Corp.

.let Propulsion Lab

The Mitre Corp.

Jet Propulsion Lab

Ford Aerospace Corp.

Dept. of Defense

Computer Sciences Corp.

FItA

NASA/LeRC

NASA/GSFC

Science Applications International Corp.

NASA/GSFC

Defense Communications Agency

General Electric/RCA

MCC

Jet Propulsion Lab

[ lughes

OAO Corporation

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k-....

7

Soloman, Carl

Spence, Bailey

Stammerjohn, Amy

Stamnlerjohn, L.

Stanley, Carolyn

Stark, Michael

Steinbacher, Jody

Stevenson, Jeff

Stickle, Richard

Szulewski, Paul

Tasaki, Keiji

Thackery, Kent

Thompson, John

Tindal, M.

Trocki, Martin

Tsounos, Andrew

Tupper, Burr

Usavage. Paul

Venkataraman, Ravi

Vernacchio, AI

V[adavsky, Luba

Wackley, Joseph

Walden, G.

Waligora, Sharon

Walker, Harry

Walker, Scott

Wall, Doug

Wallace, Charles

Weisman, David

Welborn, Richard

Wilson, Jean

Wong, Yuen Yi

Wood, Richard

Yang. Chao

Young, Eugene

Zahn, Maryanne

NASA/GSFC

Computer Sciences Corp.

Gru111man/PCS

The Mitre Corp.Martin Marietta

NASA/GSFC

Jet Propulsion Lab

Martin Marietta

ttEI

C. S. Draper Labs, Inc.

NASA/GSFC

Planning Analysis Corp.

Ford Aerospace Corp.

NASA/GSFC

Intermetrics

SEI

Intermetrics

(;eneral Electric

ST Systems Corp.

NASA/GSFC

Logicon, Inc.

Jet Propulsion Lab.

Aerospace Corp.

Comptlter Sciences Corp.

Jet Propulsion Lab

IDE, Inc.

IDE, Inc.

Raytheon Service Co.

Unisys Corp.Stan ford Telecommunications, Inc.

MDAC/KSC

Defense Communications Agency

Computer Sciences Corp.

NASA/GSFC

NASA/GSFC

ltEI

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..__. PRECEDING P,_,GE BLA['I]_ _'_;_OTF]LMED

Appendix C:

STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELLITERATURE

i :::c

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STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELLITERATURE

The technical papers, memorandums, and documents listed in

this bibliography are organized into two groups. The first

group is composed of documents issued by the Software Engi-

neering Laboratory (SEL) during its research and development

activities. The second group inciudes materials that were

published elsewhere but pertain to SEL activities.

w

m

SEL-ORIGIRATED DOCUMENTS

SEL-76-001, Proceedings From the First Summer Software Engi-

neering Workshop, August 1976

SEL-77-002, Proceedings From the Second Summer Software En-

gineering Workshop, September 1977 °

SEL-77-004, A D@_onstration of AXES for NAVPAK, M. Hamilton

and S. Zeldln, September 1977

SEL-77-005, GSFC NAVPAK Design Specifications Languages

_, P. A. Scheffer and C. E. Velez, October 1977

SEL-78-005, Proceedings From the Third Summer Software Enq_-neering Workshop, September 1978

SEL-78-006, GSFC Sof£ware Enqineerina Research ReauirementsAnalysis Study, P. A. Scheffer and C. E. Velez, November 1978

SEL-78-007, Applicability of the Rayleigh Curve to the SEL

Environment, T. E. Mapp, December 1978

SEL-78-302, FORTRAN Static Source Code Analyzer Prouram(SAP) User's Guide (Revision 3), W. J. Decker and

W. A. Taylor, July 1986

SEL-79-002, The Software Engineering Laboratory: Relation-

ship Equations, K. Freburger and V. R. Basili, May 1979

SEL-79-003, Common Software Module Repository (CSMR} System

Description and User's Guide, C. E. Goorevich, A. L. Green,

and S. R. Waligora, August 1979

SEL-79-004, Evaluation of the Caine, Farber, and Gordon Pro-

gr_m Design Language (PDL) in the Goddard Space F1_ht Cen-

ter (GSFC) Code 580 SoftwareDe$ign Environment,

C. E. Goorevich, A. L. Green, and W. J. Decker, September1979

"---- 9913 B-I PRECEDING P,_¢_ecBt.AN_( _OT FILMED

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SEL-79-005, Proceedinas From the Fourth Summer Software En-

qin@erinq Workshop, November 1979

SEL-80-002, Multi-Level Exoression Desiqn Lanquaqe-

Requirement Level (MEDL-R) System Evaluation, W. J. Deckerand C. E. Goorevich, May 1980

SEL-80-003, Multimission Moduiar spacecraft Ground SupportSoftware System (MMS/GSSS) State-of-the-Art Computer Systems/

Comp%tibilitv Study, T. Welden, M. McClellan, andP. Liebertz, May 1980

SEL-80-005, A Study of the Musa Reliability Model,

A. M. Miller, November 1980

SEL-80-006, Proceedinqs From the Fifth Annual Software Enqi-

neerina Worksh0P, Nqye_er 1980

SEL-80-007, An Appraisal of Selecte4 Cost/Resource Estima-tion Models for Software Systems, J. F. Cook and

F. E. McGarry, December 1980 ...............

SEL-81-008, Cost and Reliability Estimation Models (CAREM)

User's Guide, J. F. Cook and E. Edwards, February 1981

SEL-81-009, Software Enaineerlna Laboratory Proarammer Work-

bench Phas@ 1 Evaluation, W. J. Decker and F. E. McGarry,March 1981

SEL-81-011, E_aluatina Software Develooment by Analysis ofChanae Data, D. M. Weiss,--N-oVember 19_

SEL-81-012, The Rayleioh Curve as a Model for Effort Distri-

bution Over the Life_gf Medium Scale Software Systems, G. O.Picasso, December 1981 _:_:_"_-_

SEL-81-013, Proceedinas From the Sixth An,U_! Software Enqi-ne_rina Workshop, December 1981

SEL-81-014, Automated Collection of Software Englneerina

Data in the Software Enaineerinu Laboratory {$EL),

A. L. Green, W. J. Decker, and F. E. McGarry, September 1981

SEL-81-101, Guide to D_ta Collection, V. E. Church,

D. N. Card, F. E. McGarry, et al., August 1982

SEL-81-104, The Software Engineerinu Laboratory, D. N. Card,

F. E. McGarry, G. Page, et al., February 1982

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L •

SEL-81-107, Software Enqineerinu Laboratory (SEL) Compendium

Tg__, W. J. Decker, W. A. Taylor, and E. J. Smith,

February 1982

SEL-81-110, Evaluation of an Independent Verification and

Validation (IV&V) Methodolouv for Fliaht Dynamics, G. Page,

F. E. McGarry, and D. N. Card, June 1985

SEL-81-205, Recommended Approach to Software Development,

F. E. McGarry, G. Page, S. Eslinger, et al., April 1983

SEL-82-001, Evaluation of Manaaement Measures of Softwaze

Development, G. Page, D. N. Card, and F. E. McGarry,

September 1982, vols. 1 and 2

SEL-82-004, Collected Software Enuineering Papers; V01-

ume I, July 1982

SEL-82-007, Proceedinas From the Seventh Annual Software

Enuineerinu Workshop, December 1982

SEL-82-008, Evaluatlna Software DeveloPment by Analysis of

Chanues: The Data From the Software En0ineering Laboratory,

V. R. Basili and D. M. Weiss, December 1982

SEL-82-I02, FORTRAN Static Source Code Analyzer Program

(SAP) System Description fRevision 17, W. A. Taylor and

W. J. Decker, April 1985

SEL-82-I05, Glossary of Software Enqineerin0 LaboratoryTerms, T. A. Babst, F. E. McGarry, and M. G. Rohleder,October 1983

SEL-82-706, Annotated BiblioqE_phy of Software Enqineerinq

Laboratory Literature, G. Heller, January 1989

SEL-83-001, An Approach to Software Cost Estimation,

F. E. McGarry, G. Page, D. N. Card, et al., February 1984

SEL-83-002, Measures and Metrics for Software Development,

D. N. Card, F. E. McGarry, G. Page, et al., March 1984

SEL-83-003, Collected Software Enaineerinq Papers:Vol-U_3D___, November 1983

SEL-83-006, Monitorina Software Development Throuqh Dyn%mi¢

Variables, C. w. Doerflinger, November 1983

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SEL-83-007, Proce_inas From £heEiQhth Annuai Software En-

gineerinq Workshop, November 1983

SEL-84-001, Manager's Handbook for Software DeveloPment,

W. W. Agresti, F. E. McGarry, D. N. Card, et al., April 1984

SEL-84-003, Investiqation of Specification Measures for the

Software Enuineerina Laboratory {SEL), W. W. Agresti,

V. E. Church, and F. E. McGarry, December 1984_ _ ..... : .... _ .......

SEL-84-004, Proceedings From the Ninth Annual Software Enai-

neerlna WorkshoD, November 1984

SEL-85-001, A ComDaris0n 0f Software Ver{ficat[o, Tech-

II_, D. N. Card, R. W. Selby, Jr., F. E. McGarry, et al.,

April 1985

SEL-85-002, Ada Traininu Evaluation and Recommendations From

the Gamm0 RaY Observatory Ada DeveloPment Te0m, R. Murphy

and M. Stark, October 1985 ....

SEL-85-003, Collected Software Enuineerlna Pa_ers: Vol-

ume III, November 198_5 ..... :_ ,___ ......-_:: _ _ ....... _

SEL-85-004, Evaluations of Software Technoloaies: Testina,

CLEANROOM. and Metrics, R. W. Selby, Jr., May 1985

SEL-85-005, _oftware Verification an_ Testinq, D. N. Card,

C. Antle, and E. Edwards, December 1985

SEL-85-006, Proceedings From the Tenth Annual Software Enui-

neerina Workshop, December 1985

SEL-86-001, Programme r_sHandbook for Fliuht_DvnamiCs Soft-

ware Development, R. Wood and E. Edwards, March 1986

SEL-86-002, General Object-Oriented Software Development,E. Seidewitz and M. Stark, August 1986

SEL-86-003, Flight Dynamics Syst@m Softwar@oDevelopment En-vironment Tutorial, J. Buell and P. Myers, July 1986

SEL-86-004, Collected Softw%r_ Enqineerinq Papers: Vol-

u.me IV, November 1986

SEL-86-005, Measurina Software Desiqn, D. N. Card, October

1986

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t ,

w

SEL-86-006, Proceedinus From_he Eleventh Annual Software

Engineering Workshop, December 1986

SEL-87-001, Product Assuranc@_Policies and Procedures for

Flight Dynamics Software Development, S. Perry et al., March1987

SEL-87-002, Ado Style Guide (Version Ill), E. Seidewltz

et al., May 1987

SEL-87-003, Guidelines for ApplvinQ the Composite Specifica-

tion Model (CSM), W. W. Agresti, June 1987

SEL-87-004, Assessing the Ado Desion Process and Its Impli-

cations: A Case Study, S. Godfrey, C. Brophy, et al.,July 1987

SEL-87-008, Data Collection Procedures for the Rehosted SELDatabase, G. Heller, October 1987

SEL-87-009, Collected Software Enuineering Papers:

S. DeLong, November 1987

Volume V,

SEL-87-010, Proceedinqs From._he Twelfth Annual Software En-

uineerina Workshop, December 1987

SEL-88-001, System Testing of a Production Ado Project:

GRODY StudY, J. Seigle and Y. Shi, November 1988

SEL-88-002, Collected Software Engineering Papers:

ume VI, November 1988

Vol-

The

SEL-88-003, Evolution of Ado Technoloqv in the Fliqht Dynam-ics Area: Desiun Phase Analysis, K. Quimby and L. Esker,December 1988

SEL-RELATED LITERATURE

4Agresti, W. W., V. E. Church, D. N. Card, and P. L. Lo,

"Designing With Ado for Satellite Simulation: A Case Study,"Proceedings of the First International Symposium On Ado for

the NASA Space Station, June 1986

2Agresti, W. W., F. E. McGarry, D. N. Card, et al., "Meas-

uring Software Technology," Prouram Transformation and Pro-

qramming Environments. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984

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iBailey, J. W., and V. R. Basili, "A Meta-Model for Soft-

ware Development Resource Expenditures," Proceedings of the

Fifth International Conference on Software Enqin@erinq.

New York: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1981 _•i' _ •

IBasili, V. R., "Models and Metrics for Software Manage-

ment and Engineering," ASME Advances in computer Technology,January 1980, vol. 1

Basili, V. R., Tutorial on Models and Metrics for Software

Management and Engineering. New York: IEEE Computer SocietyPress, 1980 (also designated SEL-80-008)

3Basili, V. R., "Quantitative Evaluation of 8oftware Meth-

odology," Proceedings of the First Pan-Pacific Computer Con-

ference, September 1985

iBasili, V. R., and J. Beane, "Can the Parr Curve Help

With Manpower Distribution and Resource Estimation Prob-

lems?," Journ@l of Svstenl_ and Software, February 1981,vol. 2, no. 1 ..... _

iBasili, V. R., and K. Freburger, =Programming Measurementand Estimation in the Software Engineering Laboratory,"

Journal of Systems and Software, February 1981, vol. 2, no. 1

3Basili, V. R., and N. M. pan!ilio,Yap, "Finding Relation-

ships Between Effort and Other Variables in the SEL,"

Proceedings of the International Computer Software and Ap-

plications Conference, October 1985

4Basili, V. R., and D. Patnaik' A Study on Fau!t Prediction

9nd Reliability A_sessment in the SEL Environment, University

of Maryland, Technical Report TR-1699, August 1986

2Basi!i, V. R., and B. T. Perricone, "Software Errors and

Complexity: An Empirical Investigation," Communications of

the ACM, January 1984, vol. 27, no. 1

IBasili, V. R., and T. Phillips, "Evaluating and Comparing

Software Metrics in the Software Engineering Laboratory,"Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS Symposium_0rksh0p: Qual-

ity Metrics, March 1981

Basili, V. R., and J. Ramsey, Structural Cov_raq_ of Func

tional Testinq, University of Maryland, Technical Report

TR-1442, September 1984

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3Basili, V. R., and C. L. Ramsey, "ARROWSMITH-P--A Proto-

type Expert System for Software Engineering Management,"Proceedinus of the IEEE/MITRE Expert Systems in Government

Symposium, October 1985

Basili, V. R., and R. Reiter, "Evaluating Automatable Meas-

ures for Software Development," Proceedinqs of the Workshop

on Ouantitative Software Models for ReliabilitT, ComplexitY,

and Cost. New York: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1979

5Basili, V. and H. D. Rombach, "Tailoring the Software

Process to Project Goals and Environments," Proceedinas ofthe 9th International Conference on Software Enqineerina,

March 1987

5Basili, V. and H. D. Rombach, "T A M E: Tailoring an Ada

Measurement Environment," Proceedinas of the Joint Ada Con-

ference, March 1987

5Basiii, V. and H. D. Rombach, "T A M E: Integrating Meas-

urement Into Software Environments," University of Maryland,

Technical Report TR-1764, June 1987

6Basili, V. R., and H. D. Rombach, "The TAME Project:

Towards Improvement-Oriented Software Environments," IEEE

Transactions on Software Enqineerina, June 1988

2Basili, V. R., R. W. Selby, and T. Phillips, "Metric Anal-

ysis and Data Validation Across FORTRAN Projects," IEEE

Transactions on Software Enaineerina, November 1983

3Basili, V. R., and R. W. Selby, Jr., "Calculation and Use

of an Environments's Characteristic Software Metric Set,"

Proceedinas of the Eighth International Conference on Soft-ware Enaineerina. New York: IEEE Computer Society Press,

1985

Basili, V. R., and R. W. Selby, Jr., ComparinQ the Effective-

nes_ of Software Testina Strategies, University of Maryland,

Technical Report TR-1501, May 1985

3Basili, V. R. and R. W. Selby "Four Applications of a

Software Data Collection and Analysis Methodology," Proceed-

inqs of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, August 1985

4Basili, V. R., R. W. Selby, Jr., and D. H. Hutchens, "Ex-

perimentation in Software Engineering," IEEE Transactions on

$oftw_r_ Enaineering, July 1986

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m

5Basili, V. and R. Selby, "Comparing the Effectiveness of

Software Testing Strategies," IEEE Transactions on Software

E__qi_gJqi_, December 1987

2Basili, V. R., and D. M. Weiss, A MethodoloGy for CollectinqValid Software EnGineerinG Data, University of Maryland, Tech-

nical Report TR-1235, December 1982

3Basili, V. R., and D. M. Weiss, =A Methodology for Collect-

ing Valid Software Engineering Data," IEEE Transactions onSoftware Enqineerina, November 1984 ....

iBasili, V. R., and M. V. Zelkowitz, "The Software Engi-

neering Laboratory: Objectives," ProceedinGs of the Fif-teenth Annual Conference on Computer Pers0nne_esearch,

August 1977

Basill, V. R., and M. V. Zelkowitz, "Designing a Software

Measurement Experiment," ProceedinGs of the Software Life

Cycle ManaGement Workshop, September 1977

iBasili, V. R., and M. v. Zeik0witz, "Operation of the Soft-

ware Engineering Laboratory," ProceedinGs of the Second Soft-ware Life CYcle ManaGement Workshop, August 1978

IBasili, V. R., and M. V. Zelkowitz, "Measuring Software

Development Characteristics in the Local Environment," Com-

puters and Structures, August 1978_ vol. i0

Basili, V. R., and M. V. Zelkowitz, "Analyzing Medium Scale

Software Development," ProceedinGs of the Third Interna_

_ional Conference on Software Enqineerinq. New York: IEEE

Computer Society Press, 1978

5Br0phy, C., W. AgreSti,: and'_V. BaSili' "LesS0nS Learned

in Use of Ada-Oriented Design Methods," Proceedinqs of the

Joint Ada Conference, March 1987

6Brophy, C. E., S. Godfrey, W. W. Agresti, and V. R. Basili,

"Lessons Learned in the Implementation Phase of a Large Ada

Project," ProceedinGs of the WashinGton Ada Techni¢%l Con-

f_rence, March 1988

2Card, D. N., "Early Estimation of Resource Expenditures and

Program Size," Computer Sciences Corporation, Technical Memo-

randum, June 1982

2Card, D. N., "Comparison of Regression Modeling Techniquesfor Resource Estimation," Computer Sciences Corporation,

Technical Memorandum, November 1982

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3Card, D. N., "A Software Technology Evaluation Program,"

Annals do XVIII CQnqresso N%cional de Informatica, October1985

5Card, D. and W. Agresti, "Resolving the Software Science

Anomaly," The Journal of Systems and Software, 1987

6Card, D. N., and W. Agresti, "Measuring Software Design

Complexity," The Journal of Systems and Software, June 1988

Card, D. N., V. E. Church, W. W. Agresti, and Q. L. Jordan,

"A Software Engineering View of Flight Dynamics Analysis

System," Parts I and If, Computer Sciences Corporation,Technical Memorandum, February 1984

4Card, D. N., V. E. Church, and W. W. Agrestl, "An Empiri-

cal Study of Software Design Practices," IEEE Transact_Qns

on So_twar@ Enaineerina, February 1986

Card, D. N., Q. L. Jordan, and V. E. Church, "Characteris-

tics of FORTRAN Modules," Computer Sciences Corporation,

Technical Memorandum, June 1984

5Card, D., F. McGarry, and G. Page, mEValuating Software

Engineering Technologies," IEEE Transactions on SoftwareEnaineering, July 1987

3Card, D. N., G. T. Page, and F. E. McGarry, "Criteria for

Software Modularization," Proceedinqs of the Eiqhth Interna-tional Conference on Software Enaineerin-. New York: IEEE

Computer Society Press, 1985

iChen, E., and M. V. Zelkowitz, "Use of Cluster Analysis

To Evaluate Software Engineering Methodologies," Proceedinqs

of the Fifth International Conference on Softw_r_ Enqineer-

iD_q. New York: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1981

4Church, V. E., D. N. Card, W. W. Agresti, and

Q. L. Jordan, "An Approach for Assessing Software Proto-

types," ACM Software Enqineerinq Notes, July 1986

2Doerflinger, C. W., and V. R. Basili, "Monitoring Software

Development Through Dynamic Variables," Proceedinq_ of theSeventh InterDational Computer Software and Applications

Conference. New York: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1983

5Doubleday, D., "ASAP: An Ada Static Source Code Analyzer

Program," University of Maryland, Technical Report TR-1895,

August 1987 (NOTE: i00 pages long)

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6Godfrey, S. and C. Brophy, "Experiences in the Implementa-

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Washinqton Ada Symposium, June 1988

Hamilton, M., and S. Zeldin, A Demonstration of AXES fQr

NAVPAK, Higher Order Software, Inc., TR-9, September 1977

(also designated SEL-77-005)

Jeffery, D. R., and V. Basili, "Characterizing Resource

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6jeffery, D. R., and V. R. Basili, "Validating the TAME

Resource Data Model," Proceedinqs of the Tenth International

Conference on Software Enaineerinq, April 1988

5Mark, L. and H. D. Rombach, "A Meta Information Base for

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6Mark, L. and H. D. Rombach, _Generating Customized Soft-

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1989

5McGarry, F. and W. Agresti, "Measur_ing Ada for Software

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fere nce on System Science, s, January 1988

3McGarry, F. E., J. Valett, and D. Hall, "Measuring the

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ment Process and Product, = proceedinos of the Hawaiian Inter-national Conference on Svst_ Sciences, January I§85

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3page, G., F. E. McGarry, _n_ D, N. Card, "A Practical Ex-

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5Ramsey, C. and V. R. Basili, "An Evaluation of Expert Sys-tems for Software Engineering Management," University of

Maryland, Technical Report TR-1708, September 1986

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3Ramsey, J., and V. R. Basili, "Analyzing the Test Process

Using Structural Coverage," Proceedinqs of th_ Eiqhth Inter-national Confer@nce on SQftwar_ Enqipeerinq. New York:

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5Rombach, H. D., "A Controlled Experiment on the Impact of

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Software Enuineerinq, March 1987

6Rombach, H. D., and V. R. Basili, "Quantitative Assessment

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6Rombach, H. D., and L. Mark, "Software Process and Prod-

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6Seidewitz, E., "Object-Oriented Programming in Smalltalk

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4Seidewitz, E., and M. Stark, "Towards a General Object-

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5Valett, J. and F. McGarry, "A Summary of Software Measure-

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3Weiss, D. M., and V. R. Basili, "Evaluating Software De-

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ware Engineering Laboratory," IEEE Transactions on Software

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5Wu, L., V. Basili, and K. Reed, "A Structure Coverage Tool

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r_, March 1987

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IEEE--Computer Society Press, 1979

2Zelkowitz, M. V., "DataCQl!ection and Ev@luation for E_-

perimental Computer Science Research," EmPirical Foundations

for Computer and Information Science (proceedings),

November 1982

6Zelkowitz, M. V., "The Effec£ivehess of software Pr6to-

typing: A Case Study," Proceedinas of the 26th Annual Tech-

nical Symposium of the Washington_ D. C., Chapter of the ACM,June 1987 _ _:: _...........

6Zelkowitz, M. V., "Resource Utilization During Software

Development," Journal of Systems and Software, 1988

Zelkowitz, M. V., and V. R. Basili, "Operational Aspects of

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NOTES:

iThis article also appears in SEL-82-004, Cg!!ected Soft-

ware Engine_rinq Papers: Volume I, July 1982.

2This article also appears in SEL-83-003, Collected Soft-

w_re Enqineerinq PaPers: Volume II, November 1983.

3This article also appears in SEL-85-003, Collected Soft-

ware_Engineerinq Papers: Vo!_me III, November 1985.

....... t

4This article also appears in SEL-86-004, CQllecte_Soft-

w_re Enqineerinq PapersL Volume IV, November 1986.

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5This article also appears in SEL-87-009, Collec_S_

w r En "n _n P @rs: Volum_V, November 1987.

6This article also appears in SEL-88-002, Collected Soft-

ware Enuineerinq Papers: Volume VI, November 1988.

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