Proceedings of National Conference RACSGSE-SBAP 2017 · Conference Proceeding. Proceedings of...

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Proceedings of National Conference RACSGSE-SBAP 2017

Trash to treasure: processing the solid waste in useful manner

Saloni Nischal,¹# Indu Nashier Gahlawat¹,²* 1Department of Education, ²Department of Biology, Aditi Mahavidyalaya, University of Delhi, Bawana 110039, Delhi, India

ABSTRACT RCRA( The Resource Conservation And Recovery Act, 1976) have defined ‘SOLID WASTE’ as any discarded material emerging from human and creature activities while ‘HAZARDOUS WASTE’ are with properties influencing both human wellbeing and environmental condition. Despite the fact that both can be physically solid, fluid, semi-solid or gaseous material constituent yet hazardous waste is somewhat more risky due to few qualities (Ignitability, Reactivity, Corrosive, Toxicity). Solid waste can be categorized as putrescible (bacterially decayed) or non-putrescible (non-microbial contaminated). Solid waste ranges from metropolitan refuse to unsafe modern squanders. Hazardous waste can be – acids, CFCs, cyanides, heavy metals (Hg, Ar), PCBs and pesticides. Even after government initiative, waste management strategy flops due to expanding waste era, shrinking disposal limit, incompetent expensive disposal ways and open carelessness in accepting new disposal strategies. Administration ought to resemble “CRADLE TO GRAVE” i.e. the time it has created to legitimate transportation, treatment and put away till its proper disposal. In fact some of the disposal proposals are – distant disposal site (around 30m from water source & 500m from residential area), independently arranging radioactive material, secured dump surface, layered and compacted disposal. Arranging ways can be clean landfill, composting, incineration, augmenting refusing, 4R’s and limiting pointless waste creation.

Keywords: waste/ trash, hazardous material, waste disposal ways, 4R’s principle, waste types

INTRODUCTION

Along with modernization, the quantity of refused / discarded material is also increasing which in turn is continually deteriorating the ENVIRONMENT (our TREASURE) quality.1 Treasure in the sense that it not only provides space to live in; but also nurtures us via land, oil, water, air etc. Everyday production of such refused material results in accumulation of huge garbage heaps. ‘Garbage’ or ‘Waste’ is something which is useless & unwanted, produced from human and other creature activities. ‘Hazardous Waste’ is the one with properties (like explosiveness, flammability, spontaneous combustion, reactivity,2 toxicity, corrosiveness) making it more harmful. Such wastes are not merely physically solid, but can be in liquid, semi-solid or gaseous composition. Solid waste is compartmentalized as putrescible or non putrescible 2

The former one deals with those solid wastes that contains organic matter capable of being decomposed by microbes and are capable of attracting/providing

food for birds or animals by their peculiar odour. Example – material containing food, offal, animals. The latter are those which remain unaffected from

microbial action due to absence of any type of organic matter. Example – plastic, glass, rubber, bricks, concrete, metals etc. 5

Though the waste production is in tones on everyday basis, globally, it becomes significant that it should be

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Indu Nashier Gahlawat Department of Biology, Aditi Mahavidyalaya, University of Delhi, Bawana, Delhi – 110039. India. Email: [email protected] #Undergraduate student

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Cite as: Proceedings of National Conference RACSGSE-SBAP (10-11th Oct 2017), Aditi Mahavidyalaya, University of Delhi, Delhi. 2017, pg 61-70 ISBN: 978-93-5311-552-4.

© Authors; Creative Commons License 4.0

Published by: Aditi Mahavidyalaya, University of Delhi Proceedings of National Conference on Recent Advances in Chemical Sciences towards Green and Sustainable Environment – Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan Perspective 2017 61

properly managed & decomposed. This paper deals with the types, sources of waste, working-firms, the disposal ways and some effective measure through which waste can be managed.

Figure 1 flow chart demonstrating the criteria for defining a product as hazardous.

SOURCES OF WASTE

SOLID WASTE

There are varied sources which produce wastes which are solid in state. It ranges from residential refuse to industrial refuse. Here is a list of basic sources:

1) Residential – one of the major source and includes the places where humans live. Includes wastes like- food waste, plastic, paper, glass, metal, yard wastes, electronics, tires, batteries etc4.

2) Industrial – biggest contributor including heavy &light manufacturing industries. Includes wastes like- packaging waste, housekeeping waste, food wastes, ashes etc.

3) Commercial – hotels, markets, restaurants, offices & stores produces wastes like- plastic, food wastes, metals, paper, glass, wood etc.

4) Institutional – schools, colleges, prisons, government centers, military barracks produces

waste like- glass, rubber, plastic, food waste, wood, metals, paper, electronic etc.

5) Construction & Demolition Areas - new construction and renovation sites produces waste like- steel material, concrete, wood, rubber, plastic, dirt, copper wires etc.

6) Municipal Services – urban centers (like parks, street, beach) produces wastes like- street cleaning, parks & beaches waste, landscaping waste, sludge.

7) Agriculture – crop farms, orchard, vineyards produces wastes like- agricultural wastes, spoiled food, pesticide containers etc.

8) Biomedical – hospitals, chemical manufacturing firms produces wastes like- syringe, bandages, used gloves, drugs, paper, chemicals food waste etc.

Figure 2 a graphical representation describing the type of municipal waste composition in our daily’s trash

HAZARDOUS WASTE

There are varied sources of hazardous waste. Here is a table presented for various types of hazardous waste types and their sources:

Table1 Type of hazardous wastes and its possible sources Waste Possible sources Acids petroleum products, ash from power

plants & incinerators CFCs coolants in air conditioner &

refrigerators PCBs older appliances, electrical transformers

& capacitors heavy metals paints, pigments, batteries, ash from

incinerators, sewage sludge, improper landfill disposal

Proceedings of National Conference on Recent Advances in Chemical Sciences towards Green and Sustainable Environment – Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan Perspective 2017 62

Dioxins emission from incinerators, pulp & paper plants

radioactive waste

nuclear power plant, nuclear medicine facilities, weapons factories

infectious waste hospitals, research labs

Some of the non hazardous solid wastes are garbage, rubbish (all non putrescible refuse except ashes and can be both combustible and non-combustible), ashes and municipal waste.

WASTE MANAGEMENT FIRMS

Due to excessive waste production, it’s important to properly decompose the waste because if left with improper disposal it may have drastic effects on human beings as well as environment.

Garbage can provide an apt breeding place for flies, mosquitoes and microbes due to its peculiar property of odour which attracts these disease causing/spreading agents. Mosquitoes are responsible for spreading diseases like dengue, malaria, chikungunya etc. whereas, flies are responsible for making food and water contamination with pathogens.

According to a record 10 topmost polluted cities of the world are as listed below: Table 2 rank-wise distribution of 10 most polluted cities

CITIES (rank-wise) COUNTRY

1) Zabol Iran 2) Gwalior India 3) Allahabad India 4) Riyadh Saudi Arabia 5) Al Jubail Saudi Arabia 6) Patna India 7) Raipur India 8) Bamenda Cameroon 9) Xingtai China 10) Baoding China

And according to the data recorded in May 2016, Delhi scores first rank in India’s polluted cities.

There are many firms which are working in this area to improvise the disposal/management of waste produced.6 Here’s a list of some famous firms of India:

1) Eco-wise - at Noida. Deals with residential, commercial and industrial entities.

2) Vermigold – India’s first & only internationally certified system. Is an on-site organic waste recycling System Company.

3) Synergy waste management system (P) ltd – Deals with bio-medical waste in New Delhi, Meerut, Lucknow, Hisar, Bhagalpur areas.

4) Timarpur- Okhla waste management (P) ltd – India’s first commercial waste-to-energy facility i.e. converting Delhi’s garbage into much needed electricity enough to serving 6L homes.

5) Attero, Electronics asset multinational company- India’s largest integrated company. Aims to increase value for all electronic inventories.

6) Greenobin - at Gurgaon. It focuses on collecting paper waste and markets the same for recycling.

7) Green Power System – promotes waste-to-energy solution for urban India.

Due to inapt disposal of solid waste, many serious health hazards can take place. The good example of this is the plague outbreak in Surat. Bio-medical wastes (like- infected syringes) can even spread fatal disease like Hepatitis B&C, cancer and infections of blood, skin, eye, respiratory system and intestine. Plastic waste is dangerous too, especially that colored plastic as their pigment contains toxic heavy metals (like- copper, lead, chromium, cobalt, cadmium, selenium). From industrial wastes there are chances that toxic materials and chemicals seep into the soil, thus polluting the ground and deteriorating soil quality.22,23

WASTE DISPOSAL WAYS

There are multiple ways to dispose off the waste produced. Some of them are:

SANITARY LANDFILL – it is one of the most popular waste disposal method used today. here, garbage is put in a hole in thin layers, then are compressed & finally covered with soil/plastic foam that reduces the rats and other vermin growth. To save the groundwater from getting contaminated, the bottom of the hole has an impervious liner made of sand or thick plastic. “Ideal” location depends on several factors like area’s geology, soil drainage properties, proximity to nearby water bodies. It’s a way to dispose all type of residential, residual, institutional and municipal waste 28


Though it’s a popular strategy but it has several problems as well like production of methane gas by microbes that decompose organic material anaerobically. Continuous accumulation of methane may lead to an explosion. Landfills can’t be a solution for longer time because the sites are continuously filling up24. Moreover, it’s an expensive activity to clean the landfill after it gets filled up.

Advantages:

• Burying can aid in energy production and can be obtained by conversion of landfill gas.

• Its end products can be used directly as fuel or can be further converted into another fuel.

• This specific site can be monitored regularly and the non-recyclable material can be separated before dumping.

• It is comparatively a cheaper way to dispose off wastes.

Disadvantage:

• Burying of waste product can pollute the nearby soil and groundwater.

• It needs a greater economical investment to transport the wastes to the far located landfill site.10

• It can result in production of two major green house gases (CO2, CH4) if not treated properly.

INCINERATION - in layman terms, it means burning of solid waste so as to reduce the overall volume and the heat produced, if properly channeled, can generate steam for producing electricity. In fact, the amount of carbon-dioxide generated is less as compared with the liberation from fossil fuels burning. The only precaution before incinerating is to remove those materials which do not burn e.g. glass and materials like food wastes which reduce the incinerating efficiency.23 Actually paper, plastic and rubber are the most suitable and right materials for this strategy. In fact the best example for decomposing is to burn old tires as it produces great amount of heat 23

However, it too have some limitation i.e. Air Pollution. Usually people avoid using this strategy because it somewhere converts one form of pollution to another form (solid pollution to air pollution). It deteriorates the air with generation of gases like CO, particulates and heavy metals like Hg. To secure from

Figure 3 The complete mechanism of sanitary landfill procedure showing the disposal of solid wastes in large pits/underground. (Image source: Google Images, Copyright and credit: EPA)


this thing, expensive air pollution control devices have to be used.

Advantage:

• Acts as an alternative to sanitary landfill method.

• As done in closed containers, so protects nearby soil or groundwater from getting contaminated.

• Consumes lesser space, overcoming the issue of locating empty land.

• Is able to reduce waste volume upto 80-95%.

Figure 4 the incineration mechanism showing combustion of organic substances in waste materials under high temperatures. (Image source: Google Images)

Disadvantage:

• It is costlier to build incinerators. • Need trained and well equipped staff for its

working and maintenance. • Smoke and ash production by the chimneys of

incinerators include acid gases, nitrogen oxide, heavy metals and dioxins.

COMPOSTING – Due to limited capacity of landfills, another method to convert organic matter into useful compound is composting. Here, the yard waste is turned into a nutrient-rich soil conditioner. Mainly, the biodegradable organic wastes which can be converted are – food waste, manure, leaves, grass trimmings, paper, wood, feathers, sewage sludge, crop residues etc. This conversion of organic matter into a

valuable organic matter occurs through the help of microbes (bacteria, fungi) under aerobic condition.

Figure 5 diagrammatic view of incinerator plant (Image source: Google Images)

The main factors affecting the rate of composting are atmospheric oxygen, temperature, moisture, material disturbance, organic matter and the microbes’ amount. It is simply a type of natural recycling. These microbes work under appropriate amount of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and atmospheric moisture content. Temperature is directly responsible for controlling the rate of natural degradation, which in turn is greatly influenced by moisture content, oxygen availability and microbial activity. The formed manure is vital for keeping the soil fertile and enriched with ample nutrients.1

Vermi composting: is a method aided by farmer’s friend i.e. earthworms feeding on semi-decomposed organic matter.

Advantages:

• It reduces the production of green house gases, thus environment friendly.

• It acts as a natural soil conditioner, thus enhancing soil fertility.


• It’s a cheaper way to manage organic waste, mainly food stuffs, peels of vegetables and fruits.

• It aids in returning the soil its essential nutrients which were used in the previous crop.

• It can reduce the waste volume upto 30-60%. • It consumes lesser space and is purely governed

by the action of decomposers (bacteria, fungi). • It makes soil aerated and enhances it moisture-

holding capacity.

Figure 6 the naturally decomposing organic matter of waste material by digging it inside the pits to convert it into natural conditioner by the influence of microbial (bacteria and fungi) attack. (Image source: Google Images)

Figure 7 pictorial representation of composting process (Image source: Google Images)

Disadvantage: • The nutrient content of formed compost is relatively

lesser than that of chemical fertilizers. • The formed product/compost is heavier and bulkier. • The flies, bad odour and methane emission

increases during rainy season in open compost plants.

• The composting vessels have lesser flexibility to cope up with changing environmental conditions thus resulting in foul smell in the nearby location.

PYROLYSIS – here solid wastes are chemically decomposed by heat (high temperature) in completely anaerobic conditions. This method can be used to degrade any carbon-based (organic) material into end products as: solids (charcoal), condensable liquid (tar) and non-condensable gases (H2, CH4, CO, CO2 and N). There are mainly four factors which affects the rate of this process. These are: nature of treated waste material, the temperature at which this degradation is happening, residence time period and particle’s physical nature and size. Pyrolysis is the basic step for gasification and combustion. The temperature used here is mostly 430° Celsius 22. It is useful in extracting materials from goods as vehicle tires, destroying soil organic contaminants and creating biofuels from crop and waste products. It also results in production of bio-oil (dark-brown substance denser than other woody substances).

Advantages:

• The most important one is the degradation of toxic components and microbes because of high temperature.

• The waste becomes lighter in weight because of water content reduction under the influence of high temperature.

• It can be used for treating high caloric value wastes.

• The fuel gas/fuel oil produced is a good substitute of fossil fuels.

• The pollutants concentration produced can be controlled at plant level.

Figure 8 diagrammatic representation of Pyrolysis plant: the waste entering into drying chamber from where it has to go for grinding, after which in Pyrolysis reactor the moisture content is reduced resulting in oil gas release (at around 100⁰C). By the time it cools down upto 40°C, carbon black will be discharged automatically.3

(Image source: Google Images)


Disadvantage:

• Gases, ashes and liquid released meanwhile, can harm the environment.

• Its plant settlement requires a huge cost. • To treat fuel gases, installation of air purifier is a

must.

Moreover, management of hazardous waste should be done with great care because these are more dangerous and have expensive strategies. Despite of the fact that it involves expensive strategies thus, some innovative and natural strategies were brought into consideration.

• BIOREMEDIATION’ means using microbes (bacteria, fungus) to decompose hazardous wastes. Though, it’s a time consuming process but is effective enough to manage this waste. Here, actually the microbe consumes hydrocarbons.29

• ‘PHYTOREMEDIATION’ means by using plants toxic material is used from soil. Such plants with the help of their roots extract those toxic materials from soil. Some of the plants used are Indian mustard, sunflower, cattail, twist flower etc.

EFFECTIVE MEASURES TO MANAGE WASTE

Due to loopholes in every strategy, it’s the need of the hour to use some of the effective measures like the usage of “4R” i.e. refuse, reduce, reuse & recycle. The best part of these is its applicability i.e. these are some of the simple measures which any and every individual can perform. Now let us get illuminated by these basic R’s.

Figure 9 elaboration of the 4 R’s: recyclable material is collected in blue bin. While using same bag for collecting materials is promoting reduce and its reuse.

REFUSE means to limit the usage of unnecessary materials by denying.

REDUCE means to decrease the amount of pointless waste generated.

REUSE means the repetitive usage of the materials as much as one can.

RECYCLE means the converting or cycling of waste generated into some other useful material.

Here is a pictorial representation of the way these 4R’s work altogether. Also it shows the better way to manage waste by providing the expected order of these R’s and the reality of the present times.

Figure 10 Flow chart depicting the contrasting sequence of how one should handle the waste and how it should be actually handled.

One’s prime concern should be towards Waste Reduction. But as shown in the above hierarchal chart, what we are actually doing today is maximal disposal/ bury and the ‘reduce’ aspect has come at the lowest strata. This is the one of the main reason for the problem of waste management as per simple equation:

REDUCE PERCENT is directly proportional to WASTE PRODUCTION There are multiple ways to enhance ‘REDUCE’ aspect as: While shopping, try to carry your own cloth

bag. Try to buy materials that have less packaging

material used as cardboard or plastic wrapping. Try to use refillable containers [as hand wash

bottles] or washable articles. Try to repair torn clothes for their further use.

Another important aspect is WASTE REUSE. Reuse simply means using the waste product in the same manner without any type of transformation. There are numerous materials which can be reuse again as bottles, books etc. One should try to pass on our material which we don’t need now, to those who wants them rather than throwing it as a waste.


There are numerous benefits of reducing and reusing solid waste as:

COMMUNITY BENEFITS: this is a good means for the weaker sections who can’t afford to buy new things. Also it provides employment to many by training them

ECONOMIC BENEFITS: reusing is in a way economical for many who aren’t able to afford buy new things/products.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS: as producing new products need ample resources, human labor, time, money and mainly it results in production of waste materials which needs proper disposal. So it’s a better option to opt for reusing or reducing to maintain the nature’s beauty.

RECYCLING is the reuse of same material but after some processing over it. In other words it is solely conversion of waste material into a useful product again. The primary step for recycling is the waste separations based on their extent to get decompose.26

Figure 11 different colored bins depicting the type of solid waste they should be filled with for simply segregation of biodegradable, reusable material from non-biodegradable and non- reusable materials. (Image source: Google Images)

There are multiple benefits of RECYCLING as shown in figure 12. This is a descriptive figure about the benefits of recycling. This figure clearly indicates that usage of recycling aspect simply reduces the pollution, saves energy, and reduces the chances of global warming. It not only aids in stopping pollution, but also supports life and protects different habitats for a better survival of numerous species (both flora and fauna).

Our priority for usage of resources in correct and apt manner should be like as in figure 13.

Figure 13 showing the preference manner in which one should use our materials and ways of waste management.

Figure 12 flow chart of recycling benefits


As indicated in the above figure 13, it is clear that

our way to manage waste depends upon priority level. Our prime priority should be to conversion of industrial effluents into less toxic material before its expulsion into any water body, separating biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste manually as much as one can, production of such materials which can long-last and use repeatedly and carrying materials in bulk rather than buying it in small amount as this would aid in decreasing packaging waste. Secondary priority should be the usage of 4 R’s i.e. reduce, reuse, recycle and refuse. If one refuse to buy unnecessary products then it will automatically reduces the waste and enables one to reuse the older product in either same form or by some manipulation (recycling). Our last priority should be the correct treatment of this waste by either burying it in landfills, incinerating it, treating waste to reduce its harmful impact on the environment.

CONCLUSION

If one is able to treat waste properly, then only our mother nature will stay protected enshrining the biotic and abiotic components and finally transforming all trash into treasure! Every individual should take it as his/her duty to manage the waste generated by them by accepting some of the simple steps (as discussed above about 4 R’s), so that he/she can also participate as the savior of this beautiful Mother Earth. Though there are multiple steps the government/concerned authority of every nation takes, but one or the other reason hinders its fulfillment. At the same time if every individual aids the concerned authority, then the complete scenario will get change.

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AUTHORS BIOGRAPHIES

Dr. Indu Nashier Gahlawat is presently an associate professor at Aditi Mahavidyalaya, Delhi University, Bawana- 110039. She has done B.Sc. (H) Botany from DU in 1989, M.Sc. (botany) from DU in 1991, M. Phil (1991-92), “Ecological, Ultra-structural and Reproductive Studies in Cryptonemiales (Rhodophyceae):

A Survey” and had completed her Ph.D during 1992-96. She is specialized in histochemistry, ultrastructure and algal reproductive biology. She has taken part in various seminars and conferences related to biology. She has several papers published on her name on various topics such as red algae, biodiversity and many more .She has profound interest in botany and working in various dimensions of biology.

Ms. Saloni Nischal is presently an undergraduate student of Bachelor of Elementary Education (B.El.Ed) program in Department of Education from Aditi Mahavidyalaya, Delhi University. She has attended various workshops as: Integral Education and Innovative Practices, work and energy, stress Management, Self Development and so on. She has got many academics merit

certificates as subject topper of papers: Core Natural Science, Contemporary India, Story Telling in Children’s Literature, Physical Education and Biology optional paper. She has also participated in college level multiple activities as: Volunteering for Centrali sed Admission Duties in Education Department, Notice Board Making , She has participated in Speech Competition in the Eco Club, Mirambika Workshop, National Conference etc.


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