PROCEEDINGS OF IPI RESEARCH COLLOQUIUM 2017PROCEEDINGS OF IPI RESEARCH COLLOQUIUM 2017 OCTOBER 1-3,...
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PROCEEDINGS OF IPI RESEARCH COLLOQUIUM 2017
OCTOBER 1-3, 2017
INSTITUTE OF CLIMATE CHANGE (IPI)
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
eISBN 978-967-0829-83-8
Editors:
Rawshan Ara Begum
Fatimah PK Ahamad
Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque
Sabirin Abdullah
Khairul Nizam Abd Maulud
Technical Committee:
Noridawaty Mat Daud
Farhanah Md Isa
Disclaimer: The authors of individual papers are responsible for technical, content and
linguistic correctness.
PUBLISHED BY INSTITUTE OF CLIMATE CHANGE (IPI)
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Cetakan Pertama / First Printing February 2018
Hakcipta / Copyright Institut Perubahan Iklim (IPI)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Hakcipta terpelihara. Tiada bahagian daripada penerbitan ini boleh diterbitkan semula, disimpan
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form,
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system, without permission in writing from Institute of Climate Change (IPI).
Diterbitkan di Malaysia oleh / Published in Malaysia by
INSTITUT PERUBAHAN IKLIM (IPI)
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
http://www.ukm.my/ipi
E-mel: [email protected]
Sidang Editor / Editorial
Rawshan Ara Begum
Fatimah PK Ahamad
Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque
Sabirin Abdullah
Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud
Jawatankuasa Teknikal / Technical Committee
Noridawaty Mat Daud
Farhanah Md Isa
Rekabentuk oleh / Designed by
Noor Shuhaira Rejab
eISBN 978-967-0829-83-8
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PREFACE
The Institute of Climate Change (IPI) Research Colloquium 2017 was held at the Felda
Residence Trolak, Perak, on 1-3 October, 2017 and organised by the Institute of Climate
Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) in collaboration with the UKM-YSD
Chair in Climate Change. This is the first IPI Research Colloquium focusing on research
progress and articles of the IPI postgraduate students. It is also a continuation of the
ANGKASA Postgraduate Research Seminar and Colloquium from 2014 to 2016.
The IPI Research Colloquium provides an excellent opportunity for all the postgraduate
students, presenters, researchers, supervisors, evaluators and participants to meet, discuss and
share a broad range of issues in terms of research progress and presentation, thesis writing,
challenges and improvements as well as preparing and writing manuscripts for publication. The
proceedings include all the accepted articles consisting of full paper and abstract that were
presented in the IPI Research Colloquium 2017. The papers of the proceedings are arranged
according to the presentation sessions covering the research themes of climate change and
space science.
We would like to thank all the postgraduate students, presenters, participants, researchers,
supervisors, reviewers, evaluators, organising committee members and those who have
contributed to make this colloquium successful. We also acknowledge UKM-YSD Chair in
Climate Change for sponsoring the publication of the proceedings.
We are indeed very happy for the publication of the Proceedings of IPI Research Colloquium
2017. We believe the proceedings will contribute to the improvement and further development
of knowledge and intellectual in the fields of climate change and space science.
Thank you very much!
Best regards,
Editors
February 2018
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CONTENTS
NO. TITLE & AUTHORS PAGE
NUMBERS
1 Possibility of UAV Application to Monitor Shoreline Changes 1 Abdul Aziz Ab Rahman
Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud
Othman Jaafar
2 Study on Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) for Selangor Coastal Area 4 Muhammad Afiq Ibrahim
Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud
Fazly Amri Mohd
Mohd Radzi Abdul Hamid
Nor Aslinda Awang
3 GIS-integrated Infrastructure Asset Management System 7 Muhammad Aqiff Abdul Wahid
Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud
Mohd Aizat Saiful Bahri
Muhammad Amartur Rahman
Othman Jaafar
4 Assessing of Shoreline Changes by using Geospatial Technique 12 Siti Norsakinah Selamat
Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud
Othman Jaafar
5 Heat Stress on Mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) and Adaptation Options 16 Baseem M. Tamimi
Wan Juliana Wan Ahmad
Mohd. Nizam Mohd. Said
Che Radziah Che Mohd. Zain
6 Terahertz Meta-surface Absorber for Absorbing Application 20 Md. Mehedi Hasan
Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque
Mohammad Tariqul Islam
7 Labyrinth Resonator for Wideband Application 24 Md. Jubaer Alam
Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque
Mohammad Tariqul Islam
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8 Design and Analysis of a Metamaterial Structure with Different Substrate
Materials for C Band and Ku Band Applications
28
Eistiak Ahamed
Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque
Mohd Fais Mansor
9 9th September 2011 Solar Flare to MAGDAS Reading 33
Norhani Muhammad Nasir Annadurai
Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid
Akimasa Yoshikawa
10 Comparison of the Neural Network and the IRI Model for Forecasting TEC
over UKM Station
35
Rohaida Mat Akir
Mardina Abdullah
Kalaivani Chellappan
Siti Aminah Bahari
11 Variation of EEJ Longitudinal Profile during Maximum Phase of Solar
Cycle 24
39
Wan Nur Izzaty Ismail
Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid
Mardina Abdullah
Akimasa Yoshikawa
12 The Impact of High Environmental Temperature on Branchial
Ammonia Excretion Efficiency between Euryhaline and Stenohaline
Teleosts
42
Hon Jung Liew,
Yusnita A Thalib
Ros Suhaida Razali
Sharifah Rahmah
Mazlan Abd. Ghaffar
Gudrun De Boeck
13 Large Scale Wave Structure Prior to the Development of Equatorial
Plasma Bubbles
46
Suhaila M Buhari
Mardina Abdullah
Tajul Ariffin Musa
14 Determining the Probability of Sediment Resuspension in the East Coast of
Peninsular Malaysia through Wind Analysis
49
Shahirah Hayati Mohd Salleh
Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar
Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud
Nor Aslinda Awang
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15 A Review on Forest Carbon Sequestration as a Cost-effective Way to
Mitigate Global Climate Change
53
Asif Raihan
Rawshan Ara Begum
Mohd Nizam Mohd Said
Sharifah Mastura Syed Abdullah
16 Review of Methodology on Source Apportionment of PM2.5 near a Coal-
fired Power Plant using Multivariate Receptor Modelling
58
Ahmad Hazuwan Hamid
Md Firoz Khan
Mohd Talib Latif
17 Study of Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) for High Frequency (HF)
Band at Equatorial Region in Malaysia
62
Johari Talib
Sabirin Abdullah
18 Performance Analysis of a Negative-permeability Metamaterial Inspired
Antenna with 1U Cubesat
65
Touhidul Alam
Farhad Asraf
Mohammed Shamsul Alam
Mohammad Tariqul Islam
Mengu Cho
19 Zonal Velocity Drift of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Calculated over
Southeast Asia
68
Idahwati Sarudin
Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid
Mardina Abdullah
Suhaila M Buhari
20 Effect of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Mangrove Growth in
Controlled Conditions
71
Baseem M. Tamimi
Wan Juliana Wan Ahmad
Mohd. Nizam Mohd. Said
Che Radziah Che Mohd. Zain
21 Observations of Lightning and Background Electric Field in Antarctica
Peninsula
75
Norbayah Yusop
Mardina Abdullah
Mohd Riduan Ahmad
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22 Determination of the GPS Satellite Elevation Mask Angle for
Ionospheric Modeling the Ionosphere over Malaysia
78
Siti Aminah Bahari
Mardina Abdullah
Zahra Bouya
Tajul Ariffin Musa
23 A New Wide Negative Refractive Index Meta-atom for Satellite
Communications
82
Mohammad Jakir Hossain
Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque
Mohammad Tariqul Islam
24 Ionospheric Bottomside Electron Density Thickness Parameter over
Southeast Asian Sector
87
Saeed Abioye Bello
Mardina Abdullah
Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid
25 Assessing the Accuracy of Hydrodynamic Parameters using Statistical
Approaches
91
Fazly Amri Mohd
Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud
Othman A. Karim
Rawshan Ara Begum
26 Socio-economic Impacts of Climate Change in the Coastal Areas of
Malaysia
95
Mohd Khairul Zainal
Rawshan Ara Begum
Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud
Norlida Hanim Mohd Salleh
PRESENTERS PROFILE 100
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Possibility of UAV Application to Monitor Shoreline Changes
Abdul Aziz Ab Rahman1, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud1,2 and Othman Jaafar2
1Earth Observation Centre, Institute of Climate Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
*corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Unmanned Aviation Vehicles (UAV) are recently growing
up fast in the world market. Moreover, it is the first choice
for companies to complete their work especially in survey
work. In fact, conventional survey work is expensive and
takes more time for a complete project. It is used for
mapping and monitoring of air for coastal areas. The
findings show that UAV has been a key tool for conducting
topographic change monitoring works along the coast and
can do good results. This paper focuses on the literature of
the possibility of UAV to monitor the shoreline changes. In
addition, UAV images can generate into orthophoto and the
images also have their own projection because it is
geotagged due to GPS signals from satellites. Consequently,
the rate of physical changes either erosion or acceleration
can be determined using monitoring along coastal area
using this UAV. Hence, this paper presents to show and
prove that shoreline changes can be monitored by UAV
application.
1. Introduction
Generally, landscape changes can help to understand how
certain traits and elements exist and behave. Understanding
functions, relationships and rules can support landscape
management and sustainable development such as the
prevention is the effect of the devastating floods.
Furthermore, the coastal area is experiencing destruction due
to sea action and the causes of nature and humanity caused
by it. Changing topography on the beach and sand dunes
should be assessed, after severe and regular events, to build
a model that can predict the evolution of this natural
environment. This is an essential app for LIDAR airborne,
and conventional photogrammetry is also used for sensitive
monitoring of coastal areas (Gonçalves, & Henriques 2015).
According to Turner, Harley & Drummond (2016) UAV
beach engineering application is used here to illustrate the
practical use and potential benefits of this latest survey
technology. Over the last 2 years, the rapidly expanding
UAV survey has been successfully integrated into a four-
decade coastline surveillance program in Narrabeen Beach,
Australia. This has expanded the scope of the program to
include detailed measurements from the desert and coastal
erosion that covered the 3.5 km long dew on a spatial scale
and temporal resolution previously unprofitable. In fact,
Čermáková, Komárková & Sedlák (2016) mentioned that
Unmanned aerial vehicles are increasingly being used to
monitor small areas, e.g. Small water bodies (ponds). UAV
can yield faster results and usually have higher spatial
resolution. Therefore, this paper presents to show and prove
that shoreline changes can be monitored by UAV
application.
2. Review on UAV Application on Monitoring Shoreline Changes
All the methods were combined to display the possibility of
UAV application to monitor the physical changes of the
coast.
2.1. Beach topographical changes at the Ligurian Sea
This study was conducted at Region of Liguria, Italy which
is located at the north-western Mediterranean. Based on
Casella et al. (2016) writing state this region has been
monitored three times more than 5 months in autumn 2013-
2014 autumn (November 1, 2013, December 4, 2013, March
17, 2014) to get Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and beach
orthophotos. The coastal topography changes associated
with storm events and human activities are assessed in terms
of either increase or decrease of sediment and the transition
of dry wet boundaries that determine the coastline.
Moreover, the flying height was set up at 70m altitude and
the flight programmed by Microdropter OSD tool software
to cover the entire region coast. In addition, UAV pilots and
observer have the duty to control the mission and carry out
take-off and landing operations. It interfered with GPS
guided flights in the case of unwanted RPAS behaviour and
the most important are the pilot has the duty to follow the
flight from the land station and convey the change from the
designated path to the pilot (Casella et al. 2016).
2.2. The Structure from Motion Approach on Coastal Environment
Beach geomorphology requires accurate topographical
information on coastal systems called for the
implementation of coastal erosion simulation, flood
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phenomenon, and coastal sediment budget assessment. For
such a study, the availability of topographic datasets is a
specific basis for systems characterized by complex
morphology. The presence of sand dunes should be carefully
considered because of their role in coastal defence as a
natural protective feature, providing sediment supply to the
shore and protecting the interior from storm surges (Mancini
et al. 2013).
This study stated that the unmanned aerial vehicle
(UAV) for reconstruction of the 3D coastal environment is
being investigated in this study. UAV images in the sandy
beach environment require additional verification
procedures. Tidal plates, beaches, and sewerage systems
show different differences in images obtained by air surveys
near the possibility of responding to the dominant grain size
or with the presence of coastal plants. This study was
successfully held at Ravenna, Italy on the North Adriatic
coast. The Ravenna coastline, stretching less than 40 km in
the direction of N-S, is characterized by the presence of a
natural site and sandy beach equipped, sometimes bordered
with pine forests, and proximate urban areas. Almost all of
these areas are affected by erosive trends as a result of
several factors, such as the reduction of strong river
sediment supply, the destruction of sand dunes system by
tourism-related pressure, the establishment of ports and
poles that affect sedimentation along the coast, land
subsidence, ineffective defensive structure, and rising sea
levels.
Despite, Mancini et al. (2013) also found that UAV
system used is the VTOL (Vertical Take Off and Landing)
hexacopter designed and produced by Sal Engineering (Sea
Air Land) and is equipped with calibrated Canon EOS 550D
digital cameras. The survey line was designed using an
orthophoto air at an average aviation height of 40 m and the
acquisition was automatically set at one shot per second.
Operating operations and landing operations are manually
guided by remote pilots. During the survey, flights are
automatically enabled by waypoints. Acquisition time
provides up to 10 overlapping images for any single land
feature and any attempt to visualize coverage of aerial
imagery for a limited area will result in a somewhat
confused figure.
Further, The NRTKs have been used on May 27, 2013.
The NRTK study has a threefold collection purpose.
Eighteen 3D Land Control Points (GCPs) consisting of
cubes (30×40×30 cm) with 20 cm wide board chess are
printed at the top, 126 Points of Authentication (VP) at a
surface level along five transects across the whole Dots, and
19 Vertical Targets (VTs) designed for georeferenced. The
GNSS-NRTK study performed by multiple frequency GRS1
(Topcon) for the mentioned datasets (GCPs, VPs, and VTs)
each produces RMS values less than 0.018 m and 0.029 m
for horizontal and vertical precision respectively. Horizontal
coordinates are referred to the UTM 33N Zone (ETRF00),
while the vertical values also referred to min sea level using
the ITALGEO2005 geoid model provided by the Italian
Institute of Geography (IGMI) (Teatini, Ferronato,
Gambolati, Bertoni, & Gonella, 2005).
Table 1: Hexcopter Specification (Mancini et al. 2013)
Manufacturer Description
Type Micro-drone Hexacopter
Engine Power 6 Electric Brushles
Dimension & Weight 100 cm, 3.3 kg (total
weight for all equipment
is approximately 5 kg)
Flight Mode Dual, automatic based on
waypoints or base on
wireless control
Endurance Standard 20 min (+5 min
safety
Camera Configurations Digital gimbal, Canon
EOS 550D (focal length
27 mm), res. 5184 ×
3456 Bi-axial roll and
pitch control
2.3. Delineation a Part of Shoreline of the Chosen Pond at Pohranov Pond, Czech Republic
The attractive area is close to the town of Pardubice, in the
Czech Republic. Case study studies part of Pohranov's beach
shoreline, close to Pohranov municipality. The pond size is
0.4 km2and it is surrounded by forests. This means that the
observation to collect the data is difficult. Satellite
Imagination does not provide data with the appropriate
resolution. Therefore, UAV represents a more appropriate
way of data collection in this case. The UAV provides data
in high contrast and lower costs are also lower. Tarot 690 is
one of UAV type was used for Pohranov pond monitoring. It
can be characterized as follows: vent tool; 6 gears; Average
impeller of 0.985 m; Height of 0.35 m, the maximum speed
of 70 km / h. This UAV has the following restrictions
(conditions where it cannot be used): temperature below -
10ºC; wind spinner from 10 m.s-1; mist with sight below 100
m; frozen creation on airscrew; drizzle, rain and snow. The
conclusion must be done several times in a few days to get a
short time series. The time horizons are selected according
to the weather conditions described above and cover longer
periods of time ie: 7. 7. 2015, 18. 7. 2015, 23. 8. 2015 and 2.
11. 2015. The flight altitude is 80 m (high installed in UAV
software before the flight) for all flights (Čermáková et al.
2016).
This article also mentioned that during the observation,
videos were collected by the UAV cameras are on the
spectrum only. Videos provided from UAV must be initially
processed to create an image of each observation. In
particular, the image must be selected and created from the
video. Software not available Free Video to JPG Converter
is used for this step. Combining all the collected images into
one picture is the next step. Image Composer Editor
(available for free) is used for this step. A Mosaicsgenerated
from the image cannot be distorted as only the central part is
selected for merging. The centre of the image cannot be
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inferred. The resulting image represents our monitored area
and changes during the monitoring period. Figure 1 shows
the type of UAV used in this observation.
Figure 1: UAV Tarot 690 (dji, 2017)
3. Discussion of the Possibility of UAV Application
Based on the all methods were combined to display the
possibility of UAV application to monitor the physical
changes of the coast, show that UAV is capable for
monitoring coastal changes and it is sufficient to state that
using UAV is good enough to see the physical changes of
the coastal area. Various of UAV methods have been
utilised to monitor the shoreline changes such as based on
the previous literature show that all the images acquisition
was taken at range altitude from 40m to 80m. Furthermore,
show that within that range of altitude, after mosaicking
stage it will produce the orthophoto result to see the physical
changes of the coastal area. The orthophoto result represents
the monitored area. The result can be seen more clearly
when the UAV is used as a major tool to retrieve the data
compared to satellite images where the image is unclear.
Mancini et al. (2013) identified that the coastal change
monitoring method needs to set off some control points
which the Ground Control Point (GCP) to the coordinate x,
y and z to avoid distortion. As example, the study at the
Ravenna, Italy used the GNSS-NRTK to produce RMS
values less than 0.018m for the horizontal and 0.029m for
the vertical precision. Therefore, when the image was
georeferenced by the coordinates the images is easy to
process and it will be placed at exact location. The less RMS
values get the less distortion will affected to the results.
However, the study at Pohranov Pond, Czech Republic
did not use the method of placing GCP in coastal areas
because they already get the reference data from the State
Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre (CUZK).
The data collection is focused on the video that was taken by
the UAV. The main disadvantage of this method is the
actual value of coordinate for georeferenced cannot get the
real value because there is no in situ observation to get the
real coordinate but still can use to process the data to get the
orthophoto.
Thus, since the possibility of UAV application to
monitor shoreline changes has been proved, I will choose
low cost UAV to monitor shoreline to see the physical
changes at coastal area.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, this paper is showed and proved that
shoreline changes can be monitored by UAV application.
Based on all the previous study, using UAV for monitor the
shoreline changes is one of the most successful methods for
determining and see the physical changes on the shoreline
area. UAV application is possible to monitor shoreline
changes. Further research can be conducted by using more
high intense of UAV to monitor shoreline changes.
Acknowledgements
Praise be to Allah Almighty for this opportunity. This study
is supported by a Research Discipline Research Grant
Scheme (TRGS/1/201/UKM /02/5/1). The author also
wishes to thank the Earth Observation Centre, Institute of
Climate Change, UKM.
References
[1] Casella, E., Rovere, A., Pedroncini, A., Stark, C. P.,
Casella, M., Ferrari, M. & Firpo, M. 2016. Drones as
tools for monitoring beach topography changes in the
Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean). Geo-Marine Letters,
36(2), 151–163. doi:10.1007/s00367-016-0435-9
[2] Čermáková, I., Komárková, J. & Sedlák, P. 2016. Using
UAV to detect shoreline changes: Case study -
pohranov pond, Czech Republic. International Archives
of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial
Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives, 2016–
Janua(July), 803–808. doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-
B1-803-2016
[3] Gonçalves, J. A. & Henriques, R. 2015. UAV
photogrammetry for topographic monitoring of coastal
areas. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing, 104, 101–111.
doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.02.009
[4] Mancini, F., Dubbini, M., Gattelli, M., Stecchi, F.,
Fabbri, S. & Gabbianelli, G. 2013. Using unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAV) for high-resolution reconstruction
of topography: The structure from motion approach on
coastal environments. Remote Sensing, 5(12).
doi:10.3390/rs5126880
[5] Turner, I. L., Harley, M. D. & Drummond, C. D. 2016.
UAVs for coastal surveying. Coastal Engineering, 114,
19–24. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2016.03.011
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Study on Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) for Selangor Coastal
Area
Muhammad Afiq Ibrahim1, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud1, 2, Fazly Amri Mohd2,
Mohd Radzi Abdul Hamid3, Nor Aslinda Awang3
1Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) 2Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
3Coastal Management & Oceanography Research Centre, National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia,
Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment, Selangor, Malaysia
*corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Sea level rise has high potential on changing and affecting
the ecosystem that already exist in the local area. This also
affects the local residential and local activities at the coastal
area. The rate of sea level rise is greater than the global rate
especially at low ground area. Thus, this research is to study
on coastal vulnerability index (CVI) for Selangor coastal
area. Selangor coastal area has been announced as one of the
area that is affected by erosion due to sea-level rise impact.
This area has been reported to be eroded for the past few
years until today and still on going. The only way to deal with
this is to do some adjustment and adaptation on the coastal
area so that the effect of sea-level rise can be minimized.
Using coastal vulnerability index (CVI) method, which is a
relatively simple and functional method that can be used to
estimate the vulnerability of the coastal area against erosion
due to of sea-level rise phenomena. In this study, six physical
parameters were taken count in coastal vulnerability index
calculation. By ranking the vulnerability of the coastal area,
it is easier to identify the areas that area comparatively more
vulnerable to sea-level rise changes.
1. Introduction
Climate change has causes the change on the environment
such as ice on rivers breaking up earlier, the shrunk of the
glaciers and also plant and animals ranges have shifted. This
will result on melting of ice, sea level rise and global
warming as shown in figure 1 below. The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted that the
global temperature will rise from 2.5 up to 10 degrees
Fahrenheit over the next century [1]. The increases in global
temperature somehow give beneficial impacts on some area
and harmful ones in the others. As the global temperature
increase over time, the net annual cost also increases. Earth
ecosystem is disturbed because of the global climate change
that occurs regularly today. Humans and other living things
on Earth is threatened by the climate change that causes
many houses and habitats were destroyed and less place left
for living.
Climate change shows the difference on earth atmosphere
condition which is mainly consist of the sea, surface area that
is covered by ice and also all human activities [2]. The
physical impact of sea level rise is explained that sea level
rise leads to flood and also the movement of low-land and
humid-land on the Earth [3]. Due to this, the local community
live nearby coastal area is threatened and disturbance in
economic activities in that area. That’s why it is very
important to know the hydrodynamic behaviour of the sea
based on several aspects includes the beach structure,
sediment transportation and also the beach morphology
change and assessment. The effect of sea level rise from
global warming has cause the coastal area and nearby island
in Malaysia to be affected by flood, coastal erosion and
destruction of ecosystem at wetlands and swamp areas. The
flood incidence at Johor in 2007 might be one of the sea level
rise effect that may cause from the heating temperature in
Malaysia that destroy a large-scale settlement area and also
affecting the economic activities in the area.
2. Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI)
Coastal vulnerability index (CVI) is a relatively simple and
functional method that can be used to estimate the
vulnerability to erosion of any coastal zone regarding the
future sea-level rise [5]. It is an index representative of six
physical variables to be related in a quantifiable manner that
can be easily understandable. The six physical variables
includes geomorphology, mean tidal range, sea-level rise
rate, erosion and accretion, mean height and significant wave
and also coastal slope. It combines the sensitivity of coastal
zone to changes and also the ability of the coastal to adapt
the changes made. Using numerical data that is arranged by
ranking, this method can highlight the areas where the
various effects of sea-level rise may be the greatest. The
geometric average is quite sensitive to small changes in
individual ranking factors but the square root is used to
reduce the extreme range. Thus, it is important to identify the
coastal vulnerability index of the coastal area before
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executing any methods of coastal protection at a specific area
in order to prevent any erosion cases.
2.1. CVI Calculation
CVI value can be calculated using the following formula. By
multiplying all the parameters and divide into total number of
parameters then square root of the answer is the CVI value.
The formula can be represented as follows:
6
)*****( fedcbaCVI , (1)
where;
a = geomorphology
b = mean tidal range
c = sea-level rise
d = erosion and accretion
e = mean height and significant wave
f = coastal slope
3. Discussion
The discussion of this paper is focusing on the basic physical
parameters that is used for coastal vulnerability index in
Selangor coastal area. The following parameter are suitable
and has been identified to be used for coastal vulnerability
index study at Selangor coastal area. The parameters are
listed below.
3.1. Geomorphology
Geomorphology is the study of the nature and history of
landforms and the processes which create them. Initially, the
subject was committed to unravelling the history of landform
development, but to this evolutionary approach has been
added a drive to understand the way in which
geomorphological processes operate. In many cases,
geomorphologists have tried to model geomorphological
processes, and, more recently, some have been concerned
with the effect of human agency on such processes.
3.2. Mean Tidal Range
Tidal range is the difference between the high tide and the low
tide. The tidal range is the vertical difference between the
high tide and the succeeding low tide. Tides are the rise and
fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the
gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the
rotation of the Earth. The tidal range is not constant, but
changes depending on where the sun and the moon are. The
most extreme tidal range occurs when the gravitational forces
of both the Sun and Moon are aligned, reinforcing each other
in the same direction which is called the new moon or in the
opposite directions which is called the full moon. This type of
tide is known as a spring tide. During neap tides, when the
Moon and Sun's gravitational force are in a right angle to the
Earth's orbit, the difference between high and low tides is
smaller. Neap tides occur during the first and last quarters of
the moon's phases. The largest annual tidal range can be
expected around the time of the equinox, if accidental with a
spring tide.
Tidal data for coastal areas are published by the
Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM). It is
based on astronomical phenomena and it is predictable. Storm
force winds blowing from a constant direction for a prolonged
time interval combined with low atmospheric pressure can
increase the tidal range, especially in narrow bays. Such
weather-related effects on the tide, which can cause ranges in
excess of predicted values and can cause localized flooding,
are not calculable in advance.
3.3. Sea-level Rise Rate
Sea level rise is an increase in the volume of water in the
world’s oceans which resulting in an increase in global mean
sea level. Sea level rise is due to global climate change by
thermal expansion of the water in the oceans and by melting
of ice sheets and glaciers on land. Sea level rise at specific
locations may be more or less than the global average
depending on the environment of the location. Sea level rise
is expected to be ongoing for centuries. Based on IPCC
Summary for Policymakers, AR5, 2014, indicated that the
global mean sea level rise will continue during the 21st
century, very likely at a faster rate than observed from 1971
to 2010. Sea level rises significantly influence human
populations in both coastal and island regions and also
affecting natural environments like marine ecosystems in the
area.
3.4. Erosion and Accretion
Erosion is the action of surface processes such as water flow
or wind that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one
location to another location. Natural rates of erosion are
controlled by the action of geomorphic drivers, such as
rainfall, bedrock wear in rivers, coastal erosion by the sea and
waves, glacial plucking, and mass movement processes in
steep landscapes like landslides and wreckage flows. The
rates of such processes act control the rate of erosion.
Processes of erosion that produce sediment or solutes from a
place contrast with those of deposition, which control the
arrival and emplacement of material at a new location. While
erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased
the rate at which erosion is occurring globally around the
world.
Accretion is the process of coastal sediment returning to
the visible portion of a beach or foreshore following a
submersion event. A sustainable beach or foreshore often
goes through a cycle of submersion during rough weather
then accretion during calmer periods. If a coastline is not in a
healthy sustainable state, then erosion can be more serious
and accretion does not fully restore the original volume of the
visible beach or foreshore leading to permanent beach loss.
3.5. Mean Height and Significant Wave
The wave height value in a forecast, and reported by ships and
buoys is called the significant wave height. The term
significant wave height is historical as this value appeared to
be well correlated with visual estimates of wave height from
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experienced observers. It can be shown to correspond to the
average 1/3rd highest waves (H1/3).
3.6. Coastal Slope
Coastal slope is an indication of the relative vulnerability to
inundation and the potential rapidity of shoreline retreat
because low-sloping coastal regions should retreat faster than
steeper regions. The regional slope of the coastal zone was
calculated from a grid of topographic and bathymetry
elevations extending about 5 km landward and seaward of the
shoreline.
4. Conclusion
Based on the discussion that has been made, it is clearly seen
that by using the six physical parameters, which are
geomorphology, mean tidal range, sea-level rise, erosion and
accretion, mean height and significant wave and coastal slope
of coastal vulnerability index formula by Gornitz, more
accurate estimation can be obtained regarding the
vulnerability of the coastal area to erosion. It also combines
the sensitivity of the coastal area to changes and also allow
the ability of the coastal area to adapt with the new
conditions. Thus, all the physical parameters would be used
for coastal vulnerability index (CVI) at Selangor coastal area
for further research.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the National Hydraulic Research
Institute Malaysia (NAHRIM). I also would like to
acknowledge to Ministry of Education for supporting the
TRGS research grant (TRGS/1/2015/UKM/02/5/1).
References
[1] IPCC. 2013. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). IPCC, s. 10-12.
[2] Md.Jahi, J. 2009. Pembangunan Pelancongan dan Impaknya terhadap Persekitaran Fizikal Pinggir Pantai.
Malaysian Journal of Environmental Management,
10(2), 18.
[3] Faour, Ghaleb, Fayad, Abbas, Mhawej, Mario. 2013. “GIS-Based Approach to the Assessment of Coastal
Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise: Case Study on the
Eastern Mediterranean” 1 (i): 41– 48.
[4] Gornitz, V., White, T. W. & Cushman, R. M. 1991. Vulnerability of the US to future sea level rise.
Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean
Management, 2354–2368.
doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.
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GIS-integrated Infrastructure Asset Management System
Muhammad Aqiff Abdul Wahid1, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud2,3, Mohd Aizat Saiful Bahri4,
Muhammad Amartur Rahman4, Othman Jaafar4
1Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia 2Earth Observation Centre (EOC), Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
3Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Malaysia 4Prasarana UKM, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
*corresponding auhor, E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Infrastructure asset management is a core process in asset
management. An organisation is constantly striving for a
better infrastructure asset management to ensure the
effectiveness in decision making. This paper aims to
investigate how infrastructure asset management can be
integrated with geographic information systems (GIS)
technology. In the previous study, multiple questions were
asked to identify how GIS can be integrated with asset
management, the requirements and the challenges also. The
studies revealed that GIS and asset management can be
integrated with spatial and non-spatial information of the
assets in GIS environment. However, there are requirements
and challenges in the process, such as the data need to be
converted into digital and GIS format. The size of
geodatabase also will mostly be occupied and it is a
necessity to have big storage. GIS technology also needs to
have the ability to absorb new technology which means it is
customizable based on projects and operations. The paper
provides an in-depth overview of how GIS can be integrated
with infrastructure asset management and highlight the
importance of GIS technology in asset management. An
integrated pipeline management systems was develop as a
preliminary prototype. The advantage is that it can improve
the effectiveness of decision making and managing pipeline
network.
1. Introduction
Infrastructure assets such as sewers, water pipes, roads and
electricity lines are the supporting pillars of a society
specifically an organization such as a university.
Infrastructure asset is a multiplex structure with extremely
important and essential elements for an organization [1]. In
addition, [2,3,4] mentioned that economic growth also
depends on the imperative role of the infrastructure asset.
The important roles of infrastructure assets require massive
attention from the management of an organization such as
policy makers, decision makers, asset managers and also
down to technical staff and users.
Investment in the development of the infrastructure
assets for a university is focusing on the maintaining the
good environment. Education institution needs to provide a
very calm and productive environment for their community
to enhance the learning process and to produce the next
generation that can benefit the country. Thus, infrastructure
asset management plays a vital role to support the needs of
the university’s community. The infrastructure assets also
should be uses and pass to many generations. Taken
together, managing asset is not a simple task. It takes a great
responsibility and many decisions can be wrong without
fully recognizing the complexity, diversity, and social and
technological evolution of the system [1]. Furthermore, a
great responsibility comes with great challenges. One of the
purposes of managing infrastructure asset is to extend its life
value. Without a proper method or tools, the inefficiencies
will lead to many negative decisions, profit loss and lastly
the investment becomes a waste.
At the same time, emerging new technology, science and
mathematics are influencing our approaches and
understanding in designing and analyzing infrastructure. The
public is getting aware the importance of good management
practice and its change the philosophy of long term
management responsibility [1,5]. In addition, new
technology such as Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS),
Supervision, Control, and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and
Geographic Information System (GIS) signal the start of a
new understanding of future management system. This
paper briefly discusses the advantages of GIS technology in
infrastructure asset management as a decision support tool.
2. Methodology
This study was conducted to customise web applications
using ArcGIS Online – WebApp Builder to visualise the
information of pipeline infrastructure in UKM and also to
integrate the information of pipeline infrastructure with GIS
geodatabase. The study will cover UKM, Bangi area. The
study is divided into four phases as a guideline and each
phase needs to be done according to the guideline in order to
ensure the objectives can be achieved. Figure 1 shows the
workflow of the study.
Database design and application design is important
phase where all the spatial and non-spatial data are link
together. Then, the application needs to be able to
understand the database environment and able to translate
the data into a display in the application. Both of database
and application development used desktop and online
application of ESRI’s software.
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Figure 1: System development framework
3. GIS in Asset Management
Spatial and information system capabilities of GIS
technology becomes an obvious solution to assist in the
management of infrastructure asset [6]. The capabilities to
answer questions about location, patterns, trends and
conditions that is GIS [7]. Many well-known that GIS can be
viewed as a software package, which is used to collect,
store, manipulate, analyze and display output data [8].
In theory Information Technology (IT) in asset
management have three major roles. IT is utilized in
collection, storage, and analysis of information spanning
asset lifecycle processes. Secondly, IT provides decision
support capabilities through the analytic conclusions from
analysis of data. Thirdly, IT provides an integrated view of
asset management through processing and communication
of information and thereby allow for the basis of asset
management functional integration [9]. The minimum
requirements for asset management at the operational and
tactical levels is to provide functionality that facilitates;
knowing what and where the assets that the organization own and is responsible for are
knowing the condition of the assets
establishing suitable maintenance, operational and renewal regimes to suit the
assets and the level of service required of them by present and future customers
reviewing maintenance practices
implementing job/resources management
improving risk management techniques
identifying the true cost of operations and maintenance, and
optimizing operational procedures [10].
Taking the point of knowing what and where the location
of the assets is where GIS comes to be acknowledged the
transformation of GIS technology from desktop-based
solution to the enterprise system will give the chance for an
organization to use spatial application in asset management
and services. A system with spatial integration is capable to
analyses a complex data structure based on spatial location,
such as visualize data using a map using various relation to
show the proximity, adjacency, and others spatial
relationship [11]. Asset management system with integration
of GIS technology is best suited for spatial asset
management. In addition, GIS technology plays an
important role in asset management within utility, power,
government, transportation, telecommunication, and much
more in asset intensive industry by providing the additional
tools for collecting and updating data with spatial location
[11].
The impact of GIS is increasing as the users and the
organization is keen to know the status of the asset but also
the location of the asset. Furthermore, many previous studies
of GIS integration to computerized maintenance
management systems (CMMS) have concluded that the
system integration will only benefit the user such as:
providing maps of utility with the work orders; tracing water
pipeline infrastructure prior to fieldwork; planning travel
roads for work crews; and scheduling maintenance of
infrastructure assets [12]. The integration of GIS with the
process of asset management will be a very effective
geospatial solution [11]. The process of planning and
making decisions will be better and also it will improve the
productivity and the customer relation will become more
convenient.
4. GIS-Integrated Infrastructure Asset Management
The key challenge to achieving effective infrastructure asset
management is to improve the effectiveness of decision
making. However, effective infrastructure asset
management seems to be more challenging since: the
function of infrastructure assets is complex; a standard is
needed to define failure and benefits of the assets; and these
standards are hard to quantify or measure [13]. At the same
time, the challenges faced from the complexity caused by
technical, economic, environmental, political and social
factors [14]. Over the years, the expectations in terms of
reliability, safety and availability of the infrastructure
networks also have steadily increased [15]. The crucial
assessment here is infrastructure asset management is a
method of a process to help improve the decision making.
The complexity faces in infrastructure asset management
have continually caused public agencies or an organization
to continually allocated large budgets for the maintenance,
renovation and reconstruction work. However, this situation
has effected many agencies. These agencies are unable to
guarantee a performance level that meets the expectations
of the public because of budgetary constraints [16]. The
new approach has emerged in asset management for public
agencies which to achieve more value with fewer resources
[17]. While these approaches clearly pointed out different
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kind of models, numbers and decisions focus, there are
three general areas of decision making can be identified:
decisions with regard to the infrastructure objectives of the public agencies;
decisions with regard to the performance-related situation of the agency’s infrastructure; and
decisions with regard to the interventions applied by the agency to the infrastructure [16].
Another approach to improve the decision making is to
integrate infrastructure asset inventory data and spatial data
by using GIS technology. This approach will not only
improve the data access but the management capability with
the information that will make the decision effective.
4.1. Requirements and Challenges
The main purpose of a GIS-integrated infrastructure asset
management system is to maintain an accurate, updated, and
reliable data on the current infrastructure assets. Moreover,
the systems enable users to efficiently access this data to
make future predictions and decisions of the infrastructure
performance, to plan maintenance operations and
maintenance budget [18]. The goal requires as such
requirements:
modeling and management of infrastructure physical, functional, and performance data as well as gathering
condition data in a timely and effective manner
interoperation and data exchange between different function-specific software tools
modeling, management, and coordination of maintenance operations and effective communication of
accurate and timely information
the ability to customize the system to specific project or organization policies and to accommodate various
operations that reflect industry practices [19].
Each of these requirements has its own challenge to be
addressed. Firstly is the data, probably the most crucial
challenge that needs to be sort before the others. The size,
complexity, and the nature of data present several challenges
that the integrated system needs to address. An efficient data
gathering, analysis, and management techniques are the key
to develop successful GIS-integrated infrastructure asset
management system. Furthermore, the integrated system
should also support different modes of data access and
exchange such as centralized geodatabase, application-to-
application file exchange, and Intranet/Extranet access
[18,19].
To support the integration and interoperability of legacy
software tools a standard module need to be established.
This important implication in reducing the systems
implementation and maintenance time and cost [20]. It is
important not to spend money for a new tools or technology
when you can just upgrade current one by reused its in other
ways. By using this module also will not impact the
operation of the systems in overall.
Infrastructure asset management is not a single
operation, it is a multi-disciplinary process that involves a
lot of different operations but with the same purpose.
Although, it is very important to manage the inter-dependent
operations in a coordinated manner. Integrated systems
should enable the efficient flow of information among
various activities such as efficient access, sharing,
management, and tracking of documents. Infrastructure asset
management team needs to share information to organize
their tasks [18,19].
The integrated systems also should have a modular
architecture to cope with future modification, extension, and
technology improvement. Furthermore, another major
design consideration is the necessity to separate the
responsibilities between the function-specific toolset and
other framework components. Tools would provide users
with the functionality to perform specific tasks, while the
integrated systems components would provide the
functionality to integrate and manage different processes.
5. Implementation of an Integrated Pipeline Management Systems
A preliminary prototype has been developed on an
integrated pipeline management systems to support the
maintenance management of the National University of
Malaysia, Bangi as shown in Figure 2. The integrated
systems implemented several requirements as described in
the previous topic. Modelling and management of
infrastructure data in timely and effective manner. Second,
the data exchange between different software also can be
achieved. Thirdly, effective and accurate timely information
also can be shared among the management and
stakeholders. Lastly, the ability to customize the systems to
accommodate various operations and projects.
Figure 2: GIS-integrated pipeline management system.
As for the GIS-integrated pipeline management systems,
ESRI software which is ArcGIS has been chosen as a
medium application to integrate all the spatial and non-
spatial information. Moreover, a web GIS application will
be used to access all the pipeline information. The
integrated web GIS applications should provide an
informative solution to the users. Combining the database
that keeps all the information of the infrastructures and a
geodatabase that contain the spatial information of the
infrastructures into one and can access in one application.
ArcGIS Online technology is a convenient method to
use for publishing spatial data online [20]. It is a
collaborative, cloud-based platform that allows members of
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an organization to use, create, and share maps, apps, and
data, including authoritative basemaps published by ESRI.
Through ArcGIS Online user will get access to ESRI’s
secure cloud, and use it to manage, create, store, and access
data as published web layers, and because ArcGIS Online is
an integral part of the ArcGIS system, user can use it to
extend the capabilities of ArcGIS for Desktop, ArcGIS for
Server, ArcGIS apps, and ArcGIS Web APIs, and ArcGIS
Runtime SDKs.
The applications already provide many templates that
can be used for the web applications and the user also can
choose to build new applications using Web AppBuilder.
Web AppBuilder offers the user more choices in
configuring the appearance, settings and functionality of the
web application. Furthermore, the web application using
visual and compositional themes offer in the Web
AppBuilder and following widgets layer list, attribute table,
print, zoom slider, measurement, home, scalebar, coordinate
and filter are added to provide more options for the user.
Once the web applications are ready it has an option where
it can be shared among the organization members. Only an
authorized member will have an access to the web
application because of the data security issues.
GIS-integrated asset management system is becoming
more of necessity in asset management, generally.
Infrastructure assets information which is previously stored
using conventional methods such as in paper form, paper
maps, CAD drawing and standard database are not efficient
anymore. However, this information can be used by
converting them into a geospatial data format. Converting
these information into digital based in not an easy task and
might take big size of data storage. Furthermore, a
geodatabase is created to store all the information. Spatial
data and attribute data are connected to each other in the
geodatabase. ESRI’s software such as ArcGIS is an
application to create, manage, edit, manipulate, visualize
and publish geospatial data.
The published service would be used in ArcGIS Online
and act as a medium to customise a web map application.
The web-map application is capable to provide and
visualize the spatial and non-spatial information of each
infrastructure asset. In addition, assets information can
easily be shared among the university management and with
the advantage of GIS mapping the information can easily be
interpreted by everyone.
6. Conclusion
Asset management is already existed a long time ago.
Although, the method is difference to what exists today, the
purpose of asset management is still the same. It is to have
an inventory of the assets and to make sure the investment
will only gain profit in the future. GIS capabilities in
providing a good platform for the user to customize and
configure the applications based on the user needs is a
privilege for the user to integrate it with infrastructure asset
management.
The process of storing, editing, manipulating and
visualizing the information of the infrastructure asset
becomes more convenient and efficient. Moreover, users are
able to access the updated data and share it among the
members of the organization. A good infrastructure asset
management will always benefit the organisation in many
ways. It would be a great help to management in making
better planning and decisions for the better future of the
organisation and its customers.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge and thankful for the financial
support given by the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Top
Down Grant through TD-2016-012.
References
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Infrastructure, (410), 7–24. 1998.
[2] E. Too, Infrastructure asset: developing maintenance management capability. Facilities, 30(5/6), 234–253,
2012.
[3] L. Hardwicke, Australian infrastructure report card. Barton, ACT: Engineers Australia. 2005.
[4] M.V.D. Mandele, W. Walker, S. Bexelius, Policy development for infrastructure networks: concepts and
ideas, Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 12(2), pp. 69–
76, 2006.
[5] R. Haas, W.R. Hudson, L. Falls, Pavement Asset Management. Pavement Asset Management, 2015.
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[7] D.I. Heywood, S. Cornelius, S. Carver, An introduction to geographical information systems, Harlow, England
; N.Y. : Prentice Hall, 2011.
[8] P.A. Burrough, and R.A.McDonnell, Principles of Geographical Information Systems, Oxford University
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[9] N.A.J. Hastings, Physical asset management. Physical Asset Management, 2010.
[10] A.Haider, Governance of IT for engineering asset management. Business Transformation through
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Association Conference, IBIMA 2010, hlm.Vol. 1, 77–
95, 2010.
[11] J. Campbell, A.K.S.J. Jardine, McGlynn, Asset management excellence: optimizing equipment life-
cycle decisions. Dekker Mechanical Engineering,
2011.
[12] J. McKibben, D. Davis, Integrating GIS, computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS) and asset
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management. 22nd Annual ESRI International User
Conference, 2002.
[13] R. Dekker, Applications of maintenance optimization models: a review and analysis. Reliability Engineering
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[14] R.I. Godau, The changing face of infrastructure management. Systems Engineering, 2(4), 226–236,
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[16] D. Schraven, A. Hartmann, G. Dewulf, Effectiveness of infrastructure asset management: challenges for
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[17] F.L. Moon, A.E. Aktan, H. Furuta, M. Dogaki, “Governing issues and alternate resolutions for a
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management”, Structure and Infrastructure
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Assessing of Shoreline Changes by using Geospatial Technique
Siti Norsakinah Selamat1, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud1&2, and Othman Jaafar2
1Earth Observation Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
*corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
The changing of the shoreline position has become a major
problem that involve coastal zones around the world.
Therefore, analysing and understanding of shoreline
changes are importance task to address the issues of
shoreline changes. This study focuses on determination
analysis rate of shoreline changes using the geospatial
technique in 1993 to 2014. To archive our objectives multi
temporal data and high spatial resolution imagery used as
investigation data. The rate of shoreline changes was
computed using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS)
technique, where end point rate (EPR) has been used in this
study to determine the rate of shoreline changes for short
term analysis. Approximately 348 transects along Bagan
Pasir was created with 25 meter interval. Results illustrated
the average rate of shoreline changes between 0.01 to -
33.28 m/year during 1993 and 2006. From 2006 to 2014,
the rate of changes existed from 0.01 to 46.64 m/year. The
research proved that DSAS method can be an effective way
to determine the rate of shoreline changes.
1. Introduction
Climate change issues are the main problem that are often
discussed around the world. According to the [1] climate
change is a weather changing process that is complicated
and time consuming. Generally, climate change is not a
change of weather because the weather naturally changes
daily and even changes every hour. Climate change is a
weather pattern that has changed dramatically in recent
years and long term effects. These phenomena influenced by
two major factors that are natural changes and human
activities that contribute to the increase of greenhouse gases.
Therefore, critical natural disasters such as rising sea levels,
floods, landslides, coastal erosion, drought, forest fires and
haze due to the effects of climate change.
Human activity is a major factor contributing to climate
change from the mid-20th century [2]. Climate change can
also be attributed to the rise in global temperatures, known
as global warming. The phenomenon of global warming has
risen and is forecast to increase over time. Ice melting in the
Arctic is a major factor that causes sea level rise and poses a
threat especially to countries with high population rates and
socio-economic activities on coastal areas. Globally there
are about 400 million people living in the 20 meter sea level
and within 20 km of the beach [3] and stated these
phenomena seriously amplify risks to coastal populations
[4].
Nowadays, National development has been rising over
the years. Regarding that, coastal zones were recognized as a
centre of economy and tourism for the coastal country. The
increase in coastal populations indirectly contributes to the
development of coastal development. Malaysia has also
faced this situation. Hence monitoring coastal zones is
crucial for protecting and maintaining the environment so as
not to be affected by the development of coastal
development [3].
Shoreline change is one of the most dynamic processes
in coastal areas. Shoreline changes occurred caused by two
major phenomena such as natural phenomena and human
activities. In [5], it is found that natural change was due to
the process of unification between waves, currents, tides and
streams that often caused conflicts in the process of erosion.
Besides that shoreline is known as the main component
when determining the territorial boundaries of an area, but
unfortunately these zone is considered fragile area and easy
to change. Therefore, the mapping of shoreline changes
becomes an important process for analysing the history of
change and overcoming these problems.
Shoreline changes studies have been widely studied by
many authors such as [6], [7], [8], and [9]. Traditionally,
shoreline changes have been assessed by survey measuring,
where field measurements are needed to clarify data [10]
and [11]. However, rising technology help overcome this
problem. Geographical Information System (GIS) and
Remote Sensing technology able to cover a wide area and
capable to solve this problem efficiently. It can be proven by
the study conducted by [12], [13], and [14] which proves the
study using this approach is very useful and valuable.
The study area corresponds to the west coast of
Malaysia. It is located in Bagan Pasir, Selangor. These coast
categories as the muddy coast and recognized as density
populated area. Other than that, this area also knows as a
centre of economic for communities. Figure 1 illustrated the
condition of Bagan Pasir coastal area.
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Figure 1: Location of study Area
This study explores the analysis of shoreline changes
using DSAS approach to investigate erosion and accretion
phenomena and calculate the rate of shoreline changes that
have occurred. The main goals of this study to analysis the
shoreline change over the year and compare patterns of
changes for short term changes.
2. Materials and Methods
This paper focuses on determination shoreline changes using
multi-resolution and multi-temporal data. The study adopted
a methodology for extraction shoreline position and
determine the rate of changes is that used by several authors
[12], [14], and [15]. This methodology is based on three
stage of data process which is extraction shoreline position,
DSAS processing and analysis rate of shoreline changes.
2.1. Data Sources
In this study, SPOT 5 and topographic maps datasets
acquired from 1993 to 2014 were used to determine the rate
of shoreline changes along Bagan Pasir area. Table1 shows
the data sources used for determination of shoreline changes.
Projection systems used in this study are Rectified Skew
Orthomorphic (RSO) in meter unit.
Table 1: Data sources used for this study
Type of data Year Scale/Resolutio
n
Topographic map 199
3
1: 50 000
SPOT 5 200
6
2.5 meter
SPOT 5 201
4
2.5 meter
2.2. Shoreline Extraction
The shoreline dataset from 1993 to 2014 was extracted
using ArcGIS 10.4 software by using manual digitizing
technique.
2.3. Shoreline Analysis
DSAS V4.4 is an extension of ArcGIS 10 software, was
developed by United States Geological Survey (USGS)
[16]. The DSAS provided five statistical methods to
determined rate of changes such as shoreline changes
envelop (SCE), Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), End Point
Rate (EPR), Linear Regression Rate (LRR), and Least
Medium of Square (LMS). This approach can calculate the
rate of shoreline change either short term or long term
changes. In addition, users can choose any method to
address their research objectives because every method has
their own advantages and disadvantages to calculate the
change. In this study used EPR calculation to determined
rate of shoreline changes. The EPR method is an effective
operation to determine short-term changes. This method
consider dividing the distance movement of shoreline by the
time between the older and the most recent time to
calculated rate of changes.
DSAS tool computes the rate of shoreline changes using
four steps: (1) shoreline preparation, (2) baseline creation,
(3) transect generation, and (4) computation rate of
shoreline changes by [16]. In order to determine the rate of
shoreline changes, 348 transects perpendicular to shoreline
were generated with 25 meter interval. The erosion and
accretion were calculated by using the difference between
older and most recent shoreline. At the end of this study, the
rate of erosion and accretion were categorized into six
classes as shown in Table 2.
Table 2: EPR shoreline classification [15]
Rate of shoreline
changes (m/year)
Shoreline classification
> -2 Very High Erosion
> -1 to < -2 High Erosion
> -1 to < 0 Moderate Erosion
0 Stable
> 0 to < 1 Moderate Accretion
> 1 to < 2 High Accretion
> 2 Very High Accretion
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3. Results and Discussion
Shoreline analysis was conducted for two different periods
which are from 1993 and 2006 and then from 2006 and
2014. The results of the present study show in table 3,
evaluation rate of shoreline changes using EPR method for
short term changes analysis. Based on the results obtained
from year 1993 and 2006 show the highest erosion rate of
33.28 meters per year, while the highest accretion rate only
14.00 meters per year. Minimum readings for erosion rate
also exceed the accretion rate where the erosion rate is 0.06
meters and the accretion rate is 0.01 meters per year. It may
be seen in 13 years, shows that erosion phenomena exceed
those accretion phenomena. Figure 2 illustrated map of EPR
classification based on the rate of changes that occurred
along 1993 and 2006.
Table 3: Rate of shoreline changes using EPR method
1993 - 2006 2006 -2014
Erosion Accretion Erosio
n Accretion
Maximum 33.28 14 39.56 46.64
Minimum 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01
Mean 11.7 6.09 13.16 9.26
Other than that, these results also show the rate of
changes that occurred along 2006 and 2014. The rate of
erosion changes from year 2006 and 2014 varied between
0.06 to 33.28 meters per year, while rates of accretion
changes fluctuate between 0.01 to 46.64 meters per year.
Here, the rate of erosion Here, the higher rate of erosion
was recorded is 39.56 meter while the accretion rate as high
as 46.65 meters per year. Based on these results shows both
rates of changes are significantly high recorded. Figure 3
represented map of shoreline classification based on EPR
calculation rate of changes between 2006 and 2014.
Based on these results, the rate of shoreline changes
during year 2006 and 2014 get the highest erosion rate
where applicable 39.56 meters per year compared with the
highest erosion during year 1993 and 2006 is 33.28 meters
per year. While, the highest rate of accretion occurred
during the year 2006 and 2014 compared with 1993 and
2006 where is 46.64 meters and 14.00 meters per year
respectively.
Figure 2: Classification rate of shoreline changes between
1993 and 2006
4. Conclusion
Bagan Pasir was known as high population density area
along the coast. It is also recognized as an economic centre
for some communities working in the fishing industry. The
historical investigation of shoreline changes is an important
task to determine the movement of shoreline for every year.
Monitoring of shoreline changes is easily and effectively
through GIS approach. This study provided the most
valuable information on the rate of shoreline changes
occurring at Bagan Pasir coastal area through DSAS
computation technique. This study has investigated the
changes according to two time period which are from 1993
and 2006 and then from 2006 and 2014. Based on the
analysis, Bagan Pasir experienced more erosion compared
with accretion phenomena. The findings showed that 1993
and 2006 indicated facing the higher erosion phenomena
compared with accretion which is 94.84% and 5.17%
respectively. Meanwhile, for 2006 and 2014 indicated the
same thing where the phenomena erosion still higher than
accretion phenomena with 68.43% and 31.57% respectively.
It may be seen along 21 years, shows that erosion
phenomena exceed that accretion phenomena occurred at
Bagan Pasir area. Therefore, further research and monitoring
are needed to emphasize the problem so that the erosion
phenomenon can be reduced.
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge to the Earth
Observation Centre, Institute of Climate Change, UKM for
sharing the satellite data. This study was supported by the
research grants of Trans Disciplinary Research Grant
Scheme (TRGS/1/2015/UKM/02/5/1) and Research
University Grant (AP-2015-009).
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Heat Stress on Mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) and Adaptation Options
Baseem M. Tamimi1, Wan Juliana Wan Ahmad1, Mohd. Nizam Mohd. Said1, Che Radziah
Che Mohd. Zain2
1School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 2School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
*corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Global climate change has shown to have a significant impact
on critical ecosystems, that in turn has led to elevated CO2
and temperatures that accompany changes in many abiotic
factors, including mangrove forests, facing challenges in
their habitat. This study was conducted to investigate the
morphological and physiological attributes of the mangrove
Rhizophora apiculata in response increased air temperature
for the selection of tree species that are able to adapt to
climate change. The seedlings were grown in controlled
growth chambers with temperature of 38°C, CO2 at 450 ppm
and controlled condition for three months. The plants were
watered with two litres of saline water of 28 ppt every 48
hours. Thus, after two weeks the mangrove recorded positive
results for all parameters to high temperature. The
differences in temperature resulted in significant differences
and negative interaction between CO2 and increased
temperature that led to serious damage to all samples
compared to controlled samples, and decreased growth and
photosynthesis rates. These results suggested that low levels
of photosynthetic capacity may be attributed to the decreased
CO2 fixative reaction system and photosynthetic pigment
contents.
1. Introduction
Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (CO2)
and concomitant increasing temperatures are changing the
global environment [1], due to these factors being
determinants in the photosynthetic rates in plants, any
changes they present in the atmospheric composition and
climate will significantly affect planetary ecosystems [2].
Over the last century, atmospheric CO2 concentration has
increased from 280 to 360ppm as previous studies have
indicated making this an eminent and undeniable global
environmental change (GEC), with the current rate of
increase averaging at 1.5 µmol mol–1 year–1 [3]. It’s expected
that CO2 concentrations can reach 700ppm by the end of the
century as global population and economic activity increases,
leading to warmer global temperatures [4]. Recent model
projections suggest a global mean surface air temperature
increase of 1 to 4.5°C by 2100 AD [5] and the 0.3 to 0.6°C
rise of mean annual surface air temperature over the last
century shows the clear effect of recent atmospheric changes
to projected increase in temperature [6]. However, important
details in (a) diurnal and seasonal patterns, (b) frequency,
timing and duration of extremes (e.g. high or low
temperatures, late or early frosts), and (c) climatic variability
can be obscured by these broad mean annual changes in
temperature predictions [7]. One example is that recent
scenarios predict most warming in mid- and high-northern
latitudes in late autumn and winter, and little or none (or even
a cooling in mid-latitudes) in summer [5], which could affect
growing season length. Indeed, there is already evidence of a
change in growing season length [8]. Another example is the
strong evidence that, over land, the increase in night time
minimum temperature has been about twice the increase in
the maximum [6]. Plant growth will be greatly affected by the
continuing changes in diurnal cycles compared to an even
change in temperature over 24 hours but these broad global
mean temperature predictions obscure aspects critical to
natural and managed ecosystems.
The conservation and restoration of mangroves and
associated coastal ecosystems play important roles in climate
change adaptation strategies. Mangroves are not only
valuable in climate change mitigation efforts, but they are
also influential in adaptation to changing climates [9]. Due to
the affect mangroves have in adapting to climate change,
more investments should be funneled to its development
plans as climate change adaptation is a growing concern in
most international development agendas [7]. Thus, the
objective o