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Proceedings of

the 5th International Seminar on New

Paradigm and Innovation on Natural Sciences

and Its Application

(5th ISNPINSA)

Diponegoro University (UNDIP),

ICT Centre, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 7-8 October 2015

Editors

Rully Rahadian

Agustina L.N. Aminin

Adi Darmawan

Yayuk Astuti

M. Badrul Huda

Undip Press

2016

ISSN: 978-602-71169-7-9 Proceeding of 5th International Seminar on

New Paradigm and Innovation on Natural Science

and Its Application (5th ISNPINSA)

ii | P a g e Enny Zulaika, et al.

This Proceeding © Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics

Diponegoro University, 2015

Cetakan ke 1

©2016 Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Judul Buku: Proceedings of the 5th International Seminar on New Paradigm and Innovation on

Natural Sciences and Its Application (5th ISNPINSA)

Editor: Rully Rahadian, Agustina L.N. Aminin, Adi Darmawan, Yayuk Astuti, M. Badrul Huda

Penerbit: Undip Press

ISBN: 978-602-71169-7-9

Proceeding of 5th International Seminar on ISSN: 978-602-71169-7-9

New Paradigm and Innovation on Natural Sciences


Preface P a g e | iii This Proceeding © Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics


Preface to The Conference Proceedings

On behalf of the Scientific Committee, we would like to thank all participant of the 5th

International Seminar on New Paradigm and Innovation on Natural Sciences and Its

Application who already submitted their papers. We are very fortunate this year to begin our

program with the keynote address from Iran, South Korea, Germany and Indonesia.

We are extremely grateful to all the reviewers for giving up their time so generously and

providing constructive feedback to authors. Your hard work ensured that we maintained the

high quality of work being presented.A note on the refereeing process, the work presented

at this year’s conference spans multiple disciplines, range from the area of fundamental

research up to the area of applied research. The 5th ISNPINSA provides also a forum for

starting researchers and PhD students by offering seminars and discussion groups.

Last but not least we would like to ask your apology for waiting this proceeding published.

We highly appreciate your consistently to support us in finishing this proceeding.

Rully Rahadian

Scientific Committee Chair




iv | P a g e Table of Content



Board of Reviewers

Rully Rahadian, Biology Department, Diponegoro University

Anto Budiharjo, Biology Department, Diponegoro University

Hendry Widiandari, Physics Department, Diponegoro University

Agustina L.N.Aminin, Chemistry Department, Diponegoro University

Adi Darmawan, Chemistry Department, Diponegoro University

Yayuk Astuti, Chemistry Department, Diponegoro University




Table of Content P a g e | v This Proceeding © Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics


Table of Content

Proceedings of the 5th International Seminar on New Paradigm and Innovation on Natural

Sciences and Its Application (5th ISNPINSA) i

Preface to The Conference Proceedings iii

Board of Reviewers iv

Table of Content v

Bacillus as Siderophore and Iron-bioremoval Bacteria

Enny Zulaika, Septa Tri Farisna, and Nur Laili ……………………………………………… 1

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Leaves Extract Balangla (Litsea

cubeba (Lour) Pers.) from Malinau, East Borneo

Hetty Manurung, Rudy Agung Nugroho, Elvi Marina …………………………………….. 5

The Effects of Temulawak extract and Yoghurt on HDL-LDL mice blood exposed waste

cooking oil

Kartiawati Alipin, Walida Tanzania, Yasmi Purnamasari Kuntana ………………………. 9

Drought Resistance Analysis of the North Sulawesi Local Rice Based on the Root Characters

Nio Song Ai, Ludong Daniel Peter Mantilen ……………………………………………….. 12

Bioavailibility of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in Sediment in Garapan, Cibungur, and Ciliman

Rivermouth

Noverita Dian Takarina ………………………………………………………………………. 16

Carbon Sinks of Morphologic Tree Stands in Bandung City Green Space: Case Study Taman

Balai Kota, KebunBinatang, and Taman LaluLintas Ade Irma Suryani

Nurvita Cundaningsih, Teguh Husodo, Herri Y. Hadikusumah ………………………… 22

Effect of Growing Season on Growth and Relation of Height and Above Ground Biomass of

Avicennia Marina

Rini Budihastuti ………………………………………………………………………………… 27

Growth Improvement of Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata (L.) Wilczek R.) by Application of

Mycofer and Phosphate Fertilizer

Tia Setiawati, Mohamad Nurzaman, Asep Zainal Mutaqin, Guntur E. Adiwinata ……. 32

Utilization of Channels Digestion Golden Snail (Pomacea Canaliculata) as Lytic Enzyme and

Application on Yeast Pichia Manshurica DUCC-Y15

Wijanarka, Jafron W.Hidayat, Sarjana Parman …………………………………………… 38

Glucose Content of Sago Waste After Chloride Acid Pre-Treatment Hydrolysis For

Bioethanol Production

Erma Prihastanti, Widowati, Endang Kusdyantini, Agustina LNA, M.Anwar Djaelani,

Priyo Sidik Sasongko, Agus Setyawan ……………………………………………………… 42

Ultrastructure and Nutrient Content of Waste Sago and The Potential as Compost Block for

Plant Growth Media

Erma Prihastanti ………………………………………………………………………………. 45




vi | P a g e Table of Content



Growth Optimization of Thermophilic Bacteria Bacillus thermoamylovorans and

Brevibacillus sp. in Producing Keratinolytic Enzyme

Heni Yohandini, Muharni, Eggy Lifrety Nainggolan …………………………………….. 47

Riparian Vegetation of Suhuyon River, North Sulawesi

Ratna Siahaan and Parluhutan Siahaan …………………………………………………….. 51

Histological Structure of Mice (Mus Musculus L.) Liver after Administration of Ethanol Extract

and Spinasterol from Senggugu (Clerodendron Serratum L) Leaves

Desak Made Malini, Madihah, Euis Julaeha ……………………………………………….. 55

Bacterial Colloids Silver from Slurry Of Silver Craft Industry and Its Activity as an

Antibacteria

Endang S. Soetarto, Fitri Nur Hidayati, Harsojo …………………………………………... 59

Bacillus Resistance and Potensial as Chromium (Cr) Bioremoval

Enny Zulaika, Adisya Prima, Nita Citrasari, Langkah Sembiring ………………………. 65

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Leaves Extract Balangla (Litsea

cubeba (Lour) Pers.) from Malinau, East Borneo

Hetty Manurung, Rudy Agung Nugroho and Elvi Marina ……………………………….. 69

Agroforestry enhance soil moisture and fertility in rain-fed farmlands

I Gede Ketut Adiputra ……………………………………………………………………….. 73

Abundance and Diversity of Coral Fish in Border Water of Unarang Reef, Nunukan,

Kalimantan Utara Province

Jafron W. Hidayat, Benny Diah M ………………………………………………………….. 77

The Improvement of Protein Content by the Use of Dried Fish Meal of Oreochromis niloticus

in Tempeh as Aquaculture Product Diversification for Sustainable Aquaculture

Lusiawati Dewi, Sapto P. Putro ……………………………………………………………… 83

The Use of Seaweeds Sargassum Sp and Gracilaria Verrucosa as Soil Conditioneer to

Enhance The Growth of Vigna Radiata in Sandy and Clay Soil

Munifatul Izzati ………………………………………………………………………………… 86

Evaluation on The Change of Water Quality and Survival Rate of Mangrove Seedling within

Silvicultural Pond at Semarang City during Early Dry Season

Endah Dwi Hastuti, Rini Budihastuti ………………………………………………………… 90

Magnetic Modeling of the Diwak-Derekan Geothermal Area with Extension to Bawen,

Central Java

Udi Harmoko, Hiska Anggit M., Tony Yulianto, Gatot Yulianto, Sugeng Widada,

Achmad Widodo, Yusuf Dewantoro Herlambang, Sahid ……………………………….. 96

A Simple Polarization for Powerful Preliminary Test of Oil Quality Level

K. Sofjan Firdausi, Suryono, Priyono, Zaenul Muhlisin …………………………………. 100

Aplications of Laser Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging to detect Environmental

Effect on Spinach Plant

Minarni Shiddiq, Zulkarnain, Tengku Emrinaldi, Fitria Asriani, Iswanti Sihaloho,

Heru Susanto ..……………………………………………………………………………….. 104




Table of Content P a g e | vii This Proceeding © Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics


Identification Geothermal Reservoir of Telomoyo Mount from Anomaly Magnetic Data using

3D Magnetic Inversion

Hiska Anggit M., Udi Harmoko, Tony Yulianto, Gatot Yulianto ……………………….. 109

Fabrication of NanoChiSil for Application of Fertilizer

Agus Subagio, Erma Prihastanti, Ngadiwiyana, Khasan Rowi, Ahmad Gufron …….. 113

Synthesis Optimization of L-Aspartic acid β-hydroxamate by a novel Enzyme, β-Aspartyl-γ-

glutamyl transferase

Asep Awaludin Prihanto, Yuki Nonomura, Kazuyoshi Takagi, Ryosuke Naohara,

Mamoru Wakayama ………………………………………………………………………… 117

Fabrication Material Zeolite Modified by Fe with Treatment and Without High Energy Milling

on Zeolite Materials

Nur Farida Grafiana, Pardoyo, Agus Subagio …………………………………………… 123

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Piper retrofractum Vahl.

Nurul Jadid, Sylviana R Hartanti, Nurlita Abdulgani, Wiwi Wikanta,

Fitrih R Sulthoni ………………………………………………………………………………. 127

Optimization of Reaction Conditions in the Production of Gadolinium Diethylenetriamine

Pentaacetate-Folate

A. Mutalib, R. P. Fauzia, A. H. Gunawan, A. Anggraeni, H. Pujiastuti, R. Ukun. M.S.

Soedjanaatmadja, H. H. Bahti ……………………………………………………………… 132

Emic and Ethic Knowledge of Bamboo’s Characteristic in Process of Making Angklung

Syaima Rima Saputri, Nurvita Cundaningsih, Annisa Amalia, Budi Irawan, Teguh

Husodo ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 137

Isolation of Local Lipolytic Isolate from Domestic Compost

Syifa F. Syihab, Fida Madayanti, Akhmaloka ……………………………………………. 143

Synthesis of Rice Husk-Based Zeolit using Hydrothermal Method and Its Detergent Builder

Properties

Alfiansyah, Arnelli, Yayuk Astuti ………………………………………………………….. 148

Formalin Exposure on the Rats Feeding Diet on Antioxidant Enzymatic activity and Oxidative

Damage of Rats Liver Tissue

Chanif Mahdi, Aulaniam ……………………………………………………………………. 154

Modification of Rice Husk-Based Activated Carbon using Sodium Lauryl Sulfat (SLS) for Lead

(Pb) Ions Removal

Dewi Reskiandini, Arnelli, Yayuk Astuti …………………………………………………. 159

Comparative study of encapsulated rhizome extract of Alpinia purpurata (Zingeberaceae) in

alginate and alginate-chitosan

Meiny Suzery, Dian Majid, Bambang Cahyono …………………………………………. 165

Novel Archaeal DNA Polymerase B from Domas Hot Spring West Java

Suharti, Rukman Hertadi, Fida Madayanti Warganegara, Santi Nurbaiti,

Akhmaloka …………………………………………………………………………………… 169

The Effect of Configuration to Interaction Energy Between The Segments of Chitosan and

Ascorbic Acid Molecule: Theoretical Study of Drug Release Control

Suci Zulaikha Hildayani, Parsaoran Siahaan …………………………………………….. 172




viii | P a g e Table of Content



Analyze of Classification Accaptence Subsidy Food Using Kernel Discriminant

Alan Prahutama, Moch. Abdul Mukid ……………………………………………………. 177

Volatility Modelling Using Hybrid Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) -

Support Vector Regression (SVR)

Hasbi Yasin, Tarno, Abdul Hoyyi …………………………………………………………. 183

Quality Function Deployment and Fuzzy TOPSIS Methods in Decision Support System for

Internet Service Provider Selection

Novianto Dwi Prasongko, Bayu Surarso, Rahmat Gernowo ……………………………. 188

Automatic Speech Recognition for Indonesian using Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) and

Hidden Markov Model (HMM)

Sukmawati Nur Endah, Satriyo Adhy, Sutikno, Rizky Akbar …………………………… 194

Mathematical Modeling of worm infection on computer in a Network: Case study in the

Computer Laboratory, Mathematics Department, Diponegoro University,

Indonesia

Nurfitriani S., Widowati, Robertus H. ……………………………………………… 200




Dewi Reskiandini, et. al. P a g e | 159 This Proceeding © Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics


Modification of Rice Husk-Based Activated Carbon using

Sodium Lauryl Sulfat (SLS) for Lead (Pb) Ions Removal

Dewi Reskiandinia, Arnellib, Yayuk Astutic

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics,Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof.

Soedarto, SH – Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia 50275

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract. A rice husk-based active carbon modified using SLS surfactant showed an increase

on Pb ionic metal removal with the efficiency of 99.96%. Activated carbon is commonly

applied as adsorben in waste water treatment, in particularly, waste water containing heavy

metals and dye molecules. Even though it is commonly used, the adsorption efficiency of

activated carbon to the heavy metal waste is still low. Therefore, in the present work, carbon

from rice husk was modified using surfactant which further it is called surfactant modified

active carbon (SMAC). Firstly, rice husk-based carbon was activated using 40% H3PO4 for 2,

6, 10, 14, 15 and 16 hours. The activated carbon was then modified by contacting it into SLS in

different concentration 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ppm for 5 hours. Finally, the SMAC was

then applied to remove Pb ionic metal. Moreover, several characterisation techniques were

performed including FTIR, SEM, UV-Vis and AAS.

Keywords: activated carbon, surfactant-modified active carbon, adsorption, rice husk

Introduction

Rice husk is an abundant by-product of rice

milling, and so far it is only used as fuel in red

rocks production, cooking and sometimes

thrown away as waste which causes pollution

to the environment. Moreover, rice husk has

also been applied as adsorbent for handling

waste water caused by hazardous heavy

metals [1, 2] dye molecules in the form of

carbon and activated carbon [3]. Before

being used as an adsorbent, rice husk is

burned into carbon to poduce rice husk-

based carbon. To improve the ability of rice

husk-based carbon as an adsorbent, carbon

is treated with activating agents such as

H3PO4, ZnCl2, K2CO3 etc. [4]. These activating

agents are to eliminate the impurities

contained in the pores so as to the pores of

rice husk-based carbon become opened

which result in increasing the diameter of the

pores, pore volume and surface area of

adsorbent. One of the activating agents used

on the activation of carbon is H3PO4. This acid

is commonly applied for activation of rice

husk-based carbon since it has high thermal

stability and covalent character used to open

the pores of the carbon [5].

In addition to activation of carbon using

activating agents, the adsorption efficiency

and capacity of carbon can be improved by

modification of the surface using surfactant

(called SMAC). After modifying with

surfactants, the surface of the activated

carbon changes from hydrophobic to

hydrophilic which also affects on the

wettability and adsorption efficiency.[6]

Surfactants applied to modify carbon surface

can be either anionics or cationics; however,

effect of surfactant types on the performance

of adsorption activity of carbon depends on

the adsorbates, for example, sodium lauryl

sulfate (SLS) attached onto a coconut-based

activated carbon surface gave high

performance on cationic metals adsorption

[7] compared to cetyl trimethylammonium

bromide (CTAB). Another research

conducted by Hao showed that activated-

carbon modified with anionic surfactant

greatly affected the efficiency of Cu2+ or Pb2+

removal [8]. Moreover, Mahmoud [9]

reported that activated carbon modified with

sodium lauryl sulfate improved the

absorption of Ce (IV) nearly twice greater

than that of activated carbon, from aqueous

solution; activated carbon used was cotton

stalks-based carbon.

Rice husk-based carbon has been well-

known as adsorbent, the modification of

activated carbon from this biomass using

surfactant has not yet been reported.

Therefore, this present work aims to produce

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




160 | P a g e Dewi Reskiandini, et. al.



activated carbon from rice husk modified

with surfactants sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)

and then applied for Pb ions removal.

Several factors influencing the performance

of adsorbent were optimized such as contact

time between activating agent and carbon

during activation process and the

concentration of surfactant being adsorbed

to produce SMAC.

Experimental Methods

Materials. The materials used were rice

husk purchased from Semarang, Central Java

Indonesia, H3PO4 40% (v/v), NaOH, H2SO4,

NaH2PO4.1H2O, chloroform, soft filter paper,

and Pb(NO3)2 solution, sodium lauryl sulfate

(SLS) powder, phenolphthalein, methylene

blue, aquadest. All the reagents were of

analytical grade purchased from Merck

Index, Indonesia.

Rice Husk Carbonization. Rice husk-based

carbon was conducted by washing the rice

husk and then drying in the sun.

Subsequently, the dried rice husk had been

burned in the closed chamber for 5 hours at

~250 0C. The obtained carbon was then sifted

using the top ending 100 mesh sieve.

Activation of Carbon. 20 gram rice husk-

based carbon had been contacted with

H3PO4 40% (v/v) for 2, 6, 10, 14, 15 and 16

hours at room temperature. After that the

mixture was filtered. The residue, activated

carbon, was then washed with aquadest until

constant pH was achieved. Furthermore, the

activated carbon had been dried in oven

(Isotemp 630F,) at 105oC for 1 hour and then

being smoothed using a mortar and sifted

with 100 mesh sieve [10].

Determination of the Activated Carbon

Adsorption Efficiency. 1 gram rice husk-

based activated carbon had been contacted

with 100 mL surfactant in different

concentration 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70

ppm for 5 hours. After that, the mixtures were

filtered and the obtained filtrates were

treated using MBAS method [11] to extract

the unadsorbed surfactant. The obtained

surfactant in every sample was then analyzed

using UV-Vis spectrophotometer

(spectroscopy UV-Vis Shimadzu UV-1201).

Characterisation of Activated Carbon. In

order to determine the character of activated

carbon including pore size, pore volume,

surface area, morphology and functional

groups on activated carbon surface which

are of important on the adsorption process,

several techniques were used including SAA

(Quantochromenove - AsiQwin 1200e), SEM-

EDS (JEOL-JSM-6510LV) and FTIR (Prestige

21 Shimadzu).

The adsorption of Pb2+. 1 gram surfactant-

modified activated carbon was put in a glass

beaker and then 25 mL Pb(NO3)2 20 ppm

solution as model pollutant was added. The

contact time between SMAC and Pb(NO3)2

was 4 hours. The sample was then filtered.

The obtained filtrate was analyzed using

atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS

Shimadzu AA-640IF) to determine the Pb2+

unabsorbed by SMAC.

Results and Discussion

The Activation of Rice Husk Based-Carbon.

Table 1 showed that the optimum contact

time between activating agent and carbon

during activation process was 15 hours with

adsorption efficiency and capacity of 51.80 %

and of 1.04 mg/g respectively. At short

contact time, the activating agent was unable

to open the pores of the carbon optimally. On

the other hand, when the contact time was

longer (16 hours), the adsorption efficiency

decreased since the pores of carbon

maximally were opened by the activating

agent so that when the contact time increased

the activating agent would be dissolved in

the water.

The Adsorption of SLS Surfactant onto

Activated Carbon. Table 2 presented the

adsorption of SLS at different concentration

onto carbon activated using H3PO4 40% for 15

hour as shown in Table 1. The higher the

concentration of SLS, the higher the

adsorption efficiency of activated carbon. It

can be seen that the activated carbon

modified with SLS 60 ppm has the highest

efficiency with the amount of 75.95%;

however, when the concentration of SLS

higher than 60 ppm, the efficiency of

adsorption become lower which could be

because the pores of activated carbon was

saturated by the surfactants so that the rest of

surfactant was not adsorbed by the pores






[12]. As a result, the unadsorbed surfactants

would be dissolved in water. On the other

hand, when the concentration of SLS was very

low (10 ppm), the adsorption efficiency was

also low since not all of activated carbon

pores adsorbed SLS.

Table 1 The adsorption of SLS onto carbon

activated using H3PO4 40% in different

contact time

Co

nta

ct

Tim

e (

ho

urs

)

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n o

f S

LS

(pp

m)

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n o

f S

LS

Ad

sorb

ed

(pp

m)

Ad

sorp

tio

n C

ap

ac

ity

(mg

/g)

Ad

sorp

tio

n

Eff

icie

nc

y (

%)

2 20 1,22 0,12 6,10

6 20 10,14 1,01 50,68

10 20 7,96 0,80 39,78

14 20 4,90 0,50 24,51

15 20 10,36 1,04 51,80

16 20 0,68 0,07 3,40

Table 2 The adsorption of SLS onto rice

husk-based carbon activated using H3PO4

40% for 15 hour

Concentration

of SLS (ppm)

Concentration

of SLS

Adsorbed

(ppm)

Adsorption

Efficiency

(%)

10 0,93 4,30 %

20 10,36 51,80 %

30 14,11 47,03 %

40 28,55 71,32 %

50 37,67 75,34 %

60 45,575 75,95 %

70 52,545 75,06 %

Characterization of Activated Carbon. The

material characterization was applied

including FTIR and SEM-EDS for carbon

activated using H3PO4 40% for 15 hour. As a

comparison, the untreated carbon was also

characterized.

Fourier Transform Infrared. The FTIR

spectra of untreated carbon and activated

carbon can be seen in Fig. 1. The vibration

modes at 3600, 2367 and 1654 cm-1 in both

spectra are attributed to –OH [13], -PH [13]

and C=O[14], respectively. The difference of

the two samples was demonstrated by the

presence of peak at 1079 cm-1 in untreated

carbon and 1066 cm-1 in activated carbon

assigned to C-O stretching in alcohol, phenol

or ester [15] and P-O-P vibration,

respectively. The later vibration mode

confirmed that interaction between H3PO4

and carbon after activation process

occurred.

Figure 1 FTIR spectra of (a) carbon without

activation and (b) carbon activated using

H3PO4 40% with the contact time 15 hour

Scanning Electron Microscopy Electron

Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX). The SEM

images of both untreated and activated

carbons are shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen in

Fig 2(a) that the morphology of untreated

carbon showed brittle, irregular surface and

hollow. Without activation using H3PO4 as

activating agent, the carbon still contained

impurities such as Si compounds that caused

the irregular shape of the surface and less

homogeneous. After activation using H3PO4

40 % with the contact time of 15 hour, the

morphology of carbon changed (Fig. 2(c).

The surface of this carbon was smoother and

the pores were more pronounced and

uncovered by the brittle components as

observed in Fig. 2(a-above) which could be

ashes. These changes indicated that the

activation process using H3PO4 enabled

removing impurities present in the carbon.

The EDS spectra presented in Fig. 2 (b, d)

showed that untreated carbon and activated







carbon consisted of similar components,

namely, carbon, oxygen and silica. However,

the percentage of these elements in every

sample is different as presented in Table 3.

The C and O elements contained in carbon

without activation are 88.12% and 9.09%,

respectively. Meanwhile, the percentage of

elements containing in activated carbon are

80.34% and 14.19% for carbon and oxygen,

respectively. In addition to the main

constituent (carbon), there are also other

elements contained in both samples in very

low percentage, namely, Si and K which

could be the impurities from rice husk.

Table 3. The composition of elements

present in untreated carbon and activated

carbon

Samples Percentage (%) of

Elements

C O Si K P

Carbon

without

activation

88,12 9,09 2,45 0,34 -

Carbon

activated

using

H3PO4 for

15 hour

80,34 14,19 5,10 0,37 -

Figure 2 SEM images and spectra of carbon

without activation (a, b) and (c, d) carbon

activated using H3PO4 40% with the contact

time 15 hour

Surface Area Analysis (SAA). Surface area

analysis of carbon with and without activation

presented in Table 4 shows the relationship

between carbon adsorption ability on SLS

and physical properties including surface

area, radius and volume of pores. Carbon

without activation had surface area and

radius of pores smaller than that of the

activated carbon. The surface area and

radius of pores were 0.406 m2g-1 and 15.294

Å, respectively for untrated carbon and 4.639

m2g-1 and 305.642 Å, successively for

activated carbon. The increase of both

physical properties is due to the activation

process using H3PO4 as this activating agent

has a role to open the pores of the carbon so

that the adsorption efficiency of activated

carbon is higher than that of carbon without

activation as described in Table 2.

Activated carbon modified with surfactant at

concentration of 60 ppm had 0 m2g-1 surface

area adsorbing N2. It may occur because the

surface of activated carbon was fully covered

by surfactant so that the pores were unable to

adsorb N2 gases. The basic principle of SAA






is based on the amount of N2 gas adsorbed on

the surface of solids with certain surface area

[16].

Table 4 Surface area analysis of carbon,

activated carbon and surfactant-modified

active carbon (SMAC)

Samples

Surface area

adsorbing

N2 (m2g-1)

Total

volume

of pores

(ccg-1)

Radius

of pres

(Å)

Carbon

without

activation

0.41 0.01 15.29

Carbon

activated

using H3PO4

for 15 hour

4.64 0.60 305.64

Surfactant-

modified

active carbon

(SMAC)

0 0.01 78.82

Application of SMAC for Lead (Pb)

Removal in Artificial Lead Waste. SMAC

fabricated by carbon activated using H3PO4

40% with the contact time of 15 hours and

modified by adsorbing SLS 60 ppm for 4

hours was then applied to remove Pb in

artificial lead waste. The result is presented

in Table 5. It can be seen that the activated

carbon had higher adsorption efficiency up

to 99.95 % for 20 ppm lead adsorption than

that of carbon without activation (99.89%)

even though the increase was insignificant.

Table 5 Efficiency of Activated Carbon

Adsorption Systems at High Temperature to

Pb

Sample

Concentra

tion of Pb

before

adsorption

(ppm)

Concentrati

on of Pb

after

adsorption

(ppm)

Adsorpti

on

Efficiency

(%)

Untreated

carbon 20 0.022 99,89

Activated

carbon 20 0.010 99.95

Conclusion

It can be concluded that surfactant modified

activated carbon (SMAC) enabled to remove

lead in artificial lead waste with the

adsorption efficiency 99.95%. However,

further experiment need to be conducted in

order to investigate the effect of Pb

concentration on the adsorption efficiency of

SMAC.

Reference

[1] S.M. Mehdinia, M. Khalilollah, and R.

Tayyabeh, Rice husk silica adsorbent for

removal of hexavalent chromium

pollution from aquatic solutions, Iranica

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(2014) 218-223.

[2] I.O. Ali, H. A. Mostafa, M. S. Salah, S.S.

Karam, Synthesis and characterization of

ZSM-5 zeolite from rice husk ash and

their adsorption of Pb2+ onto

unmodified and surfactant-modified

zeolite, Separation and Purification

Technology, 83 (2011) 38-44.

[3] A. Cheenmatchaya and S.

Kungwankunakorn, Preparation of

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