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Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)farming strategies in Nepal

Editor

Tek Bahadur Gurung

Proceedings of 1st National Workshop onScaling-up of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Farming Strategies in Nepal


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Proceedings of the workshop on scaling-up ofRainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

farming strategies in Nepal.

August 2008

Edited by:Tek Bahadur Gurung

Organisers:Fisheries Research Division, Godawari (NARC)

Japan International Cooperation AgencyDirectorate of Fisheries Development (DoA)

Nepal Fisheries Society


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NARC- Nepal Agricultural ResearchCouncil2008

Published by: Fisheries Research Division, Godawari, Lalitpur of NARC

Copyright: 2008, Fisheries Research Division, Godawari, Lalitpur, NepalAgricltural Research Council

The printed materials in the proceedings may be reproducedfor education, research and other non-profit uses withacknowledgement of the source.

Citation: Gurung T. B (2008) Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)farming strategies in Nepal. Proceedings of the workshop onscaling-up of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmingstrategies in Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal

Available from: Fisheries Research Division, GodawariPO Box 13342, Lalitpur, Nepal

Disclaimer: Opinions expressed by the authors and editor in thispublication do not necessarily reflect the views of NARC orJICA or the organization they represent. There might be severalgrammatical errors in this publication; those are not of authorsbut of the editor.


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Foreword

Technological development of rainbow trout farming in Nepal is one of the most appreciabletechnologies generated by Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC). The present stock ofrainbow trout, one of the excellent fish for cultivation in cold water was introduced from Japan.

Presently several aspects of trout farming have been accomplished by scientists of FisheriesResearch Division, Godawari and Fisheries Research Station, Trishuli of NARC. The presenttechnology generation on rainbow trout farming has been well applauded by Asia-Pacific

Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI), FAO, Regional Office for Asia and thePacific Bangkok.

Trout farming technology has been well received by the farmers in hills. As a result, several troutfarms in private sector have been emerged. Now onwards, the commercial productiontechnological package for increased production is highly desirable. Visualizing this fact a

workshop on further strategies on scaling up of rainbow trout farming in Nepal was organized inJanuary 2007. This workshop has recommended several important aspects for enhancing

commercial farming of rainbow trout production in the country. I hope these recommendationswould be highly useful for planners, extensionist, NGO's, media, students, researchers andfarmers for rapid expansion of trout farms in different parts of the country. So the marketdemand of this commodity in country as well as abroad could be fulfilled in affordable price inthe market for consumption.

I wish to thank and congratulate all fisheries related scientists who actively participated in troutresearch, develop the technologies and also played significant role in expansion of trout farmingin the country. I also wish to extend my sincere thanks to all donors and stakeholders without

whom this technology would not have been developed and extended in the country.

Dr. Nanad Prasad ShresthaExecutive DirectorNepal Agricultural Research Council


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AbbreviationsADB Agriculture Development BankBMP Best Management Practicescm centimeterCF Crude FatCP Crude ProtienCO2 Corbon di-oxideDO Dissolved OxygenDoA Department of Agriculture

DoFD Directorate of Fisheries DevelopmentFCR Feed Conversion RatioFE Feed EfficiencyFRD Fisheries Research DivisionFRCT Fisheries Research Center, TrishuliGR Growth RateIU International Unit

JICA Japan International CooperationAgencyLI-BIRD Local Initiatives for Biodiversity Conservation and DevelopmentNARC Nepal Agricultural Research Council(NO2+NO3) Nitrate +NitriteOVOP One Village One ProductPUFA Polyunsturated fatty acidKJ Kilo Joulekg Kilogramm metermg miligrammt Metric tonMoAC Ministry of Agriculture and CooperativeMoF Ministry of Finance

Ropani Nepali unit of land measurement (1 Ropani =500 m2)SAARC South Asian Association Regional CountriesoC Centigrade or CelsiusNEFIS Nepal Fisheries Societysqm Square meterSLC School Leaving CertificateSR Survival Rate

TL Total LengthWTO World Trade Organization


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Contents

Contents Page No.Foreword

AbbreviationsContents

AcknowledgmentProgram HighlightsFew wordsInaugural AddressChairperson remarksClosing SessionField Trip Report

Vote of ThanksSummary Report of the Working Groups

Technical PapersHistory of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduction in Nepal: 1Deep Bahadur Swar

Status and prospect of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming in Nepal: 5Ash Kumar Rai, Tek Bahadur Gurung, Sadhu Ram Basnet, Raja Man Mulmi

Breeding performance of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in northeastern hills, Nepal 12Sadhu Ram Basnet, Gopal Prasad Lamsal, Raja Man Mulmi, Tek Bahadur Gurung

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larval rearing methodologies in Nepal: 17Neeta Pradhan, Asha Raymajhi, Sant Kumar Shrestha

Nutrition and feed formulation for Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Nepal: 23Jay Dev Bista, Suresh Kumar Wagle, Neeta Pradhan, Nanda Kishor Roy

Raw material, storage, equipment & accessories for rainbow trout feed 41preparation in private sector in Nepal:Resham Raj Dhital, Nand Kishor Roy

Water Quality parameters for Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming: 46Raja Man Mulmi, Neeta Pradhan, Ram Prasad Dhakal

An evaluation on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diseases and their control 52measures in Nepal:Asha Raymajhi, Resham Raj Dhital

Market Channels of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) products in Nepal: 57

Devendra Gauchan, Narendra. Thakur, B. Shrestha, Asha Raymajhi, S. Gautam, Gopal Prasad Lamsa

Socio-economic study of rainbow trout farming in Nepal: A case study of 63Kathmandu - Trishuli - Rasuwa road corridor:

Naresh Singh Thakur, Devendra Gauchan, Asha Raymaghi, Gopal Prasad Lamsal

Prospects of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming commercialization in relation to global 71

context in Nepal:Tek Bahadur Gurung, Neeta Pradhan, Dharni Man Singh, Tek Bahadur Thapa


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Linkage need among research, development and private institutions for 80

commercializing rainbow trout farming in Nepal:

Kiran Raj Joshi, Sudha Sapkota, Gopal Prasad Lamsal, S. Gautam

GIS based evaluation on potential sites of cold water fish, 83Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)farming in Nuwakot, NepalSuresh Kumar Rai, Tek Bahadur Gurung, Gopal Prasad Lamsal

GIS based potentiality of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming 89innorthern high hill Rasuwa, Nepal:Saroj Prasad Aryal, Mahendra Nath Paudel

A case study on integrated trout farming in hill terrace with other developmental activities: 95Gopal Prasad Lamsal, Sadhu Ram Basnet, Padam Bahadur Rumba

g'jfsf]6 lhNnfdf /]Gaf] 6fp6 df5f kfngsf ultlalwM 100w||'j s'df/ d'8e/L

df5f kfng Joj;fodf s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f nufgL gLlt tyf k|lqmofM 1036+s k|;fb e6[

Recipes for dish preparation of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): 106Bharati Moktan

Best management practices (BMP) for aquaculture of rainbow trout 110

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Nepal:Surendra Prasad, Jay Dev Bista, Suresh Kumar Wagle

Extension strategies for Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture 116development in Nepal:Dharni Man Singh, Bikash Chand Shrestha Shanker Prasad Dahal, Ramanand Mishra

Constraints and potentialities on scaling-up of Rainbow trout farming 120practices in mid and high hills of Nepal: Farmers Perspective:

Aditya Raj Khanal, Resham Gautam

Role of media for scaling up of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 125farming technologies among stakeholders:Bhola Man Singh Basnet

"One Village One Product" (OVOP) program with special reference to 132Rainbow trout farming and marketing perspective in Nepal:Kiran Raj Pandey

Rainbow trout farming in hills of Nepal in relation to gender perspectives: 137

Sudha Sapkota, Kiran Raj Joshi


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Acknowledgement

Sincere gratitude to the farmers for their perseverance and active involvement in participatory trout

cultivation research in hills and mountains of Nuwakot, Kathmandu, and Rasuwa districts. Thanks to

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for continuous encouragement and support. We are

grateful to JICA for financial support to conduct the workshop on scaling-up of rainbow trout

farming in Nepal. Thanks also to the people and the former Governor of Miyazaki Prefecture Mr.Matsukata for providing rainbow trout seed to Nepal and several other Japanese friends, Mr. Tatsuo

Morimoto and Mr. Utaka Nakagawa for their support and encouragement by which present endeavor

of rainbow trout cultivation in Nepalese mountains could be possible. All authors are thankful for

their thoughtful papers. The resource personnel involved in the workshop are also appreciated for

extending their cooperation, Mr. Bhola Man Basnet, Mr. Jay Dev Bista, Mr. Suresh Wagle, Mr. Raja

Man Mulmi, Mr. Krishna Murari KC, Lalit Tamang, Mr. Shiv Lal Adhikari, Ms. Neeta Pradhan, Ms.

Asha Raymajhi & Ms. Renu Aryal are gratefully acknowledged for their support. We expressed our

gratitude to Professor, Dr. Sena De Silva, Director General idea for his encouragement. Special

thanks to the "One Village One Product" Program of Agro-Enterprise Center (AEC) under

Federation of Nepal Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FNCCI) for providing financial supportto publish this proceeding.


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Programme Highlight and Objective of the Workshop

Dr. Tek B Gurung

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kfng k|lalwx?sf] ;dLIff u/L o; k|ljlw af6 g]kfnsf ;+efAo If]qx?df a9L eGbf a9L ls;fg nfeflGjtu/fpg / l56f] eGbf l56f] pkef]Stf ;dIf ;'ky df]ndf 6fp6 df5f pknAw u/fpg la:tf/sf] /0fgLlttof/ ug'{ xf] .

g]kfndf pknAw hn>f]t, ef}uf]lns cj:yf / ko{fj/0fLo cg's'ntfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L xfd|f cu|hx? af6 klg6fp6 df5fsf] dxTj w]/} cl3g} klxrfg ePsf] a'lemG5, t;y{ ef/t / a]nfPt af6 ;g !(^( tfsf 6fp6g]kfn lelqOsf] t/ tL df5f arfpg g;lsPsf] /x]5 . t;{y k'gM, !(** df hfkfgaf6 NofOPsf] /]Gaf]6fp6nfO{ g]kfnsf] jftfj/0f, ;fdflhs cfly{s kl/l:ylt cg's'n lasf; u/L k|fljlws Kofs]h t}of/ e} xfnlglh If]qdf pTkfbg ;d]t yfngL ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf df5f kfng eGgf ;fy ;fdfGotof, t/fO{df 7"nfkf]v/L agfP/ kflng] eGg] a'lemG5 . t/, xfn;fn} dfq} lasl;t 6fp6 df5f kfngsf k|ljlwn] o; If]qdf

'PARADIGM SHIFT' -;}4flGts ?kfGt/0f_ Nofpg ;kmn /x]sf] d}n] a'em]sf] 5' . lsg eg], 6fp6 df5flxdfn / kxf8 jf6 lg:s]sf lr;f] kfgLsf] >f]t glhs s]xL ju{dL6/ If]qsf ;;fgf 6of+sL h:tf ;+/rgfaf6 klg cfly{s pknlAw k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] xfnsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 .

ljZjd} hn>f]tsf] bf]>f] wgL b]z g]kfndf hn>f]tsf] e/k'/ pkof]u ub}{ To;df lge{/ x'g] s[lif k|0ffnLcfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . kxf8 / 8fF8fsfF+8fx?n] clwsfF; If]q cf]u6]sf] g]kfndfljsf;sf nflu ltg} If]qdf klg ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL ug'{ k5{ . kxf8sf l;dfGt s[ifsx? clxn] klg k/Dk/futs[lif k]zfdf lge{/ /x]/ hLjg u'hf/L /x]sf 5g\ . jif{ lbg cfgf] kl/jf/ kfNg g;Sg] cj:yfjf6 pgLx?nfO{5'6sf/f lbO{ ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cu|;/ u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj / r'gf}lt xf] . s'lif If]q af6lxdfn / kxf8df s]lx x'Gg eGg] dfGotfsf] cGTo ug{ / s[ifsx?sf] cflY{fs x}l;otdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ Nofpgg]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\n]JICA sf] ;xof]udf s[ifs ;xfeflud'ns /]Gaf] 6fp6 df5f kfng la:tf/0fcWoog sfo{ ;+rfng ul//x]sf] 5 .

ls;fg :t/df /]Gaf] 6fp6 df5f kfng klxnf] k6s g'jfsf]6df z'? ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn tL s[ifsx?sf]hLjgdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . t/, df5fsf] dfFu cg';f/sf] pTkfbg / cfk'tL{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .sf7df08f}sf s]lx l8kf{6d]G6 :6f]/df o; df5fn] s]xL :yfg kfP klg a9L pkef]Qmfx?sfnfuL ljb]zaf6}cfoft x'g] kfOPsf] 5 . / cfd pkef]Stf ;Dd o;sf] kx'Fr k'/\ofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . t;y{, pkef]Stf ;Ddk'/ofpg ca of]hgf, cg';Gwfg / k|rf/ k|;f/sf tx b]lv ls;fg ;Dd sfo{s|d th{'dfsf] cfjZostf /x]sf]5 . ;a} eGbf klxnf ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L If]qsf k|;f/df nfu]sf k|fljlws x?nfO{ k|ljlwsf] tflndsf]cfjZostf / ;]jf s]Gb|x?sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . lo ;d:ofsf s]xL xb ;Dd lg/fs/0f ug{JICAg]kfnsf] SOFT Type Follow-up sf] ;fgf] sfo{s|d cGt{ut, tfnLd k|bfg u/L, s[ifsx?nfO{g} e'/f

pTkfbg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ vfnsf] k/LIf0f z'? ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfo{s|d cGtu{t ls;fgx? yk cfTdlge{/


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aGg ;Sg] 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/ af6 6fp6 df5fsf] pTkfbg a[l4sfnfuL pwf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] s[lif pwds]Gb|n] Ps a:t' Ps pTkfbg sfo{s|d /;'jf / g'jfsf]6 lhNnfdf z'? u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, o; cflys{ aif{df6fp6 df5fsf] xofr/L ;+rfng ug{ nueu ? ! s/f]8 lgsf;f s[lif dGqfno af6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 . gofFls;fgx?nfO{ 6fp6 df5f e'/fsf] a9\bf] dfFuk"tL{ ug{ clxn] /;'jfsf] w'Gr]df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] e'/f pTkfbg s]Gb|:yflkt ul/b}5 .

;/sf/ / gLlh If]qsf] k|ToIf ;xsfo{df s[ifsx?sf] ;xeflutfdf a[l4 ub}{ n}hfg ;s] 6fp6 df5f cfdpkef]StfsfnfuL klg l56} pknAw x'g ;Sg]df cfZjZt x'g ;lsG5 . 6fp6 df5f kfng ;Lldtls;fgsfnfuL dfq ge]} a9L eGbf a9L ls;fg o; k|ljlw af6 nfeflGjt u/fpg] k|lta4tfsf ;fy} o;sfo{s|d af/] hfgsf/L lbg] s|d olx cGt ub{ 5' . wGojfb .


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dGtAo(Few Words)8f= gGb k|;fb >]i7

sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsg]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb

o; ;df/f]xsf k|d'v cltly dfggLo s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqL Pj+ g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\sf cWoIfHo',kl/ifb\sf kfif{b Ho'x?, laleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf dxflgb{]zsHox?, lgb]{zsHo'x?, NACA sf dxflgb]]{zs 8fM;]gf 8L l;Njf, FAO, JICA sf g]kfn k|ltlglwHo'x?, kqsf/ / laleGg ;+3 ;:yfsf k|d'v Ho"x? .

cfh g]kfndf 6fp6df5f ;DalGw k|yd /fli6o sfo{zfnf uf]li7 cfof]hgf eO{ /x]sf]df dnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf] 5. g]kfndf 6fp6df5f kfngsf] k|ljlw lasf; g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbaf6 ;DkGg e} s[ifs :t/dfla:tf/ x'g yfn]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] e'agf}6 / k|fslts hn>f]tsf] lx;fjn] g]kfndf dT:o kfng k|ljlwnfO{

la:tf/0f u/L pRr / dWo kxf8 / t/fO{ If]qsf] u|fdL0f e]]udf kf]if0f, cfo cfh{g, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf ;fy}u/LaL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg k'ofpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o; s'/fsf] k'i6o+fO{df dT:o sfo{s|d, bL3{sfnLg s[lifof]hgfsf k|fyldstfdf gk/]tf klg lautsf 8]8 bzsdf dT:o If]qsf] s[lifsf] s'n u||fx:y cfDbfgLdfof]ubfg ! k|ltzt af6 xfn nueu @ k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 5 . of] kl/l:ylt t/fO{ If]qsfnflu dfq} pko'Stk|lalw pknAw x'Fbfsf] kl/b[Zo xf] .

xfn, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\n] dT:o kfngsf] ljljw k|ljlwx?sf] la:tf/0fsf] s|ddf pRr lxdfnLe]udf pko'St x'g] 6fp6df5f kfngsf] k|ljlw la:tf/0faf6 le/ kfvf 8+f8f s+f8fdf /x]sf lxdfnL s+rgkfgLsf >f]t ;b'kof]u u/L ;f] e]usf hgtfsf] hLjg :t/ p7fpg, u|fdL0f kf]if0f tyf cfo cfh{gdf a[l4 ug{;lsg] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] xfn g'jfsf]6 / /;'jf lhNnfdf Ps ufFp / Ps pTkfbgsf]gLlt cg';f/ sfo{s|d ;+rfng u/]sf / ;f] e]]usf lgjf;Lx? klg cfk\mgf lhNnfnfO{ 6fp6 lhNnf egL3f]if0ff u/]sf xF'bf 6fp6 df5fsf la:tf/0f sfo{s|dnfO{ yk of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 .

b]zdf laBdfg u/LaL, s'kf]if0f h:tf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf g]kfndf k'j{ d]rL b]lv klZrd dxfsfnL ;DdpQ/L lxd >[v+nf leq /x]]sf] lr;f] kfgLsf >f]tx?s]f ;b'kof]u u/L lr;f] kfgLdf pko'St o; 6fp6 df5fsfk|ljlw lj:tf/0f ug{ If]qut ?kdf gLlh tyf ;/sf/L :t/sf ;+o'St k|of; af6 lk5l8Psf s0{ffnL If]qnufot dWo tyf ;'b'/ klZrd e]usf vfB ;'/Iff, u/LaL lgjf/0f, cfo cfh{g, kf]if0f tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/k|bfg u/L k'g{:yfkg, 4G4 Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

g]kfn Pp6f s[lif k|wfg d'n's ePsf]n] goFf g]kfnsf] cfl{y{s ;d[l4sf]nflu s[lif If]qsf xl/t s|flGt, Zj]ts|flGt / lgnf] s||flGtsf dxTjk'0f{ of]ubfg x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . xfn g]kfndf t/fOsf nflu pko'\St sfk{ df5f

k|ljlw afx]s, kxf8L If]qsf nflu klg k|lalwsf] lasf; ePsf] ;Gbe{df, cj jf:tljs lgnf] s|flGtsf pko'St;do ePsf] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . t;{y, b]zsf lawdfg hn>f]tsf If]qut ?kdf ;b'kof]u u/L ;dfg'kfltspkof]usfnflu If]q ;'x+fp+bf] dT:o k|lalw la:tf/0fsfnflu cfjZos ef}lts k'jf{wf/ lasf; ug{ u|fdL0fhgtfsf ;xeflutfdf ;/sf/L lglh If]qsf] ;xsfo{ cGtu{t /fli6o tyf cGt/fli6o ;3+ ;+:yfx?n];xhsQ{fsf] ?kdf cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u lnO{ dT:o pTkfbg a[l4sf] nfuL sfo{ cuf8L agfpg' kg]{wf/0ff /fVb} cfkmgf] dGtAo olx cGt ub{ 5' . wGojfb .


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k|d'v cltly dfggLo s[lif dGqL dxGt 7fs'/sf] dGtAo(Inaugural Address)

o; ;df/f]xsf ;efklt dxf]bo, laleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf dxflgb{]zsHox?, lgb]{zsHo'x?, NACA sf dxflgb]]{zs8f= ;]gf 8L l;Njf, FAO, JICA sf g]kfn k|ltlglwHo'x? . kqsf/ aGw', laleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|d'v, cfof]hs ju{,;Dk'0f{ pkl:yt kqsf/, s[ifs, dlxnf tyf ;Hhga[Gb .

gofF g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] nflu s[lifIf]qsf] ljsf;n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] / jt{dfg ljZjahf/sf] d'NofFsgubf{ a9L k|lt:k{wfTds / ahf/df dfFu /x]sf s[lif pkhsf] clea[l4 af6 dfq ls;fgsf] lhljsfdf gof cfofd yk x'g;Sg]df d laZjZt 5' . cfhsf o; uf]i7Ldf g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\n] ljsf; u/L lj:tf/0f ug{ nfu]sf] 6fp6df5fv]tLsf] k|ljlw Pp6f lbuf] cfly{s a[l4 xfl;n x'g], vfB ;'/Iff Pj+ ul/jL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] s8Lsf]?kdf lasl;t x'g' kg]{df hf]8 lbg rfxG5' .

g]kfn Pp6f s[lif k|wfg / k|fs[lts hn>f]tsf wgL d'n's ePsf]n] :jefljs ?kn] s[ifsx?sf] ;d'GgltsfnfuL kfgL /

hdLg PsLs[t?kn] kl/rfng x'g ;s] s[lif pTkfbsTj a[l4 x'g] laifodf z+sf 5}g . dnfO{ v'zL nfUof] g]kfndf Pp6fo:tf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5, h; af6 kfgL ePdf le/fnf]] hdLg ;d]tsf] k|of]u af6 ahf/df w]/} dfFu eO{ pRrd"No kg{] 6fp6 df5f pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] 5 .

t/fO{df dT:o kfngsf] k|ljlw lgs} klxnf b]lv 5 . tyflk g]kfnsf] e'agf}6 / k|fslts hn>f]t cg';f/ g]kfnnfO{dT:o pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/tf tkm{ cu|;/ u/fpg / a9L eGbf a9L ls;fgsf lhljsf ;+u hf]8g, k'?if tyfdlxnfx?sf ;xeflutf h'6fpg k|ljlwnfO{ ca k"j{ d]rL blv klZrd dxfsfnL ;Dd ;dy/ t/fO{, dWo / pRr kxf8LIf]qx?df Aoj;flos dT:o kfng u/fpg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . ta dfq, dT:o kfngsf] la:tf/ af6 pRr, dWokxf8 / t/fO{ If]qsf] u|fdL0f e]]udf kf]if0f, cfo cf{hg, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf ;fy} u/LaL lgjf/0fdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfgk'ofpg ;Sg] b]Vb5' .

lr;f] kfgLdf pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] 6fp6 df5f pTkfbg k|ljlw af6 w]/} ls;fg nfeflGjt x'g xfn ljsl;t k|lalwx?nfO{;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g ub}{ pTkfbgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{, cfO{ kg]{ sl7gfO{x?nfO{ x6fpb} sfo{qmdnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg'pko'Qm x'g] 5 . 6fp6 df5f Aoj;fo k|j{wgsfnfuL cfjZos kg]{ C0f k|jfxnfO{ ;/nLs/0f u/L n}hfg u[xsfo{ ug'{kb{5 .

b]zdf laBdfg u/LaL, s'kf]if0f h:tf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf g]kfndf k'j{ d]rL b]lv klZrd dxfsfnL ;Dd pQ/L e]udf/x]]sf] lr;f] kfgLsf >f]tx?s]f ;b'kof]u u/L lr;f] kfgLdf pko'St o; 6fp6 df5fsf k|ljlw lj:tf/0f ug{ If]qut?kdf gLlh tyf ;/sf/L :t/sf ;+o'St k|of; af6 lk5l8Psf s0{ffnL If]q nufot dWo tyf ;'b'/ klZrd e]usf vfB;'/Iff, u/LaL lgjf/0f, cfo cfh{g, kf]if0f tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ k|bfg u/L k'g{:yfkg, 4G4 Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t;xof]u k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

ca b]zdf zfGtL axfnL e} k|fljlws, cfly{s / ;fdflhs lasf;sfnfuL pko'St jftfj/0f tof/ e}/x]sf] cj:yf 5,t;{y, lawdfg hn>f]tsf If]qut ?kdf ;b'kof]u u/L ls;fgsf] ;xeflutfdf ;/sf/L / lglh If]qsf] ;xsfo{af6/fli6o dT:o pTkfbg clea[l4 ug{ d cGt/fli6o ;3+ ;+:yfx? / bft[ lgsfox?nfO{ ;xhsQ{fsf ?kdf ;xof]us]fnfuLklg d cfJxfg ub{5' .

cGtdf, uf]i7Lsf cfof]hsx?nfO{ awfO{ lbg rfxG5' . o; uf]i7Laf6 cfPsf] lgisif{ / l;kmfl/;x? g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{klg lbzfaf]w ug{ ;Sg] agf]; eGg] d]/f] z'esfdgf 5 . oL l;kmfl/zx?nfO{ ;du| dT:o k]zfdf ;+nUg ls;fg,Aoj;foL, pwdL, pkef]Stf / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] lxtsf]nfuL sfo{fGjog ug]{ k|lta4tfsf ;fy d]/f] dGtAosf] s|doxL ;dfKt ug]{ cg'dlt rfxG5' . wGojfb .


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;efkltHo"sf] dGtAo(Chairperson)u0f]z s'df/ s]= ;L=, ;lrj,s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno

;efklt Ho", k|d'v cltly Pj+ s[ifL tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf dfglgo dGqL Ho", ;a} la1 ;fyLx? , dlxnftyf ;Hhg j[Gb . /fi6|sf] 7'nf] cfo >f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] hn>f]tsf] ;b'kof]usf] qmddf kxf8 tyf lxdfnLIf]qsf] le/fnf] 8fF8f kfvfdf 6fp6 df5f kfng k|lalwsf] lasf;n] u|fld0f Iff]qsf hgtfdf vfB ;'/Iff ,lhlasf]kfh{gdf d4t lbg'sf] ;fy} b]zs} s'n u|fX:y pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg 6]jf lbg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . /fli6|osl[if lgtL sfo{qmddf 6fp6df5fn] k|fyfldstf kfpgnfO{ o;sf] dxTj bzf{p5 . 6fp6 df5f la:tf/0fsfo{qmdnfO{ lbuf]?k lbg pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] ;dofg's'n ljsf;tkm{ hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 . g]kfn s[lifcg';+wfg kl/ifbn] ljleGg cGt/dGqfno Pj+ ;+3;+:yfx? ;+usf] ;dGjo tyf bIf hgzQmL ljsf;df hf]8

lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . 6fp6 df5fnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f ub{} nfg kf]i6xfe]{i6df laz]if hf]8 lbb} /f]huf/L Pj+ ul/aLlgjf/0f tkm{ s]lGb|t /xL sfo{s|d cuf8L a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

g]kfn laZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:osf] gftfn] v'nf ahf/df :j:y k|lt:kw{f ug{ ;Sg] u/L pTkfbg nfutvr{ 36fpb} lgo{ft k|jw{gdf hf8lbg', cg';Gwfg af6 k|fKt pko'Qm k|lalw k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf tfnLdsf] dfWodaf6 hg:t/ ;Dd k'of{pg' cfhsf] cfa:ostf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy ;fy} lxdfnL e]udf kfO{g] :jfb]zL hftsfdf5fsf] klg kfng tyf laleGg kIfdf hf]8 lbb} 6fp6 df5f la:tf/0f sfo{qmd cuf8L a9fpg]df laZjf;lnPsf] 5' .

cGtdf uf]i7L cfof]hs nfO{ awfO{ lbg rfxG5' . o; uf]i7Ln] cfjZos sfo{lgtL tof/ ug{ lgisif{ Pj+

;'emfjx? tof/ ug{]5 eGg]df k'0f{ laZj:t 5' .


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Vote of Thanks

Dharni Man Singh, Program DirectorDirectorate of Fisheries Development (DoFD)

o; uf]i7Lsf ;efklt Pj+ s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf ;lrjHo", d'Vo cltly dfglgo s[lif tyf ;xsf/LdGqLHo"sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsHo", ;x;lrjHo"x?, s[lif ljefusf dxflgb]{zsHo", Resident Representative,

JICA, Dr. Sena S De Silva, Director General, NACA, s[lif ljefusf pkdxflgb]{zsHo"x?, s[lifcg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf lgb]{zsHo"x?, al/i7 clws[tHo"x?, al/i7 a}1flgsHo"x?, lghL 6fp6 Aoa;foL Pj+s[ifs ;fyLx?, ljleGg ;+3;+:yfaf6 kfNg' ePsf dlxnf tyf ;Hhg a[Gb, kqsf/aGw'x?, ljleGg ld8ofaf6kfNg' ePsf ldqx?,

;j{k|yd dnfO{ cfof]hssf] tkm{af6 wGoafb 1fkg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbO{Psf]df cfof]hsnfO{ wGoafb lbgrfxG5' . b]zsf] ablnbf] /fhlglts kl/j]z;+u} s[lif If]qsf] ;du| ljsf; / To;sf] Aoa;foLs/0fsf] r'gf}tLsf];fdgf ug{ xfd|f] b]zdf ljsl;t eO{/x]sf] /]Gjf] 6fp6 df5f kfng / lj:tf/ u/L ul/jL lgjf/0f Pj+ k|f0fLk|f]6Lg cfk'tL{df yk 6]jf k'ofpg]5 . g]kfn h:tf] kxf8L / lxdfnL e'efu Pj+ lxd gbLsf] afx'Notf /x]sf]b]zdf lr;f]kfgLdf kfng ul/g] pRr d"Nosf] 6fp6 df5fsf] Aoa;flos kfng k|0ffnLsf] oyf]lrt ljsf; ug{;Sg] k|;:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] / cfufdL lbgx?df To; tkm{ ljz]if sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{ to ul/Psf] 5 .h:t} Ps uf+p Ps pTkfbgdf /]Gjf] 6fp6sf] pTkfbg sfo{qmd g'jfsf]6 lhNnfdf ;+rfng eO{/x]sf]5 . o;}sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf Pj+ lj:tf/sf nflu ljrf/ ljdz{ ug{ o; uf]i7L ;+rfng x'g uO{/x]sf]df cToGt v'zLnfu]sf]5 .

cfk\mgf] clt Ao:ttfsf afah't klg kfNg' ePsf dfglgo s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqL >L dxGt 7fs'/Ho"n] o;uf]i7Lsf k|d'v cltlysf] cfltYo u|x0f u/L uf]i7Lsf] pb\3f6g ;d]t ul/lbg' ePsf]df jxf+nfO{ ljz]if wGoafblbg rfxG5' . b]zdf dT:o ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ug{ dfu{bz{g lbg'x'g] uf]i7Lsf ;efkltTjul//xg' ePsf s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf ;lrj >L u0f]z s]=;L=Ho"nfO{ wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . o;}u/Ls[lif ljefusf dxflgb]{zs 8f= bLk axfb'/ :jf/Ho"/ g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs 8f=gGb k|;fb >]i7Ho"x?n] uf]i7Lsf] ljz]iftf af/] k|sfz kfl/lbg' ePsf]df jxf+x? b'a}nfO{ wGoafb lbg rfxG5' .g]kfndf lr;f]kfgLdf df5f kfngdf lg/Gt/ ;xof]u k'ofO{ cfPsf] hfO{sf / hfO{sf ResidentRepresentative Ho"n] b'O{ zAb /flv lbg' ePsf]df wGoafb lbg rfxG5' .

I would also like to thank Prof. De Silva, Director General, NACA, who has come all the way from

Bangkok to attend this Workshop,cGtdf o; uf]i7Ldf kfNg'x'g] ;x;lrjHo"x?, s[lif ljefusf pk

dxflgb]{zsHo"x?, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf lgb]{zsHo"x?, al/i7 clws[tHo"x?, al/i7 a}1flgsHo"x?,lghL 6fp6 Aoa;foL Pj+ s[ifs ;fyLx? / ljleGg ;+3;+:yfaf6 kfNg' ePsf dlxnf tyf ;Hhg a[Gb,kqsf/aGw'x?, ljleGg ldl8ofaf6 kfNg' ePsf ldqx? tyf ;Dk'0f{ cltly / ;xefuL ;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGoafblb+b} s[t1tf k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' . wGoafb .


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Directions for Field Trip Report

Term of Reference to Group No. 1 (Extension strategies)

;d'x ! sf] nfuL sfo{ ;Gbe{ -k|;f/ /0fgLlt_

Review the existing fisheries extension agencies and structural set up in Nepal (government,NGO, INGO service centers, human resource, policy, strategies)g]kfndf at{dfg dT:o k|;f/ lgsfox?sf] ;dLIff -;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L /fli6o cGt/fli6o, lasf; / ;]jfs]Gb|, dfgjLo >f]t, of]hgf, /0fgLlt / ;+/rgf _

Recommend appropriate approaches, process, systems of extension strategies (government,NGOs, CBO, cooperative and other private farms) covering above all aspects to promotetrout aquaculture and cold water fisheries in Nepal

dflysf ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g] ul/ 6fp6 df5f tyf lr;f] kfgLdf x'g] df5fsf] clea[l4 ug{ k|rf/ k|;f/ //0flgltsf] dfWod / k|ls|of / tl/sfsf] l;kmfl/; / ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, :yflgo ;+:yfx?.

Review geographical, social, gender, financial, marketing constraints and advantages ofresourcesef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, n}+lus, cfly{s tyf Aoa:yfkg ;+alGw ahf/ ;d:of tyf ahf/ Joa:yfkg ;+alGwk'g/fjnf]sg .

Recommend appropriate extension strategies for production enhancement of trout inpotential areas in hills of Nepal;+efljt kxf8L If]qdf 6fp6 df5fsf] pTkfbg clej[l4 ug{ plrt k|rf/ k|;f/ /0flgtLsf] l;kmfl/; .

Fingertips for group exercise in trout farming extension

6fp6 v]tL k|rf/ k|;f/ nfO{ ;d'xut 5nkmnsf d'Vo d'Vo a'+bfx?

Horizontal scaling-upw/ftnLo la:tf/0f Expand trout farming in feasible areas

;+eflat If]qdf 6fp6 df5f v]tLsf] la:tf/ Establish trout hatcheries in private sector

lghLIf]qsf] 6fp6 df5fdf k|hgg\ kmfd{sf] :yfkgf Provision of subsidy in interest on loan for the capital investment

;'? nufgLdf nfUg] Jofhdf ;x'lnotsf] Aoa:yf Develop code of conduct for responsible aquaculture at national level

lhDd]jf/Lk"a{s dT:okfng ug{ /fli6o gLlt lg0fo{sf] th{'df ug]{ . Enforcement of Aquatic Life Protection Acthnr/ ;+/If0f P]gnfO{ nfu"ug]{ .

Credit scheme for trout should include an enterprise as collateral and land (steep land)should be valued in accordance with the annual turnover of the trout farm.6fp6 kmfd{sf] aflif{s cfDbfgLsf] cfwf/df hUufsf] d"Nof+sgsf] klt lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ .

Promote commercialization of trout through public-private partnership (farmers'cooperative, NGOs, INGOs) approach;xeflutfd"ns sfo{s|dsf] cfwf/df Aoa;flos 6fp6 df5f v]tLnfO{ a9fjf lbg] .

Expand domestic and explore abroad market for the trout.6fp6 df5fsf] :yflgo ahf/sf] la:tf/0f / a}b]lzs Aofkf/sf] ;+efAotf .

Develop input delivery mechanism in trout growing pocket areas

6fp6 df5f pTkfbg If]qdf pTkfbg ;fdfu|L 9'jfgLsf] tl/sf . Initiatives on establishment of fish feed industry in private sector


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lghLIf]qdf df5fsf] bfgf pwf]usf] :yfkgfsf] z'?jft ug{] . Prepare database on fish production, demand, consumption , export and import

dT:o pTkfbg, dfu , vkt, lgo{ft / cfotsf] tYof tof/ kfg{] . Develop training curriculum for farmer level training

s[ifs:t/ tfnLdsf] z}lIfs tfnLsf tof/ kfg{] . Develop human resources, infrastructure, facilities required for the rapid expansion trout

6fp6 df5fsf] b|'t lasfznfO{ cfaZos hgzStL ,ef}lts ;'lawfsf] lasfz ug{] . Develop/strengthen feedback mechanism and communication system for all stakeholders

;a} ;/f]sf/x?nfO{ ;'rgf cfbfg k|bfg x'g] b/Lnf] t/Lsfsf] lasfz ug{] .


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Term of Reference to Group No. 2. (Research Strategies);d'x @ sf] nfuL sfo{ ;Gbe{ -cg'';Gwfg /0fgLlt_

Review existing research facilities, human resource strategies, organizational andinstitutional strength and weakness setup in Nepalcg';Gwfgsf] nfuL ef}lts ;'lawf, hgzStL /0flglt, ;+u7gfTds ;:yfut lasfzsf] kIf / sldsdhf]/Lsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] .

o Lack of national level research program to address researchable issues in coordinatedapproach in wider ecological regionlaleGg xfjfkfgL /x]sf If]qdf cg';Gwfgd'ns ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfg ug{ /fi6|Lo:t/sf]cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdsf] cefj .

o Inadequate human resource (only five research personal)bIf hgzSQLsf] cefj -% hgf cg';Gwfgstf{ dfq ePsf]_

Review present status of linkage among research institutes at national, regional and int'l levelfor the advancement of research support to trout growers/industry6fp6 pwf]u la:tf/ sf] nfuL laleGg /fi6|Lo / cGt{/fi6|Lo :t/sf cg';Gwfg ;:yf ;u+sf] ;DaGwsf] ;wf/

Recommend possible research strategies (technical, post harvest, market, social, policy etc).;+eflat cg';Gwfg /0flgltsf] l;kmf/L; -k|flalws, e08f/0f, ahf/ Joa:yfkg, ;dflhs / lglt cflb_

Recommend appropriate organizational and institutional frame to enhance researchcapabilitycg';Gwfgsf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ plrt ;u+7gfTds / ;:yfut tj/ t/Lsfsf] l;kmf/L;

Recommend approaches to strengthen linkage among research/ academic/ development/private sectorcg';Gwfg, z}lIfs ;+:yf, lasfz / lglh:t/ lar ;dGjogsf] dhj't dfWod :yfkgf ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{] .

Fingertips for group exercise in research6fp6 v]tL cg';Gwfgsf] ;d'xut 5nkmnsf d'Vo d'Vo a'+bfx?

Research on the year round supply of trout seedaif{ e/L 6fp6 e'/f pknAw x'g ;Sg] cg';Gwfg

Feasibility study in different development regions from commercial and livelihoodprospectivelaleGg lasfz If]qdf Jofkf/Ls / lhlasf]pkfh{gsf] nfuL 6fp6 df5f lasfzsf] ;+efjgf cWoog

Research on quality feed based on local ingredients:yfgLo ;dfu|Laf6 u'0f:t/Lo bfgf pTkfbgsf] cg';Gwfg

Technology on Low cost pond/raceway constructionsd d'Nodf kf]v/L tyf /]zj] lgdf{0f k|lalw .

Maintenance of genetic variation, genetic puritya+zfg'ut ljljwtf / z4tf sfod /fVg] .

Participatory trout farming research in new locationsgofF I]fqdf ;xefuLtf d'ns 6|fp6 df5f v]tLsf] cg';Gwfg.

Mitigation research with trout establishment in hydel reservoirs impounded in cold waterregionslr;f]kfgL If]qdf law'tu[x lgdf{0faf6 lgdf0f{ x'g] hnfzodf 6fp6 df5f af6 x'g] ;fdflhs c;/ af/]cg';Gwfg .

Fish health management researchdT:o :jfYo Joa:yfkg cg';Gwfg .

Research to increase reproductive performance of trout6fp6sf] k|hgg\ clea[l4 cWoog .

Research on delayed maturity of female


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kf]yL df5f nfO{ dWo lr;f] a]nfdf l9nf] kl/kSj u/fpg cg';Gwfg . Establishment and study on different strain of rainbow trout

laleGg k|hftLsf 6fp6 df5fsf] cWoog / k|lti7fkg . Environmental impact study on effluent of trout farm in recipient water (water quality and

biodiversity perspective)6fp6 df5f v]ltaf6 aUg] kfgL] lgsfzsf] jtfj/0fLo k|efjsf] cWoog -kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ / h}ljs ljljwtfdf_

Improve survivability of allevinse';'gf x?sf] afRg] b/ ;'wf/ ug]{ .

Socioeconomic impact of trout farming6fp6 v]ltsf] ;dflhs cfly{s k|efj .

Market and marketingahf/ / ahf/ Joj:yfkgo Research on meat quality of trout grown in high altitude Himalayan water

pRr kxf8L lxdfno If]qsf] kfgLdf pTkfbg x'g] 6|fp6 df5fsf] df;' u'0f:t/df cWoog .o Study on fish processing and value addition

df5fsf] k|;f]wg / u'0f:t/ a[l4 cWoog .o Study on post harvest technology (transportation, smoking, frozen, etc.)

e08f/0f k|lalwdf cWoog -9'jflg , ;'sfpg], lr;f] kfg{] cflb_ .o Surveillance of consumer preference

pke]fQmf x?df df5f vfg] cle?lrsf] cWoog .o Market behavior and interaction with other meat products

ahf/ sf] k|s[lt / cGo df;' pTkfbg ljr ;fdGh:o . Study of social behavior on natural resource (land and water) use for trout farming

k|fs[lts >f]t -hUUffhldg / kfgL_ k|of]u af/] ;dfhLs k|efjsf] cWoog . Research institution should undertake trainers' training programs

cg';Gwfg ;:yfx?n] k|lzIffyL{, k|lzIfs tfnLd ug'{ kg{] .

Summary Report of the Working Groups

Group A The existing fisheries extension activity is not enough to promote One Village One

Product slogan in Rasuwa and Nuwakot District: No SMS (cold water) No JT/JTA (cold water) It needs specialized extension agents in cold water

Participatory extension Use of NGOs/INGOs/CBOs

Integration with micro/macro hydropower Ensure Seed Production and supply

Participatory Government Import of fertilized eggs

Inventry preparation of most potential area in Rasuwa and Nuwakot District Inventry preparation of most potential area in Rasuwa and Nuwakot District

Horizontal scaling-upExpand trout farming in feasible areas:

Rasuwa and Nuwakot District particularly focused and other Mid-hill and High-hill general

Establish trout hatcheries in private sector: Partnership mode


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Broods, Technical Service - FDC Venue, Labour and operating cost - Farmer's field

Provision of subsidy in interest on loan for the capital investment: As for Coffee, Tea, Cold storage subsidy for interest should be provided

Ist year 100% 2nd year 75% 3rd year 50% 4th year 25% 5th year no subsidy

Loan Secure scheme for total capital Government Sector 60% Private Sector 40%

Develop code of conduct for responsible aquaculture at national level: Water user's right Farm Registration Water Resource conservation Effluent water monitoring

Enforcement of Aquatic Life Protection Act: Escape of trout in natural water body monitoring

Credit scheme for trout should include an enterprise as collateral and land (steep land)should be valued in accordance with the annual turnover of the trout farm:

Land Valuation on the basis of total Investment Re-valuation after infrastructure

Promote commercialization of trout through public-private partnership (farmers'cooperative, NGOs, INGOs) approach:

Expand domestic and explore abroad market for the trout. Develop input delivery mechanism in trout growing pocket areas. Initiatives on establishment of fish feed industry in private sector

Encourage to local manufacturers Prepare database on fish production, demand, consumption , export and import Develop training curriculum for farmer level training Develop human resources, infrastructure, facilities required for the rapid expansion trout Develop/strengthen feedback mechanism and communication system for all stakeholders

Group B: Recommendations for research strategies of trout scaling up

Based on TOR provided to the group, the following research needs are recommended Fisheries and aquaculture as national commodity research programme needs to be

established

Human resource:o Discipline wise inadequate numbero Regular recruitment of researcherso Utilize available resources/experts

Research facilitieso Upgrading of lab facilitieso Seed research facilities


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o Production research facilities

Research needso Genetics and breeding Genetic improvement, Brood management (Fecundity

improvement, Maturity alteration, Alevins survival)o Feed and nutrition Feed standardization, Digestibility improvement, Cost effective feedo Health management Regular monitoring for site specific protocol; Research tie up with

other research fields, Virology researcho Production research Economic harvest size, Stocking density versus water flow,

Alternative production systemso Post harvest Value addition, transportation (Quality maintenance)o Socio economic - Consumer preference, Marketing costo Environmental Effluent discharge, Effluent utilizationo Site characterization GIS and Remote sensing

Research linkageo Networking with national and international Institutionso Collaborative researcho Participatory research


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History of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduction in Nepal

Deep Bahadur Swar, PhDDepartment of Agriculture, Harihar Bhawan, Pulchok, Lalitpur, Nepal

Email: [email protected]

AbstractThis paper gives a brief description on the history of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduction,status of trout farming and perspectives, especially in high hills where abundant cold and unpolluted

water are available.

Key words: Trout, Asala, fry, introduction1. IntroductionNepal has an area of 147,181 km2, which can be divided into three physiographic regions, from southto north: the Terai plain, the mid hills, and the Himalayas. The Terai lies between 65 m and 500 melevation, the lower hills up to 2700 m, the upper hills up to 4000 m, and the greater Himalayas arelocated above tree line (>4600 m). Mountain and hills make 77 percent of the area of Nepal, whilethe Terai occupies only 23 percent. The Himalayas in the north strongly influence the climate ofNepal. The country may be divided into three climatic zones according to altitude: sub-tropical in the

Terai, temperate in the hills, and alpine in the mountain. These geographical zones are endowed withmany water resources, approximately 5% of the total area, in the forms of river and stream, lake,reservoir, pond and swamp. Among these, the rivers represent about 49 percent of the total waterarea.

2. Fishery Resources

Cool and cold water streams and rivers in Nepal extending from the Himalayas offer excellent habitatto 76 native (Rajbanshi 2002) and 3 exotic cold water species (including Brown trout and Amagotrout: perhaps do not exist in Nepal; and Rainbow trout). The native cold water fisheries resourceoffers vast scope for development of cold water aquaculture; however, at present this sector ispredominant by subsistence and recreational fisheries only. Cold water native species for theiraquaculture promotion is still in its infancy. It is only few indigenous species that have beendomesticated and propagated for cultivation purposes. Their culture has yet to be adopted by theprivate sector. Among the exotic species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) formerly known as Salmo

gairdeneri is widely cultivated cold water salmonid throughout the temperate world (Bardach et al.1972). In Nepal, its farming practices has recently been started to adopted (Rana 2007a, 2007b).

3. The Snow Trout (Schizothoraxspp)There are about 14 species of 'snow trout' (colloquialAsala), cold water riverine native fish in Nepal.The 'snow trout' is English vernacular name of Asala (Nepaliname). TheseAsalabelongs toCyprinidae family and do not have any relation with Salmonidae, however, they are called snow troutdue to their appearance from dorsal side which closely resemble with trout, in general. Chuche Asala(Schizothorax plagiostomus) is found in a range of 345 m to 3,323 m altitude, whereas, Buche Asla(Schizothorax progastus) is found in 300 m to 1,820 m altitude. These are high value food fishes with itsimportance for sport also; available in most mountainous rivers and streams in Nepal.

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a cold-water carnivorous sport fish of North America, whichwas taken to California, Alaska, Asia and Europe during different periods of 19th century. Amongwhich, Japan is one of the largest producers of rainbow trout, where this species was introduced in


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1877. Rainbow trout requires high protein feed and well oxygenated water for its cultivation. Innatural habitat it feeds on aquatic insects, small crustaceans and small fish. Nevertheless, it can be

cultured using artificial feed containing high animal protein. Trout can survive within a temperaturerange of 0-25C. However, it grows best at the water temperature range of 10-20C. Normally, thetrout attains commercial size of 200-300gm within 14 to 20 months. Its growth depends on thequality and quantity of feed, suitable temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration in the waterbody.

4. Introduction of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Considering the suitable climatic condition and abundance of cold water, juvenile brown trout (Salmotrutta) were introduced from India for the first time during late 1969; and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) from the United Kingdom in 1971. They were distributed in two places. Few hundredjuveniles were kept in Godawari in a cement tank and the rest of them were transported to a newlyestablished Trishuli Trout Hatchery (which was established in Nuwakot district on the bank of the

river Trishuli). Its objective was propagation, rearing and releasing of trout into suitable hill streams toestablish sport fishery for tourism development. However, mass mortality was occurred in Trishuli

within the few months of their arrival. Since the Trout Hatchery was established in the king's interest,the mass mortality of trout created a big issue for the Ministry of Agriculture along with Departmentof Agriculture. A high level commission was constituted. Mr. K. G. Rajbanshi and Mr. J. C. Gautam

were the members of that investigation team. The team, after a through investigation of all possiblereasons of mortality came to a conclusion that the trout was introduced without proper preparation ofphysical facilities such as:

ponds were leaking with earthen bottom, proper pellet high protein feed was not available, only buffalo meat/liver was fed, and The water was highly silted.

The trout commission recommended that the existing facilities (ponds, water resources, humanresources, and feed) were not suitable for trout culture; and the trout farming program was droppeduntil rehabilitation of Trishuli Fisheries Station. Activities in Trishuli station were resumed as usualfrom 1974. Exotic carps were breed and distributed for pond culture and paddy cum fish culture forfew years.

In the beginning of 1990s, Nepalese government requested a mini project from Japan InternationalCooperative Agency (JICA) under the leadership of a Senior Volunteer Mr. Kiyoshi Masuda. Under

which, the JICA supported rehabilitation of Trishuli Fisheries Station. for trout hatchery and racewayconstruction Technical support was provided through Japan Overseas Cooperative Volunteer.Realizing the importance of trout for cold water in Nepal, 50,000 eyed-eggs of Oncorhynchus mykiss

were again imported form Miyazaki Prefecture of Japan. These eyed eggs hatched out in GodawariFish Farm (Gurung & Basnet 2003) where more than 80 percent of the eyed eggs were successfully

hatched. These fry were grown in Godawari and Trishuli Fish Farms for several generations. Severalfisheries scientists were trained with Japanese counterparts in Nepal and Japan.

Afterward, studies on its culture and breeding technologies were conducted in Trishuli and GodawariFish Farms. Research on effectiveness of local feed on growth and spawning behavior of trout inNepalese waters were carried out. Participatory research and development trials were also conductedin farmers' ponds with encouraging results (Rana 2007a, 2007b). In addition to aquaculture, rainbowtrout fingerlings have been introduced in one of the isolated rivers in high hills (Modi Khola). Studies

were carried out to assess the survival rate of rainbow trout and its impact on native fish fauna.Nevertheless, trout farming is gaining popularity among the farmers of high hills region due to its high

value and excellent taste. Besides these accomplishments, trout seed has also been exported toThailand. Nepalese experts under Technical Cooperation program sponsored by JICA providethe

technical assistance.


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Fig 1: Trout production in Nepal.

5. Present status of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in NepalRainbow trout culture in Trishuli is being practiced in water coming down from glaciers, whereasspring water is used in Godawari station. The area of trout farm at Trishuli is about 2,000 sqm

whereas it is nearly 300 sqm at Godawari. The breeding of rainbow trout was initiated around 1990.The experiment on rainbow trout cultivation started around 1993. At present, production technologyhas been developed and verified in farmers' raceways. To date private sector involvement is limited.However, the private farmers are attracted towards trout farming in Nuwakot and Rasuwa districts.Number of trout farmers is being increased every year and production is also increasing. Mr. PurnaBahadur Lama (Mr. Gopal Lama) of Kakani VDC-4, Ranipauwa, Nuwakot District is the first privatetrout culturist in Nepal. He started rainbow trout culture in 1998 on the trial basis. Presently, he hasbeen growing 10,000-20,000 fingerlings of rainbow trout each year in an area of 136 sqm (Nepal et al.2002).

Total production of trout in Nepal is estimated about 17 mt in the year 2006 (Fig 1), whereproduction from private sector contributes 60 percent. However, total annual fish production inNepal is estimated to be 42,463 Mt, of which captured fishes accounted about 47%. Majority of theproduction came from private sector. At present annual trout production in Nepal ranged between

10-15 mt. Trout production in Nepal in 1993 was about 318 kg which was 1565 kg in 2005.

6. ConstraintsA major constraint for expansion of trout culture is the availability of adequate seed and year-roundsupply of clean and cold water at suitable site where motorable road, electricity and other infrastructure are well developed. The trout is a high value but perishable food product, thus, should bemarketed as soon as it is harvested. Post harvest handling in trout farming in near future, therefore,

would be important aspect of trout production management. Transportation network, cold storagefacilities, fish dryers are considered as pre-requisites for efficient marketing of trout. The domesticmarket for rainbow trout may be not wide and simple as that of carp due to its lower production andhigher price. Nonetheless, record shows that over the last four years demand for trout in Nepal hasbeen increasing.


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7. Way forward

Trout farming provides a great opportunity for utilizing the abundant source of cold water in Nepal.

From technical point of view, it can survive and grow in flowing water with temperature range of 0 to25 0C. As Nepal has several rivers and their tributaries of glacial origin, suitable to grow trout usingtheir waters, such sites suggest high prospect of further expansion of trout farming. Despite of itslow production, trout fetched very good market price, thus, trout farming has been one of the highlyprofitable agricultural commodities. Research conducted on small-scale trout private farm indicatedthat farmers do not have any problems in selling trout.

Feasibility survey for the expansion of trout farming is being carried-out in various parts of Nepal.Some of the probable sites identified are Modi Khola of Parbat district, Khimti Khola of Dolakha,Khokundol of Sindhupalchowk, and Naubise of Dhading District. Department of Agriculture isproposing additional projects on promoting rainbow trout farming in private sector of hilly areas ofcentral and western development regions. Above all trout culture not only generates entrepreneurs'

income but also help establish recreation site for tourism.

AcknowledgementI am indebted to the organizing committee of the workshop for providing me to present this work.

Thanks are also to all of concerned personal involved in rainbow trout farming in Nepal. I wish toexpress my sincere thanks to all farmers for providing information on rainbow trout farmingactivities.

ReferenceBardach J, J. H. Ryther & McLarney W. O (1972). Aquaculture: The farming and Husbandry of

Freshwater and Marine Organisms, Wiley Inter-Science, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 868pp.Gurung T. B & Basnet S. R (2003) Introduction of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Nepal;Constraints and prospects.Aquaculture Asia. No. 4. p 16.

Nepal A. P, S. R. Basnyat, G. P. Lamsal, P. L. Joshi & Mulmi R. M (2002) Economics of rainbowtrout farming in Nepal. In: Petr T & Swar D. B edited "Cold water fisheries in the trans-Himalayan countries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 431 Rome FAO, p 376.

Rajbanshi K. G (2002) Zoo-geographical distribution and the status of coldwater fish of Nepal. In:Petr T & Swar D. B edited "Cold water fisheries in the trans-Himalayan countries. FAOFisheries Technical Paper. No. 431 Rome FAO, p 376.

Rana C (2007a) Rainbow trout: an agricultural breakthrough. The Boss magazine, 15 Jan-14 Feb 2007:97-99. www.readtheboss.com

Rana C (2007b) No, fishy business! The Boss magazine, 15 Jan-14 Feb 2007: 76-77.www.readtheboss.com


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Present Status and Prospect of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)Farming in Nepal

Ash Kumar Rai, Tek Bahadur Gurung1, Sadhu Ram Basnet2, Raja Man Mulmi1

1Fisheries Research division, Godawari, Lalitpur2Fisheries Research Centre, Trishuli, Nuwakot


AbstractIntensive studies on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming started after its introduction in 1988.As a result farming package of the fish was developed in two research stations of Nepal AgriculturalResearch Council, namely, Godawari and Trishuli. Presently, altogether 12 farmers are involved introut production, out of them 10 farms are in business with profit. In 1998/99, the production oftrout in private sector was 0.8 Mt, but in 2006 trout production has been increased to 12 Mt from1270 m2 water surface area. The production rate calculated in average from the farms ranged 15-20kg/m2/year The feed for trout containing 35% protein are prepared by farmers themselves. Feedconversion ratio (FCR) is about 2:1. Trout attains marketable size (about 200-300 g) from alevinsstage within 12-17 months. The farm gate price of trout ranges Rs 300-700/kg. The demand ofrainbow trout in market is high. Nepal, predominantly a mountainous country with rich cold-waterresource possesses high potential for rainbow trout commercial cultivation. It can also supports eco-tourism development through opportunities like recreation by fishing.

Key words: Trout breeding, fry, alevins, survival, growth rate, grow out

1. IntroductionRainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most suitable fish to cultivate in cold waters. It cansurvive in cold waters having a water temperature range from 0 to 250C, but performs relatively wellfor growth in 16-180C. The water temperature range from 9 to 140C is considered suitable formaintaining spawners for breeding and incubation. To grow the trout at commercial scale water

volume, quality and constant water temperature play important roles. Though trout farming in Nepalis a new endeavor, however, commercial rainbow trout cultivation was started as early as 1853 in theUS and a little earlier in Europe (Bardach et al. 1972). Nowadays, cultivation of rainbow trout forboth commercial production and recreational fishing purposes has been a well-established industry

throughout the world (Barrington 1983).

Rainbow trout was introduced in Japan from USA in 1877. Now trout has become the third highestfish products of freshwater aquaculture in Japan (Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd 1991). Rainbow trout wasintroduced first time in Nepal in 1969 from India; and second time brown trout were brought fromUnited Kingdom (Gurung & Basnet 2003, Swar 2007). Those fish were kept in Fish Farm, Godawariand later on in Trout Hatchery, Trishuli. These stocks could not survive due to lack of technicalknow-how and management practices. After few years in 1988, again 50,000 eyed eggs of rainbowtrout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were brought from Miyazaki Prefecture of Japan. These eggs were hatchedout in Fish farm, Godawari. Then some broods were taken to Trishuli for study. Now this stock is incultivation in research farms as well as in private sector. After a decade of continuous efforts onresearch, a complete technology package of breeding, fry nursing, rearing and grow-out of rainbow

trout with feed production technology has been developed by Nepal Agricultural Research Council(NARC).


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Nepal is one of the major countries for having abundant cold freshwater resources in the world;however, these water resources have been poorly used. Rainbow trout being a cold-water fish has high

potential to cultivate in Nepal particularly in hilly region where cold water streams prevailed well.People living in the hilly region have less opportunity to increase their income to better theirlivelihood. Rainbow trout farming could be an important source of their income and providing job tothe people living in such regions. Rainbow trout can also supports eco-tourism through developingrecreational based fisheries for fishing opportunities to tourist in hill streams. However, effort on thatdirection is required. Trout farming has bright prospects for expansion as Nepal is rich in cold waterresources from east to west in the hilly region. Here, in this paper we aim to provide existingtechnological performance of rainbow trout farming and highlight some with issues possible solutionfor scaling-up of the developed technology in the country.

1. IntroductionFingerlings availability is the main bottle neck for trout production. Since, the trout fingerling

production is an urgent need to enhance trout production nationwide. Therefore, trout breeding wasinitiated in private sector since 2005 with technical support of NARC. In the first year about 44,000fingerlings were produced by two farmers of Rasuwa and Nuwakot.

Trout can breed after attaining two years. In general, a 3-4 years old single female can laid up to 3,000-3500 eggs/kg (Morrissy 1973), however, breeding performance and quality egg depends on the qualityof water, feed and other management practices. The brood fish should be fed at least 35% proteincontent diet at the rate of 2-3% of body weight once or twice daily. Two years old adult rainbow troutare bred artificially once in a year during December to March; and the same group of brood can beused for coming years. The older brood generally lays higher number of eggs/kg body weight. Thesebroods also produce larger eggs. The smaller eggs might have low hatchability; contrarily larger size ofeggs produce higher alevin. The eggs are stripped from females and the stripped eggs are fertilized

with the milt obtained from males (Fig. 1). Normally, one male can supply enough milt for the eggsof two females. The fertilized eggs are incubated in incubation trays in Atkins incubators, where cleanand cold water had been supplied @ 3-7 L/sec. The water used for incubation should contain theconcentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) >7 mg/L. The eggs used for incubation hatch out within20-30 days interval depending on water temperature.

Fig 1. Mature female rainbow trout (A) and milt mixing with the eggs for fertilization (B).


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Nursing and rearing:The Newly hatched sac fry which are often called "alevin" weight about 0.08 g each and take about 2

weeks to attain swimming stage. At the beginning the alevin with a large yolk sac (reserved food) cannot swim well. These sac fry attains swimming stage after absorption of the yolk sac. These alevin arefed with starter feed, which contains 35-40% crude protein. The feeding is carried at the rate of 15-20% total biomass of fry. The feeding is generally performed at 2-hour intervals in day time tillattaining 3 g size, which take about 10 weeks. After 3 g sizes fingerlings are fed @ of 8-10% body

weight of fish at 2 hours interval till about 5 g sizes.

Alternatives to the starter feed for nursing frozen raw buffalo liver mixed with starter feed has beenproved to be one of the best starter diets with healthy and better growth compared to other diets fishmeal 30% mixed with local feed, 30% earthworm mixed with local feed and 100% earthworm (Fig.2). Egg custard has also been found as a potential alternative to the starter feed (Pradhan 1998).

According to Parova & Rehulka (1997), the growth of trout receiving 18.5% of fats was dynamic and

faster. Basnet & Silwal (1995/96) have claimed that deformed alevins of rainbow trout might be dueto high water temperature during the spawning season.

3. Rainbow trout cultivationTrout needs clean and cold water for its growth. Earthen ponds are not used but they can also beused for growing trout, if abundant year round cold water is available. Concrete raceways of variousshapes and sizes are used normally for trout culture. Circular tanks typically range from 4 to 6 m indiameter but less suited to automated handling, grading or harvesting which have been used overseasto improve productivity (Bromage & Shepherd 1990) with a depth of about 0.75 m. Generally, watersupply equivalent to 4 L.sec-1 can permit stocking densities up to 20 kg.m-3.

3.1 Stocking densityIn worst conditions when water flow are not regulated negative correlation between stocking densityand growth might occur. The stocking density can be increased up to 35 kg/m3 water flow issufficient (Bekiroglu et al. 1995). If the water supply is reliable, permanent, stable and adequate pondscan be constructed in parallel fashion to avoid contamination. But, if water source is limited thenlinear raceways for holding trout could be constructed. However, it needs a filter chamber to clean theused and polluted water before sending to other raceways.

Fig 2. An effect of different starter feeds for fry nursing(Source: FRD 1999/00; 2001).


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3.2 Site selection and water qualityThe selection of suitable site for trout farming is one of essential part for successful business. The

best site for trout farm establishment should have preferably a slope of 1-3% to permit adequatewater flow and water quality. Easy access to road, availability of electricity, safety and security, free ofpoaching and no possibility of flooding are also important factors that need to be considered duringsite selection.

Adequate volume of cold water below 200C throughout the year is the pre-requisite for a trout culture.Yamazaki (1991) has reported rainbow trout grow well at between 10-200C but in Nepal it showed thebest growth takes place in between 16-180C (FRD 2001). Feed consumption decreases when watertemperature increase above 200C, resulting in slow growth and eventually death, if exposed to higher

water temperature for longer period. Trout require more than 7 ppm dissolved oxygen (DO) in itswater for proper growth and breeding. The growth could be retarded or fish could die, if dissolvedoxygen remained below 7 ppm (Gibson's Limited 1998). The preferred pH range for trout is between

6.5 and 8.0 with optimum value between 7.0-7.5. At higher pH levels, relatively low levels ofammonia can also be dangerously toxic (Bromage & Shepherd 1990; Sedgwick 1985).

4. Grow out rainbow troutTrout can be stocked at 50-100 fish/m2 depending upon water source the quantity, the quality and itsflow. But the stocking density in government and farmers ponds at present is 50 fish/m2. At thisstocking rate the marketable size of 200-300 g reach at 14-16 months of culture period. However,fish need to be graded timely to attain uniform growth and avoid cannibalism. Specific growth rate(SGR) decreases with the increasing size of fish. In general, if quality feed could be provided the feedconversion ratio (FCR) equals 2:1. So, it requires about 2 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of trout. Severalother works abroad have also showed similar results (Bromage & Shepherd 1990, Gibson's Limited(1998).

For achieving success in trout farming fish of different sizes should be graded time to time. Thismanagement avoids competition and cannibalism. The size category for separation might be of2-5 g; 10-20 g; 50-60 g; and >100 g sizes. Such management could also help to improve FCR andminimization of the cost of production. The trout diet formulation depends on the age and size of thefish. Rainbow trout needs high protein containing diet which might be obtained using dryshrimp/prawn and soybean products for feed preparation (FRD 1998/99). Other feed ingredientscould be wheat, oil cake, rice bran, vitamin mixture and minerals to prepare trout feeds. With thesuccess of research on feed formulation and testing in farmers field NARC has demonstrated viabilityof commercial trout feed production in the country.

Generally, the marketable body weight of trout is about 200 g. The longer culture period after 200g

body weight might results in increase in the cost of production. Therefore, it is advised to harvest thefish right after attaining the size of about 200 each to get the best profit. Feed efficiency in trout in

Japan ranges from 60-80% (Tasiro et al. 1974) but it has been found lower (43-46%) in Nepal (FRD1999/'00). This suggests that there is still need research on trout feed efficiency improvement. Thecost of rainbow trout production has been analyzed which shows that to produce 1 kg of marketablesize (200-300 g each) of trout might cost nearly Rs. 170 (Joshi & Westlund 1996). Economic analysisof trout culture based on the experiences of the private sector in Nepal (Nepal et al. 2001; Rai et al.2005) showed that annual rate of return could be nearly 43% of the total investment. The high initialinvestment for raceways construction could be a constraint for rapid expansion of trout cultivation, ingeneral.


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5. Prospect of rainbow trout farming in NepalEfforts have been made to transfer the technology to the private sector with the help of various

government and non-government channels. As a result, till now about 1175.2 m2

areas of 88 racewayponds have been used for trout production. The suitable size and depth of the ponds are 50-150 m2and 80-90 cm, respectively.

Trout farming has become a success in Nepal after more than a decade of continuous and untiringefforts. It generates not only the income to the farmers but also creates employment opportunities tothe people living in the mountainous and hilly regions. In addition, it has potential to be exportedoverseas and earn foreign currency. Rainbow trout can also entertain tourists and provide fresh fish inrestaurant as well. In order to expand the industry, government should initiate and take interest andsupport providing subsidy as well as technical support. To make the trout farming a successfulbusiness, further research and supports are also necessary.

People living in the hilly regions have limited income resources to improve their livelihood. Therefore,the introduction of trout and its culture technology in the hilly region could be supportive andencouraging to the people for income generating opportunity by utilizing rich cold-water resources.Out of about 6,000 rivers in Nepal most of them origin from the Himalayan snow peaked mountains.

These rivers could be utilized for cold water aquaculture, if related infrastructures such as road andelectricity are available. Pond fish culture in warmer region has limited area and should compete withother agricultural activities for land and water use. Therefore, to develop aquaculture in Nepalutilization of cold water resources in hilly terrain could be one of the best options. Therefore,cultivation of cold water fish could ascertain promising agriculture activities in Nepal. In addition, thedevelopment of cold water fisheries could also supports sport fishery based eco-tourism for incomegeneration activities to local people.

The market for trout is enormous as it has high demand in and outside the country. Fresh trout canconsume directly to the hotels and restaurants in towns within the country. The local influentialcommunities as well as tourists are the main consumers of trout in these hotels and restaurants.Besides that trout has high demand outside the country, however, the quantity and consistent qualityproduct is the main bottleneck. The production and supply should be regular, reliable and sizeable.

Therefore, in order to be competitive trout should be produced on a commercial scale to takeadvantagese. Such managerial improvement is expected ton reduce the production cost. There is agreat prospect of trout culture industry in Nepal but more private entrepreneurs and organizationsshould be attracted towards this business.

6. Recommendations and suggestions The most important and crucial part of trout farming is the hatchery to produce enough

fingerlings. Therefore good hatchery should be established for mass seed production tosupply sufficient quantity of quality fingerlings to the growers.

Trout farming depends on quality and quantity of feed supply available. The feed productioncost can be relatively higher, because trout requires high protein content diet. Therefore,government need to establish or subsidy the feed manufacturers of the trout so that they cansupply quality feed at low cost to the trout growers. The mixture of different levels ofdefatted soybean meal, corn gluten meal and meat meal could replace up to 90% of thefishmeal to be used, if the combination of these ingredients produces the profile of aminoacids comparable to the fishmeal diet (Juadee & Watanabe 1993).


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However, the research needs to be continued to search locally available cheaper ingredientsfor fish meal so that manufacturers would be able to produce low-cost feed.

Unlike other fish species, trout solely depends on quality feed and need skilled humanresource to manage successfully. Due to these reasons, trout culture is normally costly thancarp. Therefore, in order to encourage private farmers, government should make provisionto get loans in low-interest for capital investment and subsidies on feeds or feed ingredients,related equipments, fry transportation etc.

Acknowledgement

We extend our sincere thanks to all of staffs working in Trishuli Fish Farm, Fisheries ResearchDivision, Godawari and Private farms for providing information require for this study. Fund andsupport for this study was provided through Nepal Agricultural Research Council and Japan

International Cooperative Agency.

Reference

Bardach J. E, J. H. Ryther & McLarney W. O (1972) Aquaculture: The Farming and Husbandry ofFreshwater and Marine Organisms. Wiley-Inter science, A division of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.NY. 868 pp

Barrington R (1983) Making and Managing a Trout Lake. Fishing News Books, England, 135 ppBasnet S. & Silwal U (1995/96). Relationship between local environmental condition management

and spawning efficiency of rainbow trout. Technical report, Fisheries Research Center, GodawariBekiroglu Y, T. Sahin & Duzgunes E (1995) Assessment of optimal stocking density for rainbow

trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). General Directorate of Agricultural Research, Ankara(Turkey). 59pp

Bromage N. R. & C. J. Shepherd (1990) Fish, their requirements and site evaluation. In: Shepherd, C.J. & Bromage, N.R. (eds), Intensive Fish Farming. BSP Professional Books, Oxford. 17-49

FRD (1998/99) Annual Technical Report. Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Fisheries ResearchDivision, Godawari. 5-8

FRD (1999/'00) Relationship between specific growth rate and sizes of rainbow trout. AnnualTechnical Report, Lalitpur, Nepal. 51-54

FRD (2001) Development of starter feed for trout alevins. Annual Technical Report, FisheriesResearch Division, Godawari, NARC. 27-33

Gibson's Limited (1998) Feed Management Guidelines for Salmonids. Gibson's Limited, Tasmania.150 pp

Gurung T. B & S. R Basnet (2003) Introduction of rainbow trout Onchorynchus mykiss in Nepal:constraints and prospects.Aquaculture Asia8 (4):16-18

Joshi P. L & Westlund L M (1996) Production Technology and Prospects of trout forming in Nepal,Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Role of Fisheries and Aquaculture Nepal, NepalFisheries Society, Kathmandu. 27-34

Juadee P & Watanabe T (1993) Replacement of fishmeal by alternative protein sources in rainbowtrout diets. Proceedings of the seminar on Fisheries, Department of Fisheries. Bangkok,

Thailand. 15-17Morrissy N. M (1973) Comparison of strains of Salmo gairdneriRichardson from New South Wales,

Victoria and Western Australia. Australian Society for Limnology Bulletin, 5: 11-20Nepal A. P, S. R. Basnet, G. P. Lamsal, P. L. Joshi & Mulmi R. M (2002). Economics of rainbow trout

farming systems in Nepal. In: T. Petr and D. B. Swar (eds.) Cold Water Fisheries in the Trans-Himalayan Countries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 431 Rome, FAO. P. 376

Parova J & Rehulka J (1997) The effect of dietary fat in market rainbow trout on growth dynamics,specific growth rate and trout health. Zivocisna-Vyroba-UZPI (Czech Republic). 42(12):547-551


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Pradhan N (1998) Development of starter feed for trout larvae under local management. InPresentStatus of Fisheries, Research, Development and Education in Nepal. Eds. Pradhan, B.R., Wagle,

S.R. Osamu, Y. and Masakazu, T. NARC & JICA, 170 ppRai A. K, R. C. Bhujel, S. R. Basnet & Lamsal G. P (2005) Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culturein the Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal- A success story. Asia-Pacific Association of AgriculturalResearch Institutions (APAARI), FAO, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok,

Thailand. 33 ppSedgwick S. D (1985) Trout Farming Handbook. 4th ed. Fishing News Books, England, 160 ppSwar D. B (2007) History of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduction in Nepal. In proceeding

"Rainbow trout farming initiatives in Nepal" edited by T. B. Gurung. pTasiro F, W. Tachikawa, T. Kamata, E. Tamura, AOC II & Y. Yabe. 1974. Rainbow Trout Fish

Farming Lecture Series, Vol 10, Midori shadow Co. Ltd, (in Japanese)Yamaha Motor Co, Ltd. (1991) Rainbow trout culture. Fishery Journal. 36Yamazaki T (1991) Culture of foreign origin Fisheries, Farming Japan. 25th Anniversary. 25(1):41-46


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Breeding performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) innortheastern hills, Nepal

Sadhu Ram Basnet, Gopal Prasad Lamsal, Raja Man Mulmi**,Tek Bahadur Gurung**

Fisheries Research Center, TrishuliEmail: [email protected]

**Fisheries Research Division, GodawariAbstractsResearch on participatory breeding of rainbow trout has been one of the main activities of Godawari& Trishuli Fisheries farms in past several years in Nepal. Under the breeding program 1+ and 2+ year'sold broods were used for spawning. The main objective of this study was to examine the breeding

performance of rainbow trout for fry production. The broods were stocked at experimental sitesabout three months prior to spawning. The hatchability and growth trends were affected by thepresence of silt and humus in water used for eggs incubation. Variation on different parameters suchas hatchability revealed that poor water quality and feeding management might affect dramatically onsurvivability of alevin. In general, the results showed that highest hatchability (45.32%) occurred inRasuwa which might be related with water quality available during incubation period. This fact wasfurther evidenced by higher hatchability of 2+ years old mothers in Kakani (45%) and Trishuli (24%)than 1+ female group. The lowest hatchability occurred in Godawari (8.08%).

Key words: Trout breeding, male female, fecundity, alevin, hatchability

1. Introduction

Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss is one of the most popular fish for cultivation in cold water. Forsustainable cultivation of trout pure seed are produced in hatcheries. However, trout breedingtechnologies need strengthening in both government as well as private farms in Nepal. To achievethis goal, first breeding of trout in hatchery was attempted in 1990. Rainbow trout require cold, cleanand highly oxygenated water for ripening of broods for successful breeding and hatchery activities.Female rainbow trout spawn best at the age of four to seven years and males at the three to six years.

The maximum longevity of rainbow trout is 11 years (Morrissy 1973). The fecundity of rainbow troutchanges with the age of female brood (Martyshev 1983). Contrarily to these, Trishuli and Godawariresearch farms use females ranging more than one year to three years age group, male mostly less thanthree years old.

Feeding condition notably influence the fecundity of rainbow trout (Huet 1975). Shortage of quality

feed reduces fecundity. Therefore, shrimp-

, fish-

and soybean meals had been recommended as themain source of protein dietary component of formulated trout diets. Shrimp and fishmeal are mostexpensive component, which cannot be fully replaced by plant originated protein for trout feed. It isknown that feeding with high quality feed is one of highly important part of brood management forproducing quality seed and table fish production. Recognizing these facts dietary composition of trouthas been attempted to standardized, however, to make trout farming more economical further work ishighly desirable.

To transfer the farming technology participatory approach is one of the best options. In this approachpotential farmer locations are selected where researcher could perform the research activities in fullparticipation of the farmer.


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2. Materials and MethodsComparisons of breeding performance were examined in two government farms (Trishuli and

Godawari) and two private farms (Kakani and Rasuwa). In the Trishuli fish farm, water was suppliedthrough glacier originated Trishuli River, where the water remains turbid at least 4-5 months in a yearfrom MaySeptember. In other location the source of water was spring for supply in the hatchery.Broods were selected from the farm stock and divided into two age groups, one was comprised of 2years old and another 3 years old broods named as 1+ (first spawner) and 2+ age (second spawner).

These broods were maintained in raceways having a dimension of 1:5 width and length.

The female and male broods were transported into the experimental areas at least three months priorto breeding period. The feeding regime to broods was twice a day in the morning and the evening at2-3% of total body weight. Brood fish were fed 35% crude protein containing pellet feed(Table 1) at the rate of 1-2% of live weight before spawning or November first week. In allexperimental sites quality of brood stocks were assessed on the basis of: general health condition,

absence of deformities, good external appearance, good coloration, activity, and swiftness of reactionto stimuli. The stocking density of brood was 5-10 Kg/m2 and water exchange were maintained toexchange at least 4-6 times within 24 hour.

The state of ripeness was examined two times at a week during breeding period from the end ofOctober. The state of brood could recognize through external body appearance of males and females.Such as body coloration of males become brilliant, appeared darker but abdomen remainscompressed. Along with these, lower jaw elongated; and curved upward like a hook. The maturity infemales was verified by enlarged abdomen the presence of oocytes. The gravid broods were selectedand brought into the hatchery. Gravid broods were gently wiped using dry and clean towel to cleanthe dirt and soak the water from body surface and avoid water mixing on extruded eggs and milt.

Thereafter eggs were collected in the container by applying mild pressure first on lower part of theovary (near the vent) and upward the ovary over the ventral side of fish. The eggs from mature

female were obtained by simple hand stripping on a sieve and cleaned with 0.9% common saltsolution. Immature female were kept and checked periodically an interval of 3-4 days.

Eggs were counted by weighing 5 g eggs separately. For fertilization, brisk milt was mixed in samecontainer where eggs were stripped. Thereafter, eggs were stirred gently with a feather and stand forone minute. After that, 0.9 percent salt solution about was poured carefully from the side of thecontainer for removing dirt and cleaning the fertilized eggs. Then the green eggs were washedcontinuously until the water becomestransparent. The green eggs were poured inthe tray (local made 33*34 cm size). Then alltrays were tied in stake together to put intothe Atkins. Where, continuous and uniform

water flow was maintained at the rate 2 lit/minute for 10,000 eggs. The optimumdissolve oxygen required in the incubationapparatus was always about 6-8 mg litre-.During the whole incubation period the trays

were cleaned twice from the Atkin to removedead eggs.

2.1 Nursing and rearingAfter hatching sac fry were carefully removedfrom the tray into the mesh cage arrangedinto rectangular troughs where running water

were maintained by protecting them frombright light. Water supply rate in the trough


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were @ 0.3-0.5 ml/min/1000 larvae. The sac fry remained in the tray until the absorption of yolk sacand the fry become able to swim. After that the free swimming fry were fed 10 times a day. The

feeding frequency was reduced to 2-4 times a day after the fry attain larger in size. The fry were fedevery hour at the rate of 5-10 % of body weight with crumble feed. Along with the crumble, mincedbuffalo liver was fed to the fry.

2.2 Grow-out fish trialsFor analyzing the grow-out, 1-2g size fingerlings were stocked @ 50 fish m -2. Continuous and uniform

water flow was maintained @ 1 L/min /m2 in raceway pond, containing more than 7 mg L. dissolveoxygen and pH range from 6.5 to 7.5. Locally prepared feed for grow-out were supplied after pelletingaccording to the feed composition given inTable-2. According to water temperature the feeding rate

were maintained. The water temperature was measured daily using simple mercury thermometer, DOwas measured by simple portable meter. For pH measurement simple Litmus paper were used.Specific growth rate decrease with increasing size of fish and feed conversion ratio has shown the 2:1.

For more than 50 g of size fish 20% and less than 50 g size 30% animal protein containing feed togrow-out production 2-3 times at daily @ 1.5 -2% of total biomass were fed.

3. ResultsWater temperature ranged from 12 to 20 0C in Trishuli, 13 to 22 0C in Godawari, 10 to 17 0C inRasuwa and 9-21 0C in Kakani. The water pH ranged from 6.5-7.5. Other detail of breedingperformance is given in Table-3. The egg incubation period in Godawari and Trishuli were 325 to350 degree days, respectively. The hatchability was low Godawari and Trishuli than private farms inKakani and Rasuwa farms.

Breeding occurred from first week of November to the beginning of December. First breedingoccurred in Godawari, then in Kakani, Trushuli and Rasuwa. Fully mature eggs were spherical,translucent and pale yellow to orange color. The egg diameters of 1+ female ranged from 3-3.5 mm,

while those of 2+ ranged from 3.5-4.0 mm female. The extruded total 1500-2600 eggs per kg offemale. Body weight of each alevin at first day was about 40-50 mg, while total length ranged from1.3-1.8 cm.

In Trishuli hatching occurred after 27 to 35 days when temperature ranged 10-13 C, while inGodawari it took from 25 to 30 days when temperature was ranged from 11 to 14C. Hatchingperiod depends on the water temperature, and takes place 27 to 41 days when temperature remains10-12C (Frost & Brown 1967). Marketable size of trout (200-300 g) reached within 15-17 months in

Trishuli and 12-13 month of culture period in Godawari. Yolk sac got absorbed within 7-18 days andreached into free swimming stage.


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Table 3. Fecudity, fertility and other characteristics of 1+ and 2+ years female in different locations.

Fig 1. Growth trend of trout fingerlings in two different stations.

3.1 Growth trend of grow outThe growth showed that the body weight becomes double rapidly in smaller trout. This trendhowever decreased with increasing fish body wieght (Fig-1). The temperatures seemed to playimportant role in growing period. The initial stocking rate of 2-3 g fingerlings ranged 50-100 fish m-2.

The marketable size of 200-300 g achieved within 15-17 month in Trishuli and 13-15 month ofculture period in Godawari. However, 9-10 months old trout with averaging 100 g body weightstarted to sell around November in private farms.

4. Discussion

Breeding performance and success of rainbow trout highly depend on feeding, selection, maturationage, management disease occurrence and water quality. Good selection of brood fish is one of theimportant aspects to increases the rate of hatchability and decrease mortality rate of offspring. Troutbecomes ready to spawn on second year of age. In Nepal both male and female broods are used forspawning after reaching 2 and 3 years old. Rainbow trout needs clean and high DO containing (morethan 7 mg litre-1) at normal condition and intensive management 10-11mg liter- for brood. Water pHnormally should be 7.0-7.5. It is known that at higher pH, relatively low levels of ammonia can bedangerously toxic to trout (Bromage & Shepherd 1990, Sedgwick 1985).

Trout can breed after two years and spawn 2000 eggs kg- (Huet 1975); however breedingperformance and quality egg development depends on the quality of the feed and water. A female

weighing 1 kg gives an average of 1500 to 2000 eggs (Huet 1975) Based on our experience in tworesearch (Trishuli and Godawari) centers trout can be bred artificially once a year from November to

February.


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Males of two to four years considered best for breeding (Pillay 1993). Quality milt plays an importantrole for successful breeding. High quality milt has a dense consistency with creamy colored

appearance, while poor quality milt is watery with bluish tinge. The quantity of spermatozoa in themilt is considerable: 10,000 million in a cubic centimeter of the trout milt (according to Schlenk &Kuhmann,quoted by Dorier). It is not advisable to use eggs collected from females spawning for thefirst time, because the roe might be comparatively small and could yield higher loss during the periodof embryonic development (Martyshev 1983).

In present study, the egg size varied from 3-5 mm. Many works suggest egg diameter should be about5 mm (Range of 4.7 to 5.6 mm) for achieving good hatchability and low mortality with effectivegrowth performance in rainbow trout. The quantity of eggs or milt and the egg size increase withincrease in size of brood. It means larger the eggs size, larger alevins and more resistant young one.

The size of the male however, does not influence the size of the alevins, but descendants of olderfemales fertilized by young males is predominantly masculine (Huet 1975). Only 2-3 years old broods

has been using for breeding in Nepal. This might be the reason of smaller eggs size.

Conclusion

We concluded water quality, feed and brood maintenance are main factor which directly playimportant role on achieving higher hatchability and production. To improve the life span of troutimprovement in trout nutrition might be highly desirable. Further comprehensive study and data

would require for concluding specific performance of trout breeding in prevailing ecological sites.However, the present results have demonstrated that participatory trout breeding in private farms arehighly encouraging and commendable.

AcknowledgementWe thank all the staffs of Trishuli & Godawari fish farm and private trout breeders for their

cooperation. Funds for this research were provided through Nepal Agricultural Research Council,Japan International Cooperation Agency and from KR2 of Government of Japan.

Reference

Bromage, N. R. & Shepherd C. J (1990) Fish, their requirements and site evaluation. In, Shepherd, C.J & Bromage, N. R. (eds), Intensive Fish Farming. BSP Professional Books, Oxford. 17-49.

FRC (2005) Annual Technical Report. Published by Trishuli Fisheries Research Station, Trishuli,Nuwakot

Frost W. E & Brown, M. E (1967) The Trout. NMN. Pullin St. James Place London.Gurung T. B & S. R. Basnet (2003) Introduction of rainbow trout Onchorynchus mykiss in Nepal:

constraints and prospects.Aquaculture Asia8(4):16-18Huet M. (1975) Textbook of fish culture, breeding and cultivation of fish. Fishing News (Books) Ltd,

23 Rosemount Avenue, West Byfleet, Surrey, England.Morrissy N. M (1973) Comparison of strains ofSalmo GairdneriRichardson from New South Wales,Victoria and Western Australia. Australian Society for Limnology Bulletin, 5: 11-20.

Martyshev F. G (1983)Pond Fisheries, American Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.Nomura, M. (1994). New Fishery Handbook. Koudansha, Tokyo. pp. 388-390Pillay T. V. R (1993) Aquaculture Principles and Practices. Fishing News Books, A Division of

Blackwell Scientific Publication Ltd. University press, Cambridge, The Great Britain.Sedgwick, S. D. (1985). Trout Farming Handbook, Fishing News Books Ltd., 1 Long Garden Walk,

Farnham, Surrey, England.


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Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larval rearing methodologies in Nepal

Neeta Pradhan, Asha Raymajhi & Santa Kumar Shrestha1Fisheries Research Division, Godawari


1Fisheries Research Center, TrishuliAbstractSustainability of aquaculture highly depends on the availability of high quality robust and healthy seed.

The larvae of trout accept feed from early stages after yolk sac are absorbed. Preparation ofcomposite feed for early fry is a complex process. In earlier years in absence of appropriate modern

technologies for the preparation of dried crumble feeds, several local methods were attempted inNepal. Previous works suggest that in absence of well balanced appropriate dry starter pellet, boiledegg yolk and liver could be the best feed for larval rearing as starter feed. The growth pattern andsurvival of fry fed with egg yolk and liver were same as it was with dry pellet. These methods couldbe useful in remote trout hatcheries where transportation of dry pellet could be impractical.

Key words: Crumble, starter feed, liver, egg yolk, dry pellet

1. IntroductionRearing fish larvae successfully is one of the most important parts of aquaculture enterprise, as itssustainability highly depends on survival of larvae (Bardach et al. 1972, Huet 1975). To guarantee thesuccess of any aquaculture enterprise consistence seed supply mechanism is the most important step.Carp require natural food when larvae first start its feeding. However, larvae of trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) in hatcheries exclusively depend on external feed for their growth from the time larvaecommence first feeding (Bardach et al. 1972). Therefore, trout larval rearing highly depend on qualityfeed.

In many countries, high quality commercial branded dry pelle

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