probook1view

8/12/2019 probook1view

1/54

i

LANES

ENGLISHPronunciation Guide

byRichard R. Lane, Ph.D.


2/54

ii

Copyright 1977; revised 1988, 2000 by Richard R. Lane

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be changed

without written permission from the publisher.

The worlds most efficacious method for teaching English pronunciation is freelygive to all students and teachers by-

Lane Press

P.O. Box 17822Stanford, CA 94305USA


3/54

iii

PREFACE

Lanes English Pronunciation Guide is a drill book designed for learners of English as aSecond Language. It has two sections: Consonants and Vowels.

The consonants and vowels give practice in the pronunciation of 40 distinct English sounds.

Each phoneme is indicated by the International Phonetic Alphabet, accompanied by a list ofalternative English spellings. There is also a diagram for each sound, showing the position ofthe tongue, teeth and lips, and indicating whether the sound is voiced or voiceless, i.e., whetheror not it has a vibration. The correct positioning of the tongue and other speech organs is vital

to clear pronunciation, therefore, the diagrams should be used as constant reminders whenworking on minimal pairs.

The words in the drills form a large part of the vocabulary found in Dr. Lanes text series

entitled Lanes English as a Second Language. When used together, the PronunciationGuide and the texts provide the learner with continual cross reinforcement of words andsounds.


4/54

iv


5/54

v

CONTENTS

Preface .........................................................................................................................iiiDiagram of speech organs ......................................................................................... vi

CONSONANTS

s (sea) ................................................................................................................... 2z (zebra) ................................................................................................................ 3f (foot) ................................................................................................................... 4v (vase) ................................................................................................................. 5t (time) .................................................................................................................. 6d (dog) ................................................................................................................... 7l (leaf) ................................................................................................................... 8r (rain) ................................................................................................................... 9T (theater) ............................................................................................................ 10D (the) .................................................................................................................. 11p (page) ............................................................................................................... 12b (bone) ............................................................................................................... 13k (key) ................................................................................................................. 14g (goat) ................................................................................................................ 15hw (wheel) .............................................................................................................. 16w (wave) ............................................................................................................... 17S (shoe) ............................................................................................................... 18Z (garage) ............................................................................................................ 19tS (chair) ............................................................................................................... 20dZ (jeep) ................................................................................................................ 21m (moon) .............................................................................................................. 22n (nose) ............................................................................................................... 23k (king) ................................................................................................................ 24h (hair) ................................................................................................................. 25j (yes) ................................................................................................................. 26

VOWELS

e (ate ................................................................................................................... 28Q (at) .................................................................................................................... 29i (eel) .................................................................................................................. 30I (ill) ..................................................................................................................... 31aI (night) ............................................................................................................... 32E (net) .................................................................................................................. 33o (own) ................................................................................................................ 34 (on) ................................................................................................................... 35 (nut) .................................................................................................................. 36A (not) .................................................................................................................. 37

aU (cow) ................................................................................................................. 38I (coy) ................................................................................................................. 39u (wooed) ............................................................................................................ 40U (wood) .............................................................................................................. 41ju (you) ................................................................................................................. 42

-er/ir/ur/or .......................................................................................................... 43

-ed ......................................................................................................... 44


6/54

vi

SPEECH ORGANS

Voiced sounds are produced with the vocal cords nearly closed and vibrating. Voiceless

sounds are made with the vocal cords open. In the profile diagrams, a vibrating lineindicates that the sound is voiced; dashes indicate that it is voiceless.

Where production of the sound involves movement of the tongue, lips, or jaw, the startingposition is shown by a solid line, the direction of movement by an arrow, and the finalposition by a broken line.


7/54

vii

LESSON FORMAT

The standard lesson is designed for 30 minutes. The teacher may begin by saying the sound

several times and then pointing out its alternative spellings at the top of the page. Using thediagram, the teacher should indicate the position of the lips, teeth and tongue, and whetherthe sound is voiced or voiceless.

Beginning with the six proper nouns under the diagram, the teacher should pronounce eachword clearly and have the students repeat in unison. Then each student should have theopportunity to say the words individually.

Where possible each sound is given in its initial, medial and final positions. Because it iseasier to hear and then reproduce the sound if it is relatively isolated at the beginning and endof a word, it is recommended that the following order of presentation be used:

1. initial2. final

3. medial

In presenting each phoneme, the teacher should go down a column of words modeling eachof them and letting the students repeat in unison. Finally each student should pronounce the

column individually. Except in advanced classes, it is recommended that little attention begiven to word meaning. Teachers should point out that what is important is the sound. This, ofcourse, may vary from class to class and with a teachers particular style.

At the bottom of each page, there is a list of minimal pairs which provides a contrastive

exercise between easily confused sounds. By this time, students have heard the sound (inthe majority of cases) in at least 42 different words so their ability to reproduce and discrimi-

nate it from other sounds should be much higher than when they began the exercise. Stu-dents may find it helpful if the teacher pronounces the pure sounds before each of them giveshis recitation of the pairs. For example, the teacher may say s-z, s-z, s-z(as sounds, not asletters), before a student attempts see-z, seal-zeal, sink-zinc, etc. The teacher should stress

the difference between the voiced and voiceless pairs.

Page 43 gives practice with rincluding discrimination between far, fair, fear, andfor. Page 44deserves special attention because it deals with the voiced and unvoiced pronunciation of dat the end of words.


8/54

viii

TEACHING HINTS

1. Give your students a good model of pronunciation to follow.

2. Let your students see your mouth when you speak.

3. Do not jump from one exercise to another. Work on one phoneme at a time. Remember that for astudent to achieve his goal of accurate pronunciation, he must first hear the sound correctly and under-stand its proper articulation. This takes time, patience and drilling.

4. Do not be overly demanding about a students pronunciation the first few times. If a student can notreproduce the sound, you may stop, go over the articulation, give a couple of distinct examples, and/or

make a contrast with a similar, but different sound. Failure to reproduce a sound can easily lead astudent to frustration. A good teacher will stop well before this point. Remember that repetition is the

mother of learning, so after identifying a few sounds that are difficult for your class, repeat them fre-quently during the course.

5. Note the students with the best pronunciation and always begin with them during the individualrecitations. This allows the weaker ones to hear the sound several times before their turn.

6. Use the diagrams to indicate the position of the tongue, teeth and lips. Be very careful that your

students position these organs correctly, for if you do not, they will not be able to reproduce the qualityof sound necessary to speak without an accent. For example, most languages have the sound of d

but in making this sound some speakers put their tongues behind their teeth and some put them far upon the roof of their mouths. English speakers put theirs on the gum ridge directly above the front teeth.Each position gives a different quality d. A student who wants to speak English correctly must, there-

fore, position his tongue accordingly. Be patient, but demanding. Your students will thank you.

7. Explain that some sounds have a vibration in the throat and some do not. Those with a vibration(voiced sounds) are indicated in the text with and those without a vibration (voiceless sounds) are

shown with in the diagrams. The vibration may be felt by placing the hand on the throat. Thepresence or absence of the vibration is extremely important, because it is the only difference between

the pronunciation of the following pairs:

voiceless: s f t T p k hw S tS

voiced: z v d D b g w Z dZ

8. Cognizance of the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds will aid learners in avoiding avery serious mistake. Speakers of Indo-European language have a marked tendency to unvoice final

voiced consonants. When this is done in English, it causes cabto becomecap, bed - bet, pig - pick,

save - safe, his - hiss, edge - etch, etc. It is thus very important for students to learn to voice final voicedconsonants.

9. A second mistake to avoid is in the pronunciation of p, t and k. English, in contrast to many other

languages, requires a light puff of air (aspiration) when these voiceless consonants are found, espe-cially at the beginning and end of words (pipe, tent, kick). Failure to aspirate gives a flat effect to

English pronunciation. The strong aspiration that we give these sounds can be demonstrated by pro-nouncing them while holding a sheet of paper in one hand about two inches from the mouth.

10. Some languages, particularly Italian and Japanese, have very few final consonant sounds. Whenspeakers of such languages pronounce English words with final constants, one often seems to hear

an extra a, for example: cab-a, road-a, bag-a. In fact, what is happening is the speaker is releasingthe consonant before the air flow stops. This tendency may be corrected by holding, or not

releasing the consonant until the air flow stops. This solution works best with final voiced consonants.


9/54

ix

Although some linguists apply the same remedy to voiceless ones, this author feels that the aspira-tion of final voiceless consonants gives a desirable crispness to pronunciation and produces a cleardistinction betweencanandcant, didand didnt, tenand tent,etc.

11. Sounds may be divided into three groups: consonants, vowels and diphthongs.

CONSONANTS may be subdivided into

A. PLOSIVES - sounds that are stopped abruptly: p, b, t, d, k, g, tS, dZ

B. CONTINUANTS - sounds that may continue as long as the breath lasts:

1. fricatives- sounds made by forcing air through a narrow space causing friction: f, v, w, hw, h,

r, D, T

2. sibilant fricatives- sounds with a whistle:s, z, S, Z

3. nasal continuants- sounds made by the passage of air through the nose: m, n, N

4. lateral continuant- sound made by the passage of air around the sides of the tongue:l

5. semi-consonants (or semi-vowels)- free-flowing sounds with a vowel-like quality:ju, j

VOWELS are unobstructed voiced sounds. They are often classified according to the position of thetongue. The sounds may be made on the FRONT, MIDDLE, or BACK of the tongue which may be ina high, medium, or low position.

FRONT

high i (eel)I (it)

medium E (edge)low Q (atom)

MIDDLE (up, mama)

BACKhigh u (shoe)

U (book)medium (author)low A (ox)

DIPHTHONGS or glides are a combination of two vowel sounds. They may be shown to progressfrom the high front of the tongue to the low back.

FRONT j (yes)ju (youth)e (ape)aI (ice)

BACK I (oil)o (oak)aU (out)


10/54

x

ACCENT IMPROVEMENT- Two frequently heard defects in English pronunciation are:

1. a slurring and/or

2. a staccato ta-ta-ta-ta quality

The first problem, slurring, is often heard from speakers of languages that encourage a liaison between

the end of one word and the beginning of the next. When this is done in English the result is quiteundesirable. The English ear does not expect musical or lyrical qualities; it responds to crispness. Welike to hear one word end before the next begins. Not only are the consonant endings of many words adefinite obstacle to linking, intelligibility demands their clear articulation. We want and need to hear a

difference between:

14 40 ask asked160 1/60 print prints

can cant be in beingbe beef faint faintedpour pork

To achieve the desired crispness, we have to cut words from one another by giving full value to conso-

nant endings. Exaggeration is not unwarranted, because the student will naturally reduce it.

The second problem, a staccato quality, comes from the fact that in most languages vowels are givenequal stress so that every syllable has equal value. Stress within the words is achieved by accentuat-

ing a particular syllable. When English is spoken in this fashion, the result is a computer-like output.

In English, all syllables of a word are not given equal stress. Rather the stressed syllable is elongated.

This results in the deformation of other vowels, often turning them into mere shwas: . Thus, studentsof English must learn to elongate or stretch the vowels, rather than raise their voices, at the stress point

of words. For example:

dare co men /\ tion, re co men daaa tion

tucon sti /\ tion, con sti tuuu tion

fri

instead of re /\ ge ra tor, teach re friii ge ra tor

a

pro nun ci /\ tion, pro nun ci aaa tion

senre pre /\ ta tive, re pre seeen ta tive

At first, this may sound like encouraging a cowboy style of speech, but given the natural inclination

of students to shorten and equalize all syllables, we must exaggerate the elongation in practice.

PRACTICAL TIPS:

1. Have students color the tongue in the diagrams with a highlighter pen to emphasize its position.2. Have students use a pink or yellow highlighter pen to color code voiced consonants. This mayalso be done with reading passages to visually reinforce the need to voice many final consonants.


11/54

1

CONSONANTS


12/54

2

Put the teeth together, edge to edge. Keep the tongue flat and release a

VOICELESS stream of air. Do not let the tongue touch the teeth.

seaglassbasecityicescience

psalmswordwaltz

Samuel Saturday Spain

Susan Sunday Sweden

say also basesane pencil face

see muscle raceseen person piecesigh mister peacesign lesson niece

so answer icesown history ricesue bracelet nicesoon possible close

soup necessary glasssuit responsible force

s z - s s z

sea z bay base race rays

seal zeal knee niece niece kneessink zinc eye ice ice eyessip zip dough dose close close

sue zoo do deuce use use


13/54

3

Put the teeth together, edge to edge. Keep the tongue flat and release a VOICED

stream of air. Do not let the tongue touch the teeth.

zerojazzdozeeasyraisescissorsxylophone

Zachary Zaire Zurich

Zena Zambia Zagreb

zeal easy payszone lazy rays

zoo crazy pleasezoom visit freezezinc music thesezest poison those

zero result rosezebra season clotheszipper museum iszodiac cousin his

zenith husband waszigzag opposite does

s z - s s z

see zeal ray rays race rays

seal zeal bee bees cease seassink zinc eye eyes ice eyessip zip no nose dose doze

sue zoo new news loose lose


14/54

4

Put the upper teeth firmly on the lower lip and force out a VOICELESS stream of air.

footphonesufferlifeenough

Philip February Florida

Frances Friday France

face left iffame soft off

feet after safefeel before leaffine coffee beeffile office life

foam effect knifephone defeat loaffood profit rooffool different laugh

far beautiful roughfor telephone enough

f v - f f v

face vase say safe safe save

feel veal be beef leaf leavefine vine lie life life livefew view low loaf half have

fairy very shell shelf proof prove


15/54

5

Put the upper teeth firmly on the lower lip and force out a VOICED stream of air.

veryofhaveStephen

Victor Vermont Venezuela

Virginia Vietnam Venice

vase over ofveil civil wave

veal every savevice silver leavevine living fivevote private live

view envelope stovevery division covevast invitation havevoice television give

visit university lovevodka development nerve

f v - v f v

face vase say save saf e save

feel veal way wave leaf leavefine vine lee leave life livefew view lie live half have

fairy very dough dove proof prove


16/54

6

Put the end of the tongue firmly against the roof of the mouth (not on the teeth!) and

then suddenly release it, letting a VOICELESS stream of air escape.

tobuttondateaskedThamesdebtindictyachtreceiptmight

Thomas Tuesday Thailand

Teresa Texas Turkey

take metal datetape letter wait

tea detail meatteam writing seattie meeting lighttime between right

toe country coattone history boattoo victory roottool interest suit

tooth military boottongue political but

t d - t t d

tea d ray rate mate made

tie die be beat seat seedtime dime tie tight right ridetoe dough row wrote coat code

to do shoe shoot root rude


17/54

7

Put the end of the tongue firmly against the roof of the mouth (not on the teeth!)

and then suddenly release it, letting a VOICED stream of air escape.

daysuddenmademovedshould

David December Detroit

Diana Delaware Denmark

day body raiddate ready fade

deep order madedeal under readdie medal feeddial middle seed

dough credit ridedome sudden tidedo powder sidedoom window road

dog seldom loaddoes shoulder code

t d - d t d

tea d ray raid mate made

tie die be bead seat seedtime dime tie tied right ridetoe dough row rode coat code

to do few feud root rude


18/54


19/54

9

Put the tongue exactly as forl, but do not touch the roof of the mouth. Or, makeanl and break the contact with the roof of the mouth. Let a VOICED stream ofair escape.

redcorrectmorewriterhyme

Richard Russia Rumania

Rose Rhine Rome

rake dark or

rain park for

read heart morereal part areright cart car

ride start farrow horn airroad corn hairroom born chair

root horse earred force hereready course beer

l r - r l r

late rate allay array foal forlead read elect erect mole morelight right collect correct stole store

low row believe bereave oval overloom room ceiling searing feel fear


20/54

10

Put the end of the tongue between the upper and lower front teeth and release a

VOICELESS stream of air.

think

Theodore Thursday Katherine

Thelma Nathaniel Elizabeth

thin ether withthink ethnic bath

thick method paththank author boththumb healthy birththing wealthy earth

throat athlete tooththeory pathetic mouththought ruthless souththeater birthday north

thunder cathedral growththousand something fourth

s T - T s T

sank thank six sixth use youth

sink think seven seventh pass pathsick thick eight eighth mouse mouthsing thing nine ninth force fourth

some thumb ten tenth gross growth


21/54

11

Put the end of the tongue between the upper and lower front teeth and release

a VOICED stream of air.

thebathe

they other bathethee mother scathe

these father teethethy brother seethethough rather breathe

those leather sheathethe feather wreathethen weather tithe

them farther clothethis together loathethat northern soothethere southern smooth

D d - D D s

they day bay bathe they say

thee d tea teethe thee seethy die tie tithe thy sigh

though dough low loathe though sothose doze sue soothe that sat

this claim disclaim the fame defame

this place displace the base debasethis taste distaste the bait debatethis favor disfavor the vice devicethis color discolor the spies despise


22/54

12

Press the lips together tightly, then release a VOICELESS puff of air.

paysupportropehiccough

Peter Poland Peru

Patricia Portugal Pakistan

pay copy apepain open tape

page happy keeppea apple cheappiece expert sheeppeace company hope

pie support soappine capital ropepose opposite typepole hospital ripe

push expensive souppull comparison step

p b - p p b

pay bay a ape cap cab

pea bee key keep cup cubpie by tie type cop cobpole bowl so soap rip rib

push bush sue soup rope robe


23/54

13

Press the lips together tightly, then release a VOICED puff of air.

berabbitrobecupboard

Benjamin Boston Bolivia

Barbara Belgium Brazil

bay able labbase table cab

bait double crabbe trouble stabbean public rubbeach harbor tub

by library cubbite subject pubbone rabbit jobboat husband sob

boom member mobboot number rob

p b b v p b

pay bay base vase cap cab

pea be b v cup cubpie by bile vile cop cobpole bowl boat vote rip rib

push bush berry very rope robe


24/54

14

Put the back of the tongue up until it touches the soft palate and stops the stream of

air. Release the stop with a little VOICELESS puff of air.

keepcandleaccountqueenschoolsackwalkmakeachekhaki

Kenneth California Korea

Katherine Canada Kenya

came uncle makecase pocket take

cake doctor weekkey secret weakkeep broken cokekite liquid soak

kind market likecoat fiction bikecomb picture backcool factory bank

cat necklace bookcow breakfast work

k g - k k g

came game may make back bag

coat goat we week rack ragcold gold lie like tack tagcome gum so soak sack sag

could good do duke lack lag


25/54

15

Put the back of the tongue up until it touches the soft palate and stops the stream

of air. Release the stop with a little VOICED puff of air.

goodfoggy

guestghost

Gary God Ghana

Gladys Greece Guatemala

gate ago doggain again jog

guy begin logguide cigar foggo foggy egggoat sugar leg

gas degree baggun forget ragget finger buggive regular rug

girl against biggood together pig

k g g N k g

came game bag bang buck bug

coat goat gag gang muck mugcold gold log long tuck tugcome gum wig wing luck lug

could good rug rung duck dug


26/54


27/54

17

Make the lips round, as for a kiss or to blow out a candle. Release a steady

VOICED stream of air.

wetonequeen

Walter Wednesday Wyoming

Wanda Washington Warsaw

way twinwave twice

we twistweek sweetwide swimwife away

wine jewelwoke twentywound betweenwere queen

work quickword question

w v w hw w r

west vest wear where way ray

went vent wine whine weed reedwine vine witch which wide ridewary very weather whether wise rise

wet vet world whirled won run


28/54


29/54

19

Put the teeth together, arch the tongue and release a VOICED stream of air.

beigevisionseizurepleasure

Asia Indonesia Tunisa

Polynesia Malaysia Rhodesia

usual beigecasual rouge

seizure miragemeasure garagetreasure corsage

pleasure barragedecision massageoccasion prestigeinvasion espionage

division camouflageexplosiontelevision

z Z S Z3 dZ Z

bays beige notion erosion major measureruse rouge vicious vision virgin versionCeasar seizure dilution delusion legion lesion

composer composure pressure pleasure region erosionincloser enclosure protection provision pledger pleasure


30/54

20

Put the end of the tongue firmly against the roof of the mouth, as for t, then quickly

move the tongue into the arched position forS. Release a VOICELESS puff of airand drop the lower jaw slightly.

checknaturewitchcello

Charles China Chile

Cherry Czechoslovakia Chad

chain nature eachcheap future teach

cheese culture beachchime picture lunchchoke creature matchchose feature rich

chew adventure whichchoose structure marchchair literature couchchest century coach

choice teacher touchchance orchard branch

tS S - tS tS dZ

chop shop e each cheap jeep

chew shoe be beach choke jokechip ship tea teach chin gincheap sheep pea peach chest jest

chair share lee leech cheer jeer


31/54

21

Put the end of the tongue firmly against the roof of the mouth, as for d, then

quickly move the tongue into the arched position for Z. Release a VOICEDpuff of air and drop the lower jaws slightly.

jumpgingraduaterage

Joseph June Japan

Jessica July Germany

jail agent agejade region wage

jeep engine pagejeans urgent edgejive danger orangejoke pajamas damage

juice subject bridgejoy manager changejet stranger chargegin graduate college

giant education couragegeneral individual language

tS dZ - dZ g dZ

cheap jeep a age gale jail

choke joke pay page gear jeerchin gin ray rage get jetchest jest way wage guest jest

cheer jeer say sage guard jarred


32/54

22

Put the lips together and release a VOICED stream of air through the nose.

moonsummersamecombpalm

Michael Monday Michigan

Mary May Mexico

may lemon samemake woman name

main limit teamme humor seemmeet number timemeal tomato dime

mile summer foammine family combmole complex roommoat comfort them

moon company armmood chemical thumb

m n - m m n

mail nail say same came cane

me knee see seem seem seenmine nine tie time dime dinemow no foe foam foam phone


33/54

23

Open the mouth. Put the tongue high up on the roof of the mouth, with the

sides of the tongue touching the teeth. Release a VOICED stream of airthrough the nose.

nightfunnyboneknifesignpneumoniaWednesdaymnemonic

Nicholas Nebraska Norway

Natalie Nevada Nigeria

name any rainnail only brain

knee under seenneed owner beannice dinner winenight window sign

no pencil bonenose danger phonenew money thennuclear control in

not country onnever expensive an

n m - n n m

nail mail pay pain cane came

knee me bee bean seen seemnight might die dine dine dimeno mow bow bone phone foam

nor more sue soon then them


34/54

24

Put the back of the tongue up until it touches the soft palate at the back of the

mouth, the same as for kand g. Release a VOICED stream of air through the noseto produce the resonance of a bells ding-dong.

songtongueanchor

Ming Nanking Beijing

Ching Hong Kong Shanghai

angle kingjungle sing

finger thinglonger alonghunger amongyounger tongue

stronger beinganxious goingfunction cominglanguage having

distinct takinglinguistics putting

g N n N Nk N

bag bang ran rang bank bang

gag gang sin sing rank rangrag rang kin king sank sangwig wing thin thing sink sing

tug tongue sun sung think thing


35/54

25

Open the mouth wide and release a VOICELESS stream of air. The lips and

tongue are usually shaped to form the following vowel.

hatwhole

Henry Hawaii Hungary

Helen Honduras Haiti

hail behavehate inhale

heel exhaleheat aheadhide behindhike inherit

hole anyhowhome manhoodhope womanhoodhot childhood

him parenthoodher nationhood

- h - h - h

is his am ham a hayit hit at hat e heair hair as has i hi

ear hear all hall 0 hoeold hold and hand u hue


36/54

26

With the mouth open, raise the middle of the tongue to the roof of the mouth. Re-

lease a VOICED stream of air.

yesonion

Yeats Yorktown Yemen

Young Yankee Yokohama

yes onionyet lawyer

year junioryell senioryawn geniusyard opinion

your millionyoure billionyoung trillionyield stallion

yellow familiaryesterday communion

- j r j dZ j

oak yoke ram yam jet yet

ear year rear year jeer yeara m yam rung young jell yello r yore roar yore joke yoke

o n yawn rot yacht juice use


37/54

27

VOWELS


38/54

28

The lips are relaxed and the mouth is open about the width of a pencil. The middle

of the tongue is arched and moves to the roof of the mouth.

ateaimdaytheysteakbeigegauge

Abraham Spain Jamaica

Amy Haiti Taipei

ace late dayate date may

aim plate rayape face sayaid race payage place way

ache rain hayacre main bayable plain layagent same they

eight name grayacorn came stay

e Q e i e E

rain ran sail seal bait bet

pain pan rail real wait wetmain man pail peel late letcane can hail heel mate met

feign fan fail feel date debt


39/54

29

The mouth is open and relaxed. The tongue has a low arch in front.

atlaughhalf

Albert Africa Antwerp

Alexandra Afghanistan Athens

as hatat had

an batand badaunt satatom sad

after manapple panaction ranactual can

answer banaccident tan

Q e Q I Q E

bat bait sack sick pan pen

hat hate lack lick tan tenmat mate tack tick man menfat fate pack pick than then

rat rate stack stick can Ken


40/54

30

Smile broadly with the teeth almost closed. The tongue is arched in the middle high

enough to touch the upper teeth at the sides. The tongue is hard and the muscles ofthe mouth are tense.

eateel

evenpeoplekeyfieldreceivebabymachinephoenix

Ely Egypt Easter

Eve Ethiopia Eden

eat beef meeel beat he

evil bead weeasy beam beeven bean peaeast beak sea

each beach teaequal peace keyeagle please sheeager people fee

egoist receive theeevening machine knee

i I i E i e

eat it feed fed be bay

feet fit read red me maybeat bit lead led we wayseat sit bead bed see say

heat hit seed said thee they


41/54

31

Make a little smile with the mouth slightly open. The tongue is arched, but not as

high as fori.

ithymnwomenhappiness

Isador Israel Italy

Isabel Indiana Illinois

if lipit his

is didin sixill thisitch with

insect shipindustry richinterest chinincrease milk

invention womenimportant living

I i I Q I E

dip deep in an bid bed

lip leap pin pan rid redrip reap tin tan lid ledship sheep fin fan did dead

chip cheap bin ban hid head


42/54

32

The mouth is half open with relaxed lips. The tongue is low and flat. As the mouth

closes slightly, the lips are pulled back into a broad smile. The tongue moves for-ward in a frontal arch, high enough to touch the sides of the upper teeth.

icebybuybyelieeyeaislenightguideislandheight

Isaac Iowa Iceland

Irene Idaho Ireland

I life byeye wife buy

Ill knife dieisle night lieaisle right tieice fight pie

item nine myidea fine thyiron line shyidle mine cry

idol sign tryisland shine why

aI E aI i aI o

light let by be by bow

might met my me my mownight net pie pea die doughsight set high he high hoe

bite bet sigh see sigh so


43/54

33

The mouth is open and the lips are relaxed. The tongue has a low arch.

endmanysaidsaysguestfriendfeather

Edward Ecuador Edinburgh

Esther Estonia Elbe

any tenend men

edge penerror henelbow thenepic went

escort sentexpert benteditor meantelevator dent

embassy tenteducation vent

E aI E i E Q

pen pine bed bead pen pan

den dine led lead ten tanmen mine red read men manthen thine said seed then than

when whine dead deed Ken can


44/54

34

The mouth is half open and the lips are round and tense. Arch the tongue slightly at

the back, then move it farther back and up, while tightening the rounded lips.

owntoenotethroatshoulderthoughbureauyeoman

Owen Ohio Odessa

Olga Oklahoma Osaka

oat bone nooak nose go

old rose sookay boat lowown hole rowowner home hoe

odor road toeonly soul snowover lone showopen those slow

oval phone knowocean clothes though

o o A o

coal call soak sock boat but

hole hall coke cock coat cutbowl ball poke pock note nutfoal fall joke jock goat gut

toll tall cloak clock wrote rut


45/54

35

The lips are slightly rounded, but relaxed. The mouth is half open. The tongue is

low and pulled back so that the back is higher than the front.

offall

aweauthortalkboughtcaughtcough

Augustine Austria August

Audrey Australia Austin

on dog sawoff fog jaw

all talk pawalso walk cawalmost ball lawought soft claw

office cause rawawe coffee crawawful fought drawawkward bought straw

author thought gnawaudience daughter thaw

o A

call coal dawn done caught cot

fall foal gone gun taught totball bowl fawn fun wrought rothall hole pawn pun sought sot

mall mole sawn sun naught not


46/54

36

The mouth is open about the width of a pencil and the lips are relaxed. The middle

of the tongue is very slightly arched. All muscles are relaxed.

upagosondoesbloodcousin

Apollo America China

Adele Alaska Russia

of cup mamaup cut papa

us run sodaunder son dataother rush visaonion some sofa

along come quotaapart love commaagain does vistauntil money banana

across number Asiaagainst mother Africa

A Q I

duck dock hut hat sun sin

luck lock cut cat ton tinsuck sock but bat bun binstuck stock mut mat fun fin

shuck shock rut rat done din


47/54

37

The mouth is open about half way and the lips are relaxed. The tongue is low, flat

and slightly pulled back.

oddfather

Oscar October Oslo

Octavia Ottawa Oxford

ox hotodd not

opt lotolive gotopera potobject dot

obscure pocketoctopus rocketoctagon doctorobsolete dollar

opposite fatheroperation college

A A Q A o

cot cut box backs hop hope

hot hut rocks racks mop mopenot nut locks lacks sop soaprot rut socks sacks pop pope

shot shut stocks stacks cop cope


48/54

38

The mouth is half open. The lips are slightly pulled back. The tongue is low and a

little pulled back. Asthe mouth closes slightly, the lips become tense and round.

outtownbough

Howard Faust Hangchow

Powell Cracow Lucknow

ow power howowl flower now

out shower cowour tower bowhour sour sowouch down wow

oust town vowounce noun prowoutfit gown plowoutside brown brow

outcome drown thouourselves clown allow

aU A aU aU o

doubt dot towel tall now no

rout rot fowl fall sow soshout shot bowel ball how hoepout pot howl hall thou though

gout got Powell Paul bow bow


49/54

39

The mouth is half open with rounded lips. The tongue is low and a little pulled back.

As the mouth closes slightly, the lips are pulled back into a broad smile. The tonguemoves upwards in a high frontal arch.

voiceroyal

Roy Troy Hanoi

Joyce Doyle Boyd

oil boil boyoily soil toy

ointment toil joyoyster royal soy

loyal coyjoin ploy

coin enjoypoint annoyvoice alloychoice decoy

noise employpoison convoy

I aU I I o

toil towel toil tall toiled told

foil fowl foil fall foiled foldsoy sow soil Saul soiled soldboy bow boil ball boiled bold

coy cow coil call coiled cold


50/54

40

The lips are round and tense, as if ready to whistle. The tongue is arched in the

back high enough to touch the sides of the upper teeth.

dotrueflewshoerulegroupfruitschoolthrough

Louis June Peru

Susan Kuwait Sudan

room dosoon to

noon twomoon toofood youwhose who

cool zooschool suesoup shoegroup blue

boot flewfruit true

u U u o u ju

wooed would to toe ooze use

cooed could do dough whose huesshoed should who hoe fool fuelstewed stood shoe show food feud

whod hood through throw boot butte


51/54

41

The mouth and lip muscles are relaxed. The tongue is arched high in the back, but

not enough to touch any teeth.

bookputcouldwoman

Sugarman Goodwin Brookfield

Pullman Woodman Cushman

book putlook foot

took sootcook fullhook bullrook wool

good pullhood pushwood womanwould sugar

could bushelshould cushion

U u U U

would wooed book buck full fall

could cooed look luck bull ballshould shoed took tuck wool wallstood stewed shook shuck pull Paul


52/54

42

The mouth is slightly open and the lips are a little rounded. The tongue is arched in

the middle and touches the hard palate. As the lower jaw drops slightly, the tongueis arched toward the back of the mouth.

useyouhuefewfeudviewbeautiful

Eugene Yukon Utah

Eunice Yugoslavia Uganda

you cube fewyouth cute view

use fuse hueused feud cueusual mule queueunit huge value

union music issueunique human rescueunited puny nephewusurp jewel review

utopia mute continueuniversity hues interview

ju u ju e ju o

use ooze muse maze fuel foal

fuel fool pews pays mule molefeud food hues haze cute coathues whose fuse phase mute moat

beauty booty cues Kays butte boat


53/54

43

r r r r

early fir fur mayorearth sir cur majorher dirt burn colorfather firrst turn doctor

mother thirst hurt motorbrother bird nurse harborsister girl purse laborafter birth curl workfaster virgin burp wordover mirky church world

Ar Er Ir r

r air ear orare fair here orefar hair hear for

car bear dear morestar care fear doorarm mare tear warfarm glare beer floorart stare jeer toreheart snare cheer sorecart chair clear store

rk rl rm rn rs

park girl arm born horsedark curl farm torn nurse

fork burl harm worn worsecork whirl charm horn forcemark moral alarm corn courselark mineral firm thorn pursework barrel term warn farceshark floral form learn sparse

jerk general storm darn cursespark plural norm barn universe

rt rd rtS rdZ rts

part cord arch large hearts

cart board march charge cartsdart lord church barge partssmart hoard perch urge chartschart roared birch purge hurtsheart soared search merge shirtsstart toward lurch verge skirtssport sword porch scourge sportsshirt bird starch splurge effortsskirt beard scorch gorge concerts


54/54

When edcomes after an unvoiced consonant (s, S, k, p,etc.), the final dis UNVOICED andis pronounced liket.

st St kt. pt ft tSt

danced cashed walked stopped staffed beached

discussed crashed talked helped stuffed coachedincreased washed worked shopped whiffed hitchedimpressed wished looked mapped fluffed matched

laced dashed asked flapped miffed crouchedfaced flashed baked capped graphed munchedraced pushed raked sipped laughed clenchedchased hushed liked gripped coughed drenched

balanced mashed hiked wrapped roughed patchedinfluenced splashed packed shipped puffed hatched

When edcomes after a voiced consonant (z, v, m, n, N, etc.) or a vowel sound (), the finald is VOICED and is pronounced d.

zd vd md nd Nd rd

caused lived seemed, listened hanged soaredclosed arrived combed learned banged boredpaused received blamed gunned wronged tired

amazed beIieved aimed manned belonged wiredseized raved roamed owned thronged fired

teased waved charmed rained prolonged hiredraised braved foamed pained winged poured

posed saved roomed fanned clanged flooredcomposed paved dreamed motioned pinged paperedsupposed craved streamed cautioned ganged tutored

bd Id Dd gd td dd

rubbed fooled bathed begged painted faded

sobbed ruled breathed hugged panted jadedrobed cooled clothed tugged fainted waded

ebbed hold mouthed plugged rated raidedbribed mold loathed sagged mated handedribbed fold smoothed jogged grated paddedwebbed rolled sheathed tagged dated landed

probook1view

Documents

Transcript of probook1view