Problems Mass Balance

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Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering CVNG 3007 Environmental Engineering I Worksheet 1 Page 1 of 2 1. (Q3, Incourse test, 2011) A city discharges 7.2 MLD of wastewater with a BOD 5 of 295 mg/L into a stream. Answer the following questions, each being independent of the other. a. If the BOD 5 of the stream is zero, what is the BOD 5 of the diluted wastewater after discharge if the streamflow is 0.15 m 3 /s? b. What stream discharge is required to reduce the BOD 5 of the diluted wastewater to 40 mg/L? c. To what value must the BOD 5 of the wastewater be reduced by treatment so that the BOD 5 of the diluted wastewater is 40 mg/L if the streamflow is 0.06 m 3 /s? 2. (Example 1.6, Masters, pg 15). A bar with volume 500 m 3 has 50 smokers in it, each smoking 2 cigarettes per hour. An individual cigarette emits, among other things, about 1.4 mg of formaldehyde (HCHO). Formaldehyde converts to carbon dioxide with a reaction rate coefficient k of 0.40/h. Fresh air enters the bar at the rate of 1000 m 3 /h, and stale air leaves at the same rate. Assuming complete mixing, estimate the steadystate concentration of formaldehyde in the air. At 25° C and 1 atm of pressure, how does the result compare with the threshold for eye irritation of 0.05 ppm? 3. Show that the formula for the fraction removal of a pollutant undergoing firstorder decay in two identical CFSTRs, connected in series, is: ଵା௧ ಷೄೃ , where c 0 and c 2 are the influent and effluent concentrations, k is the decay coefficient and t CFSTR, the nominal hydraulic retention time in each reactor. Hence show that for n identical CSTRs in series, the resulting fraction of removal is given by: ଵା௧ ಷೄೃ 4. (Q2, Incourse test, 2011) The concentration of a particular reactant is reduced from an initial concentration, c0, of 200 mg/L to a final concentration, c e , of 15 mg/L as the liquid flow containing the reactant passes through two identical CFSTRs connected in series. If the reaction in the reactor follows firstorder kinetics and the liquid flow rate is 0.025 million litres per day (MLD), what is the volume of each reactor? Assume that the reaction rate constant has a value of 0.4 d 1 . Recall that the fraction removal achieved in one CFSTR, with a mean hydraulic retention time, t, is given as: 1 1 ݐ5. (Example 1.7 Masters, pg 16) Every year, herons, seagulls, eagles, and other birds mass along a 4.75 km stretch of stream connection a lake to the ocean to catch the fingerling salmon as they migrate downstream to the sea. The birds are efficient fishermen and will consume 10,000 fingerlings per kilometre of stream each hour regardless of the number of the salmon in the stream. In other words, there are enough salmon; the birds are only limited by how fast they can catch and eat the fish. The stream’s average crosssectional area is 20 m 2 , and the salmon

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Transcript of Problems Mass Balance

Page 1: Problems Mass Balance

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering CVNG 3007 Environmental Engineering  I Worksheet 1  

Page 1 of 2  

1. (Q3, Incourse test, 2011) A city discharges 7.2 MLD of wastewater with a BOD5 of 295 mg/L into a stream. Answer the following questions, each being independent of the other. 

a. If  the  BOD5  of  the  stream  is  zero, what  is  the  BOD5  of  the  diluted wastewater  after discharge if the streamflow is 0.15 m3/s? 

b. What stream discharge is required to reduce the BOD5 of the diluted wastewater to 40 mg/L? 

c. To what value must the BOD5 of the wastewater be reduced by treatment so that the BOD5 of the diluted wastewater is 40 mg/L if the streamflow is 0.06 m3/s? 

 2.  (Example 1.6, Masters, pg 15).  A bar with volume 500 m3 has 50 smokers in it, each smoking 2 

cigarettes  per  hour.    An  individual  cigarette  emits,  among  other  things,  about  1.4  mg  of formaldehyde  (HCHO).    Formaldehyde  converts  to  carbon  dioxide  with  a  reaction  rate coefficient k of  0.40/h.  Fresh air enters the bar at the rate of 1000 m3/h, and stale air leaves at the  same  rate.    Assuming  complete  mixing,  estimate  the  steady‐state  concentration  of formaldehyde in the air.  At 25° C and 1 atm of pressure, how does the result compare with the threshold for eye irritation of 0.05 ppm? 

 3. Show  that  the  formula  for  the  fraction  removal of a pollutant undergoing  first‐order decay  in 

two identical CFSTRs, connected in series, is:   , where c0 and c2 are the influent 

and effluent concentrations, k is the decay coefficient and tCFSTR, the nominal hydraulic retention time in each reactor.  Hence show that for n identical CSTRs in series, the resulting fraction of removal is given by: 

   

 4.  (Q2,  Incourse test, 2011) The concentration of a particular reactant  is reduced  from an  initial 

concentration,  c0,  of  200  mg/L  to  a  final  concentration,  ce,  of  15  mg/L  as  the  liquid  flow containing the reactant passes through two identical CFSTRs connected in series.  If the reaction in the reactor follows first‐order kinetics and the  liquid flow rate  is 0.025 million  litres per day (MLD), what is the volume of each reactor?  Assume that the reaction rate constant has a value of  0.4  d‐1.    Recall  that  the  fraction  removal  achieved  in  one  CFSTR, with  a mean  hydraulic retention time, t, is given as: 

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 5.  (Example 1.7 Masters, pg 16) Every year, herons, seagulls, eagles, and other birds mass along a 

4.75 km stretch of stream connection a lake to the ocean to catch the fingerling salmon as they migrate  downstream  to  the  sea.    The  birds  are  efficient  fishermen  and will  consume  10,000 fingerlings per kilometre of  stream each hour  regardless of  the number of  the  salmon  in  the stream.    In other words, there are enough salmon; the birds are only  limited by how fast they can catch and eat the fish.  The stream’s average cross‐sectional area is 20 m2, and the salmon 

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move downstream with the stream’s flow rate of 700 m3/min.  If there are 7 fingerlings per m3 in  the water  entering  the  stream, what  is  the  concentration of  salmon  that  reach  the ocean when the birds are feeding? 

 6. A wastewater treatment plant must disinfect its effluent before discharging the wastewater to a 

near‐by stream.   The wastewater contains 4.5 x 105 faecal coliform colony forming units (CFU) per  litre.   The maximum permissible  faecal  coliform  concentration  that may be discharged  is 2,000 faecal coliform CFU/L.  It is proposed that a pipe carrying the wastewater be used for the disinfection  process.    Determine  the  length  of  pipe  required  if  the  linear  velocity  of  the wastewater in the pipe is 0.75 m/s.   Assume that the pipe behaves as a steady‐stage plug‐flow system and that the reaction rate constant for destruction of the faecal coliform is 0.23 min‐1. 

 7.  (Example 1.9 Masters, pg 20) Consider  the 10 x 106 m3  lake analyzed  in Example 1.5, which, 

under conditions given, was found to have a steady‐state pollution concentration of 3.5 mg/L.  The  pollution  is  non‐conservative  with  reaction‐rate  constant  kd  of  0.20/d.    Suppose  the condition of the lake is deemed unacceptable.  To solve the problem, it is decided to completely divert  the sewage outfall  from  the  lake, eliminating  it as a source of pollution.   The  incoming stream  still has  flow Qs of  5.0 m

3/s  and  concentration of  10 mg/L.   With  the  sewage outfall removed,  the outgoing  flow Q  is  also  5.0 m3/s.   Assuming  complete‐mix  conditions,  find  the concentration  of  pollutant  in  the  lake  one week  after  the  diversion,  and  find  the  new  final steady‐state concentration.