PROBLEMS IN HEALTHCAREEmily Moore, Hloniphani Juta& Jasmine Paul

Introduction Health care utilization can be

appropriate or inappropriate, of high or low quality, expensive or inexpensive.

Socially Economically Politically

Hospital setting

-Medication errors-Hospital acquired infections-Communication-Patient confidentiality -Incorrect use of equipment

Community based environment

-Access to health care-Effective delivery of services-Costs-Social gradient 

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Medication ErrorsPatient safety is a central concern of health care delivery system.

Important indicator of health care quality.

1.5 million preventable medication error each year in the USA.

Injuries due to errors in medication prescribing, dispensing and administration are preventable.

TYPES OF MEDICATION ERRORSTYPE DEFINTIONPrescribing error

Incorrect drug selection, illegible prescription

Omission error

Failure to administer the drug

Wrong time error

Administration of medicine before predefined time

Unauthorised drug error

Administration of medicine not authorised by a legitimate prescriber.

Improper dose error

Administering drug greater or lesser dose than ordered dose.

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DR. L. RAJESWARAN

TYPES OF MEDICATION ERRORS

TYPE DEFINTIONPrescribing error

Incorrect drug selection, illegible prescription

Omission error

Failure to administer the drug

Wrong time error

Administration of medicine before predefined time

Unauthorised drug error

Administration of medicine not authorised by a legitimate prescriber.

Improper dose error

Administering drug greater or lesser dose than ordered dose.

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TYPES OF MEDICATION ERRORS

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TYPE DEFINITIONWrong dose form error

Administration to the patient of a different product in a different dosage

Wrong drug preparation

Drug product incorrectly formulated or manipulated

Wrong administration-technique error

Inappropriate or improper technique in the administration

Deteriorated drug error

Administration of a drug that has been expired

Monitoring error

Failure to review a prescribed regimen for appropriateness & detection of problems

Compliance error

Inappropriate patient behaviour regarding adherence.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PREVENTING MEDICATION ERRORS Organizational recommendations recommendations for nurses Recommendations for prescribers

Access to Healthcare: Definition The ability to receive healthcare

services, both by obtaining available persons and supplies, and paying expenses of the services.

Access refers to both entry and use

Core Issues With Access to Healthcare

1. Ability to obtain care/treatmentSimple: sterile

dressing kit, vaccines

Complex: cardiologist, MRI machine

2. Ability to pay expensesLack of health

insuranceLiving in poverty

Core Issues: FactsInability to obtain care/treatment Approximately 9 million children die

each year before they turn 5 years of age due to infectious diseases Inability to obtain immunizations and

proper treatment unnecessary deaths

Core Issues: FactsInability to pay expenses Approximately 69 million school-aged children are

not in school, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa (31 million) and Southern Asia (8 million)

Lack of education lack of a stable career/inability to make healthy life choices increased need for the healthcare system, with little money to utilize services

When access to healthcare is compromised, it can lead to millions of unnecessary deaths such as Tuberculosis and Malaria, that can be easily prevented with the use of existing medications.

Why is this Problem Important?

REFERRENCES American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. Guidelines on preventing medication errors in hospitals.

Retrieved April 4, 2012, from www.ashp.org

Global Health Progress. (2012). The issues: Access to care. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from http://www.globalhealthprogress.org/issues/access to care

Green, M. (2002). The economics of health care. Retrieved April 4, 2012, from http://www.oheschools.org/ohech1pg1.html

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organization (JCAHO). Retrieved April 4, 2012, from www.joincommission.org

Penchansky, R., & Thomas, J.W. (1981). The concepts of access: Definition and relationships to consumer satisfaction. Pub Med, 19(2), 127-140

Shah, A. (2011). Health care around the world. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from http://www.globalissues.org/article/774/health-care-around-the-world

Swedish Health Care. (2012). Retrieved April 3, 2012, from http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Society/Health-care/

United Nations. (2012). Millennium development goals. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml

United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2004). Health care in America: Trends in utilization. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/healthcare.pdf

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Search Strategies We brainstormed the fundamental issues we felt were

the biggest problems in healthcare. We listed these and to support our claims we sought out scholarly journals and non-governmental websites such as United Nations and the World Health Organization. The two most prevalent issues through our research was medication errors and access to healthcare

We used databases such as Pub Med, CINAHL, and Google Scholar

In order to reach a comprehensive synthesis on our two issues, we collaborated and divided our topics into subtopics: facts, specific types of issues within the problem itself, and how and why the problems are important to understand

Collaboration Process We divided the topics democratically by individually

choosing which problems we wanted to focus on in our presentation. For instance, Emily was delegated the position of providing the introduction, Juta researched the issue of medication errors, and Jasmine researched access to healthcare

We worked individually on our chosen issues and came together twice to combine our ideas and power point presentations, as well as edited the presentation together

To select the presenter, we discussed who felt most comfortable as this is a new course with individuals from different backgrounds and experience. We all felt comfortable and so we made a vote