Problems Facing the Medieval Church• Lay Investiture• Simony (a position in the church being

sold by a bishop to the highest contributor)

• Greedy clergy / obsession with wealth; corrupt & pampered bishops; even a few Popes with questionable morals

• Illiterate, uneducated priests contributed to conflicting beliefs

• Immoral (non-celibate) priests / illegitimate children

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

The Church Makes an Effort to Reform• Pope Leo IX & Gregory VII lead the effort to reform

•Reorganize the structure of the Church hierarchy•Create the Inquisition (the Church Court)

THE CRUSADESA 200 year period of 9 separate

military expeditions in which the Western European Christians attempted to retake the “Holy Land” (Jerusalem)

from the Muslim Empire.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Seljuk TurksByzantine.

H.R.E.1071 – Byzantines are defeated at Battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk Turks.

1093 – Byzantine emperor Alexius sends a request for help to the West.

Muslim Empire

1095 – Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade in a speech given at Clermont, France.

Clermont

Pope Urban II delivers his speech to the Franks and others at Clermont, France calling for a “Crusade” – a military campaign to save the Holy Land from the Muslims in 1095.

H.R.E.FRANCE

Byzantine

Turks

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Palestine

Other Reasons for the Crusades

• Knights were fired up to fight by religious zeal.

• Others hoped to gain land of their own, riches, and adventures.

• Kings saw it as an opportunity to get rid of

• troublesome knights and lords.

The western European Christian armies of the First Crusade

surrounded the city of Jerusalem in June 1099.

In mid-July, after a long siege, the Crusaders stormed into the city and massacred many of Jerusalem’s

inhabitants.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

The First Crusade was the only successful crusade for the European Christians. The Muslims gradually recaptured the territory.

Christian territories acquired during the First Crusade were gradually lost over the next 100 years.

Jerusalem was recaptured by Muslim forces in 1187.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

In the aftermath of the First Crusade (1096-1099) Europeans carved out four states

WHY DID ATTEMPTS TO KEEP the Holy Land FAIL?

“Worldly” Europeans (cultured and well-educated; not-so-fanatically-religious as the Crusaders) began to transplant themselves and live in the Holy Land – becoming involved in the lucrative trade industry.

European s in the Holy Land depended on soldiers and resources from the West, which were usually only came if they promised to keep the lands Christian. Torn between trying to live and make a living among neighbors who were the “enemy” and told to exterminate them at the same time created a perpetual endless struggle.

Rivalries at home in Europe led to factional quarrels in the Holy Land. The situation was not helped during the Second and Third Crusades with rival princes fighting. During both of these Crusades, European tensions and jealousies proved just as divisive in the East as they had been at home, causing them both to fail.

The raucous behavior of the Western Christians, especially in the Fourth Crusade did little to win the affection of their Eastern Christian “brethren.” Eastern Christians lost interest in assisting the Western motives after that point.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Saladin was a Muslim ruler in the 1100s / (12th c.), during the Crusades. Saladin fought the Crusaders several times, and recaptured Jerusalem for Muslims in 1187 prompting the Second and Third Crusades..

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

This portrait of Saladin is in the Uffizi Gallery

Florence, Italy

Saladin’s success led to the Third Crusade.

In response to the Pope’s call for a new, major Crusade, three Western rulers undertook to lead their forces in person. These were Richard I, the Lion-Hearted of England, Phillip II of France, and Frederick I, called Frederick Barbarossa, the Holy Roman Emperor.

Known as the Third Crusade, it has become perhaps the most famous of all Crusades other than the First Crusade.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Richard the Lion-hearted of England, a great soldier, was very much in his element.

He saw an opportunity to shine on the battlefield, to establish links with the local nobility, and to speak as the voice of all the Crusader states once Frederick and Philip were no longer around.

Though he gained much glory, his crusader Armies failed to defeat the Muslims.

THIRD CRUSADE

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

In the end, on Sept. 2, 1192 Richard negotiated a treaty with the Muslim leader Saladin

THE TREATY:• The Muslims will retain control of

Jerusalem.• Christian pilgrims from the West and

East would be granted free access to Jerusalem.

THIRD CRUSADE

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

This compromise did not meet with approval back home in western Europe …

particularly with the Pope.

In 1204 Pope Innocent III called for the Fourth Crusade.

He got little support from the European monarchs. However, he rallied a large mass of fervently religious pilgrims at a tournament in France and…..off they went again…bearing crosses and swords.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

THE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE

http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/childrens_crusade/

REASONS for Going on the “Religious Pep Rally”

• Adventure in a foreign, exotic land

• Pope assured you a place in heaven

• Criminals / debtors would be forgiven

• Merchants profited• Kings / Church saw an

opportunity to get rid of troublesome bully knights

• Younger sons not in line to inherit father’s property, sought lands and positions of their own.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES

Repeated failures led to the reduced power of Popes

Byzantine Empire is weakened; Turks will now move in

Religious intolerance grows – against Jews (anti-Semitism); and against Muslims; contributes to increasing distrust Muslims have of western Christians

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Benefits of the Crusades

While lords/knights absent; in Europe Kings secure their lands

Trade grows again between West and East – improves the Western European’s dietCreates a money economy in Europe again; undermining the old Manor system

Spread of Knowledge from the Middle East

Europeans become curious about world (further exploration)

• discover knowledge and technology of ArabsArabic numerals (better than Roman / and a

Zero too!!!)AlgebraPreserved writings of Greeks (Aristotle!) &

Romans• Astrolabe

The political marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and his cousin,Isabella of Castile in 1469 began the process of creating a unified Spain first ruled by Christian monarchs.

In Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand used the Inquisition to suppress heretics.After years of Muslim occupation; these joint rulers sought to unify Spain under Christianity and to consolidate their power over the entire Iberian peninsula.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Reconquista – the long-term effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain

• The Spanish Inquisition – the Church’s trials held to try to suppress heresy

• Used by the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella to intimidate and threaten “infidels” – those who refused to convert to Christianity, such as Muslims and Jews.

Ferdinand and Isabella’s Reconquista

• There is a tragic irony in Ferdinand and Isabella’s expulsion of the Muslims and Jews who refused to convert to Christianity in the 1400s.

• In doing so, they expelled Spain’s brightest and wealthiest citizens.

• Jerusalem

European kings strengthened their own power as a result of the Crusades.The Crusades weakened the power of old feudal lords in Europe as thousands of knights died and lords lost their fortunes. While they were away or being killed in the Holy Land, kings took over their lands back home in Europe.

The Crusades 1092 – 1212