PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF RURAL WOMEN ...PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR Thesis...

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF RURAL

WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR

Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree ofDoctor of Philosophy in Economics

By

G. MURUGESAN(Reg. No. ECO 12 B 01)

Under the guidance of

Dr. C.S. RAMANIGOPAL

Vinayaka Missions University(Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation) – Deemed to be University

Ariyanoor, Salem,Tamil Nadu, India

JUNE - 2017

Dr. C.S. Ramanigopal SalemProf & Head of the Department /June/2017Department of Management StudiesVMKV Engineering CollegeSalem

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “PROBLEMS AND

PROSPECTS OF RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR”, submitted by

Mr. G. MURUGESAN, to Vinayaka Missions University for the Degree of Doctor

of Philosophy in Economics is the record of Research Work carried out by him

under my guidance and supervision and that this work has not formed the basis for

the award of any degree, diploma, associate-ship, fellow-ship, or other similar

titles in this University or any other University or similar institution of higher

learning and it represents wholly his independent work.

(C.S. Ramanigopal)

Salem/June/2017

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

OF RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR”, submitted by me to Vinayaka

Missions University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics is the

record of work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. C.S. Ramanigopal

and that this has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree,

diploma, associate-ship, fellow-ship, or other titles in this University or any other

University or similar institution or higher learning

(G. MURUGESAN)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many people have contributed towards making this thesis a success. Some have

contributed to this work by their valuable suggestion, guidance and advice; others were

the pillars of support from which I drew my strength during this period. The text below is

my humble and heartfelt expression of gratitude to all those who have helped me in my

research task.

I have a great pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude to my highly

spirited and learned research guide Dr. C.S.Ramanigopal, Research Supervisor and

Head / Department of Management Studies, VMKV Engineering College, Salem-

636 308 for his potential guidance and constant encouragement in completing this

research work successfully.

I am also thankful to Dr. A.Nagappan, Principal, VMKV Engineering College,

Salem-636 308 for his constant support and encouragement to complete my research

work.

I would thank the Management, Board and Committee Members, Faculty and

Staff of Vinayaka Missions University for helping me in the various ways possible.

I express my heartfelt thanks to Dr. R. Subramani, Principal, Vinayaka Missions

Kirupananda Variyar Arts and Science College, Salem for his support and motivation

extended throughout the period of this research work.

Its my duty to thank the Librarians of PSG Institute of Management,

Coimbatore, Periyar University, Salem, Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore for

providing me the relevant reference materials to complete this research work. At the end,

I would like to thank my wife Dr. V. Selvanayaki and my daughter M.S.Sahana and

friends for their great support and encouragement throughout my research.

Most importantly, special thanks to M/s. Aryaa Infostat Technologies, Erode for

their timely help in analyzing the data with SPSS & AMOS.

(G. MURUGESAN)

i

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

NO. PARTICULARS

PAGE

NO.

List of Tables

List of Charts

List of Figures

I INTRODUCTION AND DESIGN OF THE STUDY 1

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 14

III AN OVERVIEW OF RURAL WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS AND PROFILE OF SALEM

DISTRICT

62

IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 92

V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND

CONCLUSION

217

Bibliography

Appendix

ii

LIST OF TABLES

Table

No. Particulars

Page

No.

1.1 Sampling Distribution 06

3.1 Relationship between entrepreneur and entrepreneurship 71

3.2 Link between entrepreneur & intrapreneur 73

3.3 The activities of the centers 78

4.1 Location of the respondents 93

4.2 Age of the respondents 94

4.3 Educational qualification of the respondents 96

4.4 Parental occupation of the respondents 97

4.5 Marital status of the respondents 98

4.6 Family size of the respondents 99

4.7 Family status of the respondents 100

4.8 Community of the respondents 101

4.9 Family monthly income of the respondents 103

4.10 Location of the firm 104

4.11 Nature of the firm 104

4.12 Form of the firm 106

4.13 Distribution of Respondents by Generation 107

4.14 Number of employee working in firm 108

4.15 Life span of establishment 109

4.16 Number of hours devoted for business 110

4.17 Annual turnover of the company 111

4.18 Source of finance 112

4.19 Type of products dealing in the firm 113

4.20 Business type 114

4.21 Location of getting raw material 115

4.22 Marketing place of the products 116

4.23 Channels used for marketing the products 116

4.24 Consumers of the products 117

iii

Table

No. Particulars

Page

No.

4.25 Mode of selling 118

4.26 Opinion of the respondents towards frequent changes in the target

market 118

4.27 Purpose of spending business income 119

4.28 Opinion of the respondents towards checking the quality of the

products 120

4.29 Type of checking the quality of product 120

4.30 Utilization capacity of business 121

4.31 Problems faced in running the business units 122

4.32 Location and problems in business 124

4.33 Age and problems in business 125

4.34 Educational qualification and problems in business 126

4.35 Marital status and problems in business 127

4.36 Family size and problems in business 127

4.37 Family status and problems in business 128

4.38 Community and problems in business 129

4.39 Family monthly income and problems in business 130

4.40 Nature of the firm and problems in business 130

4.41 Form of the firm and problems in business 131

4.42 First generation entrepreneur and problems in business 132

4.43 Size of the firm and problems in business 133

4.44 Life span of establishment and problems in business 133

4.45 Number of hours and problems in business 134

4.46 Business type and problems in business 135

4.47 Degree of relationship between selected independent variables

and problems in business – Correlation Analysis 136

4.48 Problems in business – Multiple Regression Analysis 137

4.49 Motivational factors to become an entrepreneur 138

4.50 Problems in setting up business unit 139

4.51 Personal and social problems 140

4.52 Entrepreneurial and business problems 141

iv

Table

No. Particulars

Page

No.

4.53 Marketing problems 143

4.54 General problems faced by the respondents 144

4.55 Level of prospects towards entrepreneurship 145

4.56 Location and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship 147

4.57 Location and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

(Two-way table) 148

4.58 Location and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

(Chi-square test) 149

4.59 Age and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship 150

4.60 Age and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

(Two-way table) 151

4.61 Age and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship


4.62 Educational qualification and level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship 153


entrepreneurship (Two-way table) 154


entrepreneurship (Chi-square test) 155

4.65 Marital status and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship 155

4.66 Marital status and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

(Two-way table) 156

4.67 Marital status and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship


4.68 Family size and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship 158

4.69 Family size and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

(Two-way table) 158

4.70 Family size and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship


4.71 Family status and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship 160

4.72

Family status and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

(Two-way table)

161

v

Table

No. Particulars

Page

No.

4.73 Family status and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship


4.74 Community and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship 162

4.75 Community and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

(Two-way table) 163

4.76 Community and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship


4.77 Family monthly income and level of prospects towards






4.80 Nature of the firm and level of prospects towards






4.83 Form of the firm and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship 170

4.84 Form of the firm and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

(Two-way table) 171

4.85 Form of the firm and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship


4.86 First generation entrepreneur and level of prospects towards






4.89 Size of the firm and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship 175

4.90 Size of the firm and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

(Two-way table) 175

4.91 Size of the firm and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship


vi

Table

No. Particulars

Page

No.

4.92 Life span of establishment and level of prospects towards






4.95 Number of hours devoted and level of prospects towards






4.98 Business type and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship 182

4.99 Business type and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

(Two-way table) 183

4.100 Business type and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship


4.101

Degree of relationship between selected independent variables

and level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

– Correlation Analysis

184

4.102 Level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

– Multiple Regression Analysis 186

4.103 Variable with extracted communality factor value

– Level of prospects 190

4.104 Reliability Statistics 191

4.105 KMO and Bartlett’s test 191

4.106 Total Variance Explained 193

4.107 Rotated Component Matrix 194

4.108 Effect size and relative importance of the individual dimensions –

Multiple Regression Analysis 197

4.109 Level of expectation from the society 199

4.110 Expectation from the society 200

4.111 Level of expectation from the family 201

4.112 Level of expectation from the family 201

vii

Table

No. Particulars

Page

No.

4.113 Level of expectation from the government 202

4.114 Level of expectation from the government 203

4.115 Opinion of the respondents towards future prospects

For growth of enterprise 205

4.116 Opinion of the respondents towards continue entrepreneurial line

inspire of some problems 205

4.117 Opinion of the respondents towards government encourage rural

women entrepreneurs by giving assistance in different ways 206

4.118 Opinion of the respondents towards finding problems in business 207

4.119 Opinion of the respondents towards entrepreneur 207

4.120 Opinion of the respondents towards entrepreneurial participation

by women as adequate 208

4.121 Manifest variables and latent variables of problems and prospects

of rural women entrepreneur 210

4.122 Model Fit Summary – problems and prospects of rural women

entrepreneur 212

4.123 Regression Weights – problems and prospects of rural women

entrepreneur 215

viii

LIST OF CHARTS

Chart

No. Particulars

Page

No.

4.1 Location of the respondents 94

4.2 Age of the respondents 95

4.3 Educational qualification of the respondents 96

4.4 Parental occupation of the respondents 98

4.5 Marital status of the respondents 99

4.6 Family size of the respondents 100

4.7 Family status of the respondents 101

4.8 Community of the respondents 102

4.9 Family monthly income of the respondents 103

4.10 Nature of the firm 105

4.11 Form of the firm 106

4.12 Distribution of Respondents by Generation 107

4.13 Life span of establishment 109

4.14 Number of hours devoted for business 110

4.15 Annual turnover of the company 111

4.16 Business type 114

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

No. Particulars

Page

No.

3.1 Salem District – Taluk Map 70

3.2 Opportunity Matrix 72

4.1 Hypotheses Formulated Model – Problems and Prospects of

Rural Women Entrepreneur 211

4.2 Resulted Hypothesis Model – Problems and Prospects of Rural

Women Entrepreneur 214

1

CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION AND DESIGN OF THE STUDY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Indian women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because

traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a male

dominated one. Women are considered as weaker sex and always made to depend on men

folk in their family and outside, throughout their life. The Indian culture made them only

subordinates and executors of the decisions made by other male members, in the basic

family structure. While at least half of the brainpower on earth belongs to women,

women remain perhaps the world‘s most underutilized resource. Despite all the social

hurdles, India is brimming with the success stories of women. They stand tall from the

rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field.

The transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased

educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a

change in the life style of Indian women. She has competed with man and successfully

stood up with him in every walk of life and business is no exception for this. These

women leaders are assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They managed to

survive and succeed in this cut throat competition with their hard work, diligence and

perseverance. Ability to learn quickly from her abilities, her persuasiveness, open style of

problem solving, willingness to take risks and chances, ability to motivate people,

knowing how to win and lose gracefully are the strengths of the Indian women

entrepreneurs.

Rural development consists of both the economic betterment as well as greater

social transformation of people. In order to provide the rural people with better prospects

for economic development, increased participation of people in the rural development

programmes, decentralization of planning, better enforcement of land reforms and greater

access to credit are needed. Information about programmes, schemes, employment

opportunities, Panchayati Raj institutions, development authorities, drinking water,

2

sanitation, road construction, electrification of villages and food supply etc. are the rural

development entities in India.

The department of rural development in India has implementing a number of

programmes for rural development through the state governments for poverty reduction,

employment generation, rural infrastructure habitant development, provision of basic

minimum services. Keeping in the view of the fact that rural roads are vital to economic

growth and measures for poverty alleviation in the village, Government have launched a

100% centrally sponsored scheme called the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

(PMGSY). The Programme seeks to provide connectivity to all unconnected habitations

in the rural areas with a population of more than 500 persons through good all-weather

roads by the end of the Tenth Plan Period. In respect of the Hill States (North-East,

Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttaranchal) and the Desert Areas, the

objective would be to connect habitations with a population of 250 persons and above.

1.2 CONCEPT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who

initiate, organize and operate a business enterprise. The Government of India has defined

women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a

minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of

the employment generated in the enterprise to women. Women entrepreneurs engaged in

business due to push and pull factors which encourage women to have an independent

occupation and stands on their own legs. A sense towards independent decision-making

on their life and career is the motivational factor behind this urge. Saddled with

household chores and domestic responsibilities women want to get independence. Under

the influence of these factors the women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge

and as an urge to do something new. Such a situation is described as pull factors. While

in push factors women engaged in business activities due to family compulsion and the

responsibility is thrust upon them.

The rural women have achieved immense development in their state of mind.

With increase in dependency on service sector, many entrepreneurial opportunities

3

especially for rural women have been created where they can excel their skills with

maintaining balance in their life. Accordingly, during the last two decades, increasing

numbers of Indian rural women have entered the field of entrepreneurship and also they

are gradually changing the face of business of today, both literally and figuratively. But

still they have not capitalized their potential in India the way it should be.

The notion of rural women entrepreneurship is becoming a global phenomenon

playing a vital role in the rural business community. In India, rural women have made a

comparatively late entry into rural business scenario mainly due to the orthodox and

traditional socio-cultural environment. Although rural women face various problems in

the process of establishing, developing and running their enterprises, nevertheless, their

scope of development is very high in India, especially in rural areas with more rural

women making development oriented programme viz. Development of Women and

Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) which was launched in 1982-83. Based on this back

draft, an attempt has been made to analyse the success of such a scheme in terms of its

survival, growth and development of rural women entrepreneurs and identify the

problems faced by the rural women entrepreneurs.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Entrepreneurship is one of the important factors of industrialization; in the

absence of entrepreneurship, industrialization cannot take place. Entrepreneurs are

playing an important role in the economic development of underdeveloped country.

Women’s skills and knowledge, their talents and abilities in business and a compelling

desire of wanting to do something positive are some of the reasons for the women

entrepreneurs to organize industries. According to World Bank, investing more in

business of women rather in men leads to greater development of a nation. Empowering

women in entrepreneurship leads to break the inequalities and reduces the poverty.

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in developing society of a fast developing

country like India. Now-a-days it has been realized that enterprising women have cast

entrepreneurial talents which could be harnessed so as to convert them from the position

of Jobseekers to Job givers. The government has realized the importance of women

4

entrepreneurship. As a result, it offers a variety of programmes for women entrepreneurs.

The state of Tamilnadu is the industrially developing area in which some of the

entrepreneurs excel in small scale industry. Even though the Government of India and

Tamil Nadu Government provide great support for promoting women in business they are

not ready to undertake any venture. As compared to men, women are less motivated to

start business units due to some unwanted fear, lack of motivation and type of activities.

Thus, the study aims at undertaking the entrepreneurial development among women

highlights their motivational forces and relationship between socio-economic background

of women entrepreneurs, motivational factors and their existing entrepreneurial traits.

1.4 RESEARCH GAP

The studies reviewed in this research are all related to the performance of rural

women entrepreneurs in various locations of India and abroad. Intense analysis has not so

for been done with reference to rural women entrepreneurs in Salem District of

Tamilnadu. This study has focusing the entrepreneurial problems faced by the rural

women in Salem District. This study is unique in this aspect and a pioneer in analyzing

the rural women entrepreneurs faced by the problems and prospects in their

entrepreneurship at Salem District of Tamilnadu.

1.5 NEED FOR THE STUDY

It is imperative to note the participation of women in economic activities as self

employed individuals. Many of the traditional occupations open to women are mainly

based on caste, creed and the nature of self-employment is based on the standard of

living. At present, women are generating employment for themselves in unorganized

sectors and other category of women provides employment for others.

The country needs to mobilize and utilize fully all its resources including human

resources. The participation of women in economic activities is necessary not only from a

human resource point of view but also is essential even from the objective of raising the

status of women in the society. The economic status of the women is now accepted as an

indicator of a society’s stage of development and therefore it becomes imperative for the

5

government to frame policies for development of entrepreneurship among women. The

long-term objectives of the development programmes for women should aim to raise their

economic and social status in order to bring them into the mainstream of national life and

development. For this, due recognition has to be accorded to the role and contribution of

women in the various social economic and political and cultural activities.

1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To analyse the socio-economic status and working pattern of rural women

entrepreneurs.

2. To identify the present problems and prospects of entrepreneurship faced

by the rural women entrepreneurs.

3. To identify the expectation of the rural women entrepreneurs to develop

better.

4. To suggest solutions for rural women entrepreneurs’ to enhance their

entrepreneurship.

1.7 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY

Null Hypothesis 1: All the selected respondents are having equal level problems in

their business.

Null Hypothesis 2: There is no significant relationship between selected independent

variables of the respondents and their prospects towards

entrepreneurship in the study area.

1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The validity of any research depends on the systematic method of data collection

and analyzing in a logical and organizing in sequential order. In the present study, an

extensive use of both primary and secondary data has been used.

1.8.1 Sampling Design

Tamilnadu state consists of 32 districts. Of the 32 districts, Salem district has

been identified and selected for this study owing to the high rural women entrepreneurs

6

registered. There are 822 registered rural women entrepreneurs engaged in business

activities in four revenue divisions. In the present study, by adopting simple random

sampling 65 per cent of the population i.e. 534 respondents have been selected. The

sampling distribution is given in the following table.

TABLE NO. 1.1SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

Division No. of Registered RuralWomen Entrepreneurs Samples

Salem Revenue Division 291 189

Attur Revenue Division 189 123

Sankari Revenue Division 180 117

Mettur Revenue Division 162 105

Total 822 534

1.8.2 Data Collection

1.8.2.1 Primary Data

In order to fulfill the objectives set, a sample study was undertaken by using a

well framed questionnaire that was duly filled in by the respondents. The respondents

with varying backgrounds were selected based on the important aspects of their location

of the entrepreneur, age, educational qualification, marital status, family size, family

status, community, family monthly income, nature of the firm, form of the firm, first

generation entrepreneur, size of the firm, life span of establishment, number of hours

devoted and business type. A noteworthy feature was that all the 534 respondents filled

the questionnaire with much zeal.

1.8.2.2 Secondary Data

The primary data were supplemented by a spate of secondary sources of data. The

secondary data pertaining to the study was gathered from the records published in Salem

district profile. Recent information was collected from well equipped libraries in

Bangalore, Chennai, Salem and Coimbatore and from Internet web resources. Further, the

secondary data were also collected from various reputed journals inclusive and exclusive

7

of rural women entrepreneurs. A number of standard text books were referred to obtain

pertinent literature on entrepreneurs.

1.8.3 Discussions and Informal Interviews

To attain the objectives of the current study, rural women entrepreneurs’ behavior

in business, several rounds of discussions were held with experienced persons in the field

of entrepreneurs, businesswomen and also with the Research Supervisor for

clarifications.

1.8.4 Tools of Data Collection

Based on the virtue of a mass data obtained from research survey, as well as data

from secondary sources collected and presented in the present report, descriptive and

analytical research was considered the most appropriate for the study. The research

problems and the questionnaire were all framed accordingly. The researcher used both

close-ended and open-ended questions in the questionnaire to collect the necessary

primary data. The suggestions stated in the final chapter of the present research report

emerged from the inferences drawn from the study during the study period.

1.8.5 Construction of Questionnaire

The key aspect of the present research was identified through the preliminary

interviews (Pilot study) with some selected rural women entrepreneurs. The questionnaire

so drafted was circulated among some research experts, rural women entrepreneurs and

research scholars for a critical view with regard to wording, format and sequence. The

questionnaire was re-drafted in the light of their comments.

1.8.6 Pre-test

The questionnaire distributed for the respondents were pre-tested with 30 rural

women entrepreneurs. After pre-testing, necessary modifications were made in the

questionnaire to fit in on the track of the present study.

8

1.8.7 Frame Work of Analysis

The core of the study being ‘Problems faced by the rural women entrepreneurs’,

the study centres focused the dependent variable and its relationship with the related

independent variables.

1.8.8 Approach to assess the extent of satisfaction of women entrepreneurs

The difference in the extent of problems and satisfaction of rural women

entrepreneurs between the different types of respondents based on their location of the

entrepreneur, age, educational qualification, marital status, family size, family status,

community, family monthly income, nature of the firm, form of the firm, first generation

entrepreneur, size of the firm, life span of establishment, number of hours devoted and

business type was studied with the research of research tools such as Percentages,

Averages, Ranges, Standard Deviation, Two-way classification tables, Chi-square test,

Anova test, Correlation Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis, Factor Analysis and

Structural Equation Model.

1.8.8.1 Chi-Square Test

In order to identify the factors influencing the prospects towards entrepreneurship

among the selected rural women entrepreneurs from different places of the study area, a

Chi-square (2) test has been used and the formula as below:

2 = E

)EO( 2

with Degree of Freedom (D.F.) = (c-1) (r-1) where,

O = Observed frequency,

E = Expected frequency,

c = Number of Columns,

r = Number of Rows.

9

1.8.8.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

The analysis of variance has been developed specially to test the hypothesis the

variable have significant difference or not. From this technique, researcher is able to

determine whether the samples have the same mean as the population. In one way

classification the analysis of variance was calculated as stated the following table.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Sources ofVariation

Sum ofSquares (SS)

Degree offreedom

(DF)

Mean Square(MS) F-Test

BetweenSamples SSB K-1

SSBMSB = -----

K-1

MSBF = ------

MSW

WithinSamples SSW N-K

SSWMSB = ------

N-K

Total SST N-1

The calculated values of F are compared with the table values. If calculated value

of F is greater than the table value at pre assigned levels of significance then the null

hypothesis is rejected otherwise accepted.

1.8.8.3 Correlation Analysis

Correlation analysis can be used to determine the strength of the linear

relationship between the two variables X and Y, in other words, as to how strongly are

these two variables correlated. Karl Pearson, in 1896, developed an index or coefficient

of this association in cases where the relationship is a linear one, ie. where the trend of

the relationship can be described by a straight line.

The Pearson’s coefficient of correlation is designated by r. The coefficient of

correlation r can be designed as a measure of strength of the linear relationship between

the two variables X and Y.

This coefficient has two characteristics :

10

i). The value of ‘r’ ranges between (-1) and (+1).

If there is no relationship at all between the two variables, then its value must be

zero. On the other hand, if the relationship is perfect, all the points on the scatter

diagram fall on the straight line, then the value of r is +1 or -1, depending on the

direction of the line. Other values of r show an intermediate degree of relationship

between the two variables.

ii). The sign of the coefficient can be positive or negative.

It is positive when the slope of the line is positive and it is negative when the

slope of the line is negative.

The Coefficient of Correlation (r)

r =2222 )Y(Yn)X(Xn

)Y()X()XY(n

1.8.8.4 Multiple Regression Analysis

The regression is a statistical relationship between two or more variables, when

there are two or more independent variables, the analysis that describes such relationship

is the multiple regression. This analysis is used for one dependent variable that is

presumed to be in relation with the function of two or more independent variables. In

multiple regression, a linear composite of explanatory variables is formed, in such a way

that it has maximum correlation with an active criterion variable. The main objective of

using this technique has to predict the variability of the dependent variable, based on its

co-variance with all the independent variables. It is useful to predict the level of

dependent phenomenon through Multiple Regression Analysis models, if the levels of

independent variables are given. The linear multiple regression problem is to estimate

coefficients of 1, 2, ….., j and 0 such that the expression,

Y = 0 + 1 X1 + 2 X2 +……….+ j XK

provides a good estimate of an individual Y score based on the X scores,

Where,

11

Y1 = Prospects towards Entrepreneurship

Y2 = Problems in Business

X1 = Respondents’ Age

X2 = Respondents’ Educational Qualification

X3 = Respondents’ Family size

X4 = Respondents’ Monthly Income level

X5 = Respondents’ Size of the firm

X6 = Respondents’ Life span of the firm

X7 = Respondents’ Working hours

X8 = Respondents’ Annual Turnover of the company

and 0 + 1 + 2 +……….+ j are the parameters to be estimated.

1.8.8.5 Henry Garrett Ranking Technique

This technique can be used to rank the problems faced by the rural women

entrepreneurs in the study area. The respondents were asked to rank the given problems

according to the magnitude of the problem. The order of merit given by the respondents

has to be converted into ranks by using the following formula.

Percentage Position =

j

ij

N5.0R100

where,

Rij - Ranking Position

Nj - Total No. of Ranks

The percentage position of each rank thus obtained is converted into scores by

referring to the table given by Henry Garrett. Then for each factor the scores of

individual respondents has been added and divided by the total number of respondents for

whom the scores has been added. These mean scores for all the factors has been arranged

in order of ranks and from this inference has drawn.

12

1.8.8.6 Factor Analysis

Factor analysis has been used to analyze large numbers of dependent variables to

detect certain aspects of the independent variables (called factors) affecting those

dependent variables – without directly analyzing the independent variables. It enables a

researcher to reduce the number of elements to be studied and to observe interrelated

between them.

1.8.8.7 Structural Equation Modelling (SEM)

To examines a series of dependence relationships simultaneously. It is

particularly useful when one dependent variable becomes an independent variable in

subsequent dependence relationships.

1.9 PERIOD COVERED BY THE STUDY

The study consists of both primary and secondary data. Based on the collected

data the researcher has taken for completing the research work for the period from

August 2012 to July 2016.

1.10 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study focuses on the rural women entrepreneurs in Salem district of

Tamilnadu. The district with its good infrastructural facility, offers sound prospects for

industrial developments. The scope of the study encompasses rural women entrepreneurs

in Salem district and the problems faced by rural women entrepreneurs who are engaged

in stating a new enterprise. The study is limited only to the rural women entrepreneurs of

Salem district of Tamilnadu.

1.11 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1. This study is based on primary data and therefore it carries all the limitations of

not being compared and verified.

2. The research has restricted to the selected units of rural women entrepreneurs in

Salem districts of Tamilnadu. So, the results may or may not affect the other units

of entrepreneurs in other than Salem districts and other geographical location in

India.

13

3. This study assumes that the information and data provided by rural women

entrepreneurs as authentic.

1.12 CHAPTER SCHEME

The present empirical study has been divided into five chapters.

The First Chapter deals with introduction, Need for the study, Statement of the

Problem, Objectives of the Study, Hypotheses of the Study, Research

Methodology, Period of Study, Scope of the Study, Limitations of study and

Chapter Scheme.

The Second Chapter presents the Review of Literature.

The Third Chapter gives an overview of Rural Women Entrepreneurs and

Profile of Salem District.

The Fourth Chapter deals with the Data Analysis and Interpretation of the study.

The Final Chapter presents the summary of Findings, Suggestions and

Conclusion of the study.

14

CHAPTER - II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents a review of the past research studies. Though voluminous

literature is available in these areas, only a few important related works are reviewed

here. Such a review would facilitate the researcher to have a comprehensive knowledge

on the concepts used in earlier studies and enable him to adopt, modify and formulate an

improved conceptual framework for the use of the present study and draw meaningful

conclusions.

Tarakeswara Rao, et al., (2005)1 explored in their study that entrepreneurship

among women in India was of recent origin. Socio-economic background was an

important factor that influences the woman to start their business. Money was not the sole

objective among woman entrepreneurs to enter in to the business. The studies relating to

woman entrepreneurs in rural areas further revealed that training and awareness regarding

different agencies had proved beneficial for women entrepreneurs in building confidence.

Since entrepreneurship development involved provision of additional channels of funds

in the form of working capital and credit, training, management skill etc., DWCRA with

an entrepreneurial development of women provides all these inputs by considering

women as critical to development. This intervention aimed at not only raising the income

of rural women of poor households, but also enabling organized participation of groups in

the programme of credit, skill training and infrastructure support for self employment in

groups who cannot take up economic activities, individually as their own.

Mohammad Badruzzaman Bhuiyan and Rubab Abdullah, (2007)2 evaluated

in their research that half of the brainpower on Earth was in the heads of women. They

provided an essential opportunity for economic and social development and progress.

1 Tarakeswara Rao. S , Tulasi Rao. G., & Suri Ganesh. M.P., (2005). Women entrepreneurship inIndia (a case study in Andhra Pradesh). The Journal of Commerce, 3(3), 43-49.

2 Mohammad Badruzzaman Bhuiyan, & Rubab Abdullah, (2007). Women Empowerment throughEntrepreneurship Development: Bangladesh Perspective. Daffodil International UniversityJournal of Business and Economics, 2(2), 135-154

15

Women’s participation in any kind of economic activity was of a complementary nature

to their family incomes; their participation in no way reduced their family duties.

Women’s equal rights were now defined by women’s economic empowerment and the

ultimate empowerment was through entrepreneurship. So, Government and private sector

interventions had generally accelerated income-generating activities of women both in

the urban and rural areas with entrepreneurship development. Scope of trading activities

especially in the rural areas, in view of extensive poverty and the large number of people

who need to engage in income earning activities, was limited. Non-government

organizations had equally joined hands with the government efforts for economic

salvation and provided various forms of opportunities for women to help them earn

living, paving the way for greater entrepreneurship development. Rural Bangladesh was

now a changed scenario for the women who had gathered courage to break barriers and

entered the off house working force as entrepreneurs and workers- a situation not

appropriate for women or accepted by the society in the past. The urban areas had greater

opportunities for business development but the areas where women lack assistance were

in the access to credit, provision of skill training and market facilities.

Shyamalie, et al., (2009)3 observed in their study that success of any

business/enterprise depended on the entrepreneurial behaviour of a person and the same

was true for agriculture that was one of the main sources of livelihood in the rural sector.

In this context, the present investigation was undertaken in tea growing locations of

Kangra (India) and Nuwara Eliya district (Sri Lanka) to compare the entrepreneurial

behaviour of rural women farmers. Primary data were gathered through survey method

and secondary information was collected from various published/unpublished sources.

Tabular and regression techniques were employed to analyse the data. The results showed

that among the components of entrepreneurial behaviour, achievement motivation,

management orientation and risk taking ability in order of ranking were the important

pointers for the women in Kangra. Whereas, achievement motivation, management

orientation and ability to co-ordinate the farm activities are found to be the important

components of entrepreneurial behaviour for women in Nuwara Eliya. Education, farm

3 Shyamalie H. W., Saini A. S., & Tharkur, D. R. (2009). Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Rural FarmWomen in Tea Growing Locations in Sri Lanka and India. S. L. J. Tea Sci., 74(2), 74 – 84.

16

income, economic motivation and accessibility to market were identified as the key

determinants of entrepreneurial behaviour of women in Kangra district. Whereas, age,

farm income and information sources were the important determinants of entrepreneurial

behaviour of women in Nuwara Eliya. Being an entrepreneur, the most important

problems of women were high cost of raw materials and lack of knowledge about

financial institutions and training institutions in both the study areas. To sum up, the

women need to be made more aware about technological developments, scientific

practices and women literacy to improve upon their entrepreneurial behaviour.

Sujata Kumari, et al., (2010)4 observed in their research that the problems of

rural women entrepreneurs. It was conducted in the rural areas of Rajasthan with 60 rural

women of whom half were engaged in entrepreneurial activity and half were not.

Interview method was used to collect data from women. Information on the

entrepreneurial problems was gathered and analysed. The results of the study indicated

lack of supportive network, financial and marketing problems were the major problem

areas for rural women entrepreneurs and major de-motivator for other women to initiate

entrepreneurial activity.

Angela Davis, (2011)5 determined that women entrepreneurs faced a wide variety

of barriers and challenges throughout the life and growth of their entrepreneurial venture.

This study expanded the knowledge base on women entrepreneurs’ needs, specifically

their needs in terms of service areas and service delivery method preferences. Twenty

three “needed” service areas were identified by 95 Manitoba based women entrepreneurs.

The first five included: finding new customers, growth benefits and tools, market

expansion, general marketing and networking skills. This study also examined the

differences between urban and rural based entrepreneurs. Two service need areas “how to

find mentors and role models” and “legal issues” exhibited statistically significant

priority differences. Service delivery methods did not produce any statistically significant

differences. Overall, this study concluded that regardless of location, women

4 Sujata Kumari, Vandana Kaushik, & Neeta Lodha, (2010). Problems Faced by Rural WomenEntrepreneurs of Rajasthan. Stud Home Comm Sci, 4(2), 115-119.

5 Angela Davis, (2011). Rural and urban women entrepreneurs: A comparison of service needs anddelivery methods priorities. Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 6(2), 1-16.

17

entrepreneurs’ training and support needs were not significantly that different. The effects

of entrepreneurial stage and years in business on entrepreneurial support needs were also

examined.

Chinonye Okafor, (2011)6 mentioned in the study that microfinance focused on

the extension of micro credit, savings and insurance and other financial services to the

low-income earners of a nation. Microfinance programs had the power to influence,

transform, empower the poor both men and women if appropriately administered. It had

actually been recognized by the national government, donor agencies and NGOs as the

best strategy for achieving the objectives of gender equality, poverty alleviation,

community development and women empowerment. This study examined the challenges

and prospects associated with the adoption of microfinance as an important tool for

empowering women entrepreneurs in Ogun State, Nigeria. Both primary and secondary

sources were used in gathering the data required for the research work. Conclusion and

recommendations were made based on the results obtained from the analysis of the data

for policy and decision-making.

Kishor N. Choudhary and Arvind P. Rayalwar, (2011)7 observed in their

research that women entrepreneurs had been making a significant impact in all segments

of the economy in India, However, it was potentially empowering and liberating only if it

provided women an opportunity to improve their well-being and enhance their

capabilities. On the other hand, if it was driven by distress and was low public support

than it may only increase a women’s drudgery. The small and medium enterprises led by

women experiencing some major challenges and constraints. This study intended to

highlight some issues with reference to the strategic challenges and opportunities from a

gender focus to analyze the prospects of rural small and medium entrepreneurship for

women.

6 Chinonye Okafor, Agboola F.A Oluwakemi, & Faboyede Samuel, (2011). Empowering womenentrepreneurs in Ogun state through microfinance: Challenges and Prospects. Journal of Researchin National Development, 1(9), 245-257.

7 Kishor N. Choudhary, & Arvind P.Rayalwar, (2011). Opportunities and Challenges for Ruralwomen Entrepreneurship in India. Variorum Multi- Disciplinary e-Research Journal, 1(III), 1-4.

18

Meenu Goyal and Jai Parkash, (2011)8 analysed in their research that the

educated Indian women had to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because

traditions were deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up had been a

male dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women stand tall from the rest

of the crowd and were applauded for their achievements in their respective field. The

transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational

status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life

style of Indian women. She had competed with man and successfully stood up with him

in every walk of life and business was no exception for this. These women leaders were

assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They managed to survive and succeed in

this cut throat competition with their hard work, diligence and perseverance. The present

research endeavored to study the concept of women entrepreneur–Reasons women

become entrepreneurs -Reasons for slow progress of women entrepreneurs in India -

suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs-Schemes for promotion &

development of women entrepreneurship in India - Case study of a women entrepreneur

of Ludhiana.

Ukonu, Ojeka Ifeanyi and Tafamel, Andrew Ehiabhi (2011)9 discussed that

the female entrepreneurs and the challenges faced by them. Women in the last decades

had made significant progress in obtaining responsible positions in the organizations.

This paradigm shift was as a result of laws governing equal opportunities and equal pay,

fair employment practices, changing societal attitudes towards women in the work place

and organizations’ desire to place qualified women in managerial positions to project a

favourable image. Many women were becoming more educated and the idea that a

woman should stay at home, baby sit, cook, go to market, take care of the children and

the home was no longer current. The number of women who were gainfully employed

increases per day. Girl-child education was also on the increase in Nigeria. This study

was conducted in Gwagwalada Area Council, F.C.T Abuja. The population was about

8 Meenu Goyal, & Jai Parkash, (2011). Women Entrepreneurship in India-Problems and Prospects.ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(5), 195-207

9 Ukonu, Ojeka Ifeanyi, & Tafamel, Andrew Ehiabhi (2011). Problems, Challenges and Prospects ofFemale Entrepreneurs in Gwagwalada, Abuja. African Research Review - An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal, 5(3), 226-246.

19

one hundred and fifty seven thousand people. The mean age was 41.59 ± 9.652. Female

entrepreneurs despite the problems and challenges they had faced in business were

unrelenting and had continued to make meaningful contributions to their family, the area

council and the nation. This study among many issues will focus on the nature, the role

and the characteristics of women entrepreneurs, the role of economic and political

developments in enabling the women to start their own business, types of businesses

women engaged in sources of finance and other resources, the challenges women face in

business; failures and secrets to their successes and the future challenges.

Vijay and Natarajan, (2012)10 surmised in their study that there was an

emerging need to promote women empowerment and entrepreneurship among the coastal

areas women. Towards this end, delivery of micro finance to the micro enterprises played

a significant role. Coastal women with low income and lack of knowledge of available

banking facilities can do little facilities can do little for the growth of banking habits on

their own. For this, a concrete effort was needed to be taken up by the society, the

government and the bankers themselves to enhance the standard of women with regard to

z-banking habits. The government had emerged as a major catalyst by way providing

training incentives entrepreneurship programs and other facilities to succeed particularly

in coastal areas to empower women. Studies have shown that the delivery of micro

finance to the poor is productive, effective and less costly, if they are organized into

SHGs. self-employment, which is the best employment in the wake of paucity of

employment opportunities is emerging to be a very important source of livelihood for

women in Asia and south East Asia. The SHG movement in India in general and Tamil

Nadu in particular had metamorphosis the coastal economic scenario perceptibly.

Bylon Abeeku Bamfo and Felicity Asiedu-Appiah, (2012)11 in their study

examined that the interest in entrepreneurship and female entrepreneurship in particular

had been on the increase throughout the world with the recognition that women played an

invaluable role in entrepreneurial activity. This had led to an increase in the interest of the

10 Vijay, B., & Natarajan, B. (2012). Empowerment of Women Entrepreneurship in the coastalVillages of Tamil Nadu. IJEMR, 2(9), 1-6.

11 Bylon Abeeku Bamfo, & Felicity Asiedu-Appiah, (2012). Investigating the challenges andprospects of female entrepreneurs in Ghana. International Journal of Business and ManagementStudies. 1(1), 43-54.

20

development of female entrepreneurship among policy makers, academics and

practitioners particularly in less developed countries. The purpose of the current study

was therefore to investigate the challenges and prospects of female entrepreneurs in

Ghana. The study was mainly qualitative which employed face-to-face interviews with

the respondents. The respondents were made up of 28 female entrepreneurs or owner

managers. Analysis of the data was done using NVivo software. The study reveals that

female entrepreneurs are motivated to start their own business because of their desire to

be their bosses, pursue business ideas and to have financial autonomy among others. It

was further revealed that female entrepreneurs had a lot of challenges including

inadequate financial capital, human resource challenges, intense competition in the

market and inadequate government support. The study again found that female

entrepreneurs were overcoming their challenges through borrowing from the banks and

family and friends, recruiting and training competent staff and embarking on vigorous

marketing strategies. The future of female entrepreneurship in Ghana looks bright

providing all stakeholders particularly government and financial institutions play their

roles effectively.

Faraha Nawaz, (2012)12 found that the constraints and problems which hinder

woman entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. The study focused on the

entrepreneurs who were financed by Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan bank (RAKUB). It was

notable that excellent economic and social changes had occurred in the lives of poor

women with the credit of RAKUB. However, there were still major problems in the

overall development of those female entrepreneurs. The study was based on analyses of

both primary and secondary data. It was found that most of these entrepreneurs were

illiterate and had no concept of the market. Besides, the study also described major

problems like complex and critical problems in taking loans, the lack of knowledge and

experience in marketing of products, poor managerial and technical skills, as well as low

amounts of capital, huge interest burden and social and cultural obstacles.

12 Faraha Nawaz (2012). Problems of Woman Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh: A CaseStudy of RAKUB. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 20(3), 601-614.

21

Muhammad AdeelAnjum, et al., (2012)13 in their research obtained that

entrepreneurship was a rapidly rising concern of a modern competitive economy and its

contribution in economy was viably recognized worldwide. But the point to ponder was

the fact that it was generally perceived as a male-gendered concept in Pakistan. And the

women who start up their businesses had to face some teething problems. This research

attempted to analyze and highlighted their problems and prospects. It was a case study of

Quetta City in Balochistan province of Pakistan. A sample of 100 women entrepreneurs

was surveyed by using a structured questionnaire. The results of the investigations by

using descriptive statics identified various problems and issues confronted by women

entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the research revealed a rank order of factors affecting them

based on the opinions of respondents. Family, self and societal factors were ranked

highest while factors like financial and economic, political and environmental and

marketing and mobility were ranked as second, third and fourth respectively.

Otem Moyong, (2012)14 in the research observed that rural entrepreneurship in

Small Scale Industrial (SSI) sector in India was occupying prime importance in the sense

that; institutions and individuals seemed to agree on the urgent need to promote rural

enterprises: development agencies see rural entrepreneurship as an enormous

employment potential; politicians saw it as the key strategy to prevent rural unrest;

farmers saw it as an instrument for improving farm earnings and women saw it as an

employment possibility near their homes which provided autonomy, independence and a

reduced need for social support. To all these groups, however, rural entrepreneurship in

India today stands as a vehicle to improve the quality of life for individuals, families and

communities and to sustain a healthy economy and environment and the state of

Arunachal Pradesh was not an exception to it. However, in the context of Arunachal

Pradesh the level of industrialization was very poor. As per the Third SSI Census, the

state had only 518 permanently registered SSI units which gave employment to 1544

13 Muhammad AdeelAnjum, Nausheen Khan, HinaNaz, Syed Ali Raza, & Sehrish Fatima, (2012).Problems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurs: A case study of Quetta-Pakistan. InternationalJournal of Business and Social Science, 3(23), 177-183.

14 Otem Moyong (2012). Employment and Prospect of Rural Entrepreneurship in SSI sector inArunachal Pradesh: Evidences from Third SSI census report. Asian Journal of MultidimensionalResearch, 1(6), 111-121.

22

person. The state account for only 0.025 percent of permanently registered SSI units from

the total of India.

Palaniappan, et al., (2012)15 evaluated in the study that women had been

successful in breaking their confinement within the limits of their homes by entering into

varied kinds of professionals and services women entrepreneurs had proved to be on par

with their men counterparts in business acumen and were emerging as smart and dynamic

entrepreneurs. Women owned businesses were highly increasing in the economies of

almost all countries. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women had gradually been

changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic status in the society. The

state of Tamilnadu was the industrially developing area in which some of the

entrepreneurs excel in small scale industry. Even though the government organizes

women by various associations, they were not ready to undertake the business. As

compared to men, women were less motivated to start business units due to some

unwanted fear, lack of motivation and kind of activities. Thus, the study aimed at

undertaking the entrepreneurial development among women highlighted their

motivational forces and relationship between socio-economic background of women

entrepreneurs, motivational factors and their existing entrepreneurial traits. The future

will see more women venturing into areas traditionally dominated by men. The socio

background including factors, type and mode of business, training programmes were the

important problems of women entrepreneurs in Erode District.

Ranbir Singh, (2012)16 reported that entrepreneurship was considered as one of

the most important factors contributing to the economic development of the society.

Entrepreneurs had been considered instrumental in initiating and sustaining socio-

economic development. In India, concept of women entrepreneurship was of recent

origin. Women have become aware about their rights and situations and entered in

different fields of business. They had established their own successful business empires.

15 Palaniappan, G., Ramanigopal, C.S., & Mani, (2012). A study on problem and prospects ofwomen entrepreneurs with special reference to Erode District. International Journal of Physicaland Social Sciences, 2(3), 219-230.

16 Ranbir Singh, (2012). Women Entrepreneurship Issues, Challenges and Empowerment throughSelf Help Groups: An Overview of Himachal Pradesh. International Journal of Democratic andDevelopment Studies (IJDDS), 1(1), 45-58.

23

They were contributing towards the growth of economy and improvement of their socio-

economic conditions. Government of India had given due importance to women

empowerment in the country and several schemes had been introduced for the upliftment

of women entrepreneurs. Women workforce ratio in the country was increasing due to the

increase in the women literacy rate in India. The concept of Self Help Groups (SHGs) is

proved to be boon for the rural women in some states of India. It had not only raised their

income but also their social status. Overview of the working of self Help Groups (SHGs)

in Himachal Pradesh was also depicted in this study. This research particularly focused

on various issues pertaining to women entrepreneur’s issues, challenges and future

perspective in India.

Renu Chaudhary, (2012)17 determined in the study that woman constitutes the

family, which led to society and Nation. Social and economic development of women

was necessary for overall economic development of any society or a country.

Entrepreneurship was the state of mind which every woman had in her but had not been

capitalized in India in way in which it should be. Due to change in environment, now

people were more comfortable to accept leading role of women in our society, though

there were some exceptions. Our increasing dependency on service sector had created

many entrepreneurial opportunities especially for women where they can excel their skills

with maintaining balance in their life. Propose of this study is intended to find out various

problems being faced by women entrepreneurs in India.

Sanjay Kanti Das, (2012)18 presented that entrepreneurship on small scale was

the only solution to the problems of unemployment and proper utilization of both human

and non-human resources and improving the living conditions of the poor masses. The

basic rationale of developing these industries were that they provided immediate large

scale employment, ensure more equitable distribution of income, encourage

decentralization of industries and eradicate poverty and unemployment. The main object

of this study was to study the existing literature on entrepreneurship through Micro

17 Renu Chaudhary, (2012). Problems faced by women entrepreneurs in India. International Journalof Management And Science. 1-17.

18 Sanjay Kanti Das, (2012). Entrepreneurship through Micro Finance in North East India: AComprehensive Review of Existing Literature. Information Management and Business Review,4(4), 168-184.

24

finance-SHG linkage in India in general and NER in particular. The analysis of this study

was based on secondary sources. Efforts were also made in this research to analyze the

role of micro finance through SHGs in the promotion and development of

entrepreneurship. This study examined the different approaches of entrepreneurship and

also explained the different key areas of micro enterprise development. Finally, this

research highlighted the problems of micro, rural and women entrepreneurs and also

suggested some specific

Sreenivasa Rao Behara and Niranjan, (2012)19 found in the research that rural

woman constituted the family, which led to society and Nation. Social and economic

development of women was necessary for overall economic development of any society

or a country. Entrepreneurship was the state of mind which every woman had in her but

had not been capitalized in India in way in which it should be. Due to change in

environment, now people were more comfortable to accept leading role of women in our

society. Our increasing dependency on service sector had created many entrepreneurial

opportunities especially for women where they can excel their skills with maintaining

balance in their life. This study was intended to find out various Problems, motivating

and de-motivating factors of women entrepreneurship. It was an attempt for real problems

and motivational factors with a real Case study from Andhra Pradesh. It will also suggest

the way of eliminating and reducing hurdles of the women entrepreneurship development

in Indian Context.

Sunil Karve, (2012)20 identified the key challenge faced by rural women

entrepreneur and entrepreneurship. The study was based on primary data collected by

administrating questionnaire in 10 villages of Ambernath Taluka, Maharashtra and by

selecting 10 rural women entrepreneurs from each village. The study showed that there

exist multiple business opportunities for rural women entrepreneurs in rural India. Out of

all the challenges faced by rural women entrepreneur, social challenge was the key

(number one) challenge faced by rural women entrepreneurs.

19 Sreenivasa Rao Behara, & Niranjan, (2012). Rural Women Entrepreneurship in India.International Journal of Computational Engineering & Management, 15(6), 6-15.

20 Sunil Karve, (2012). Women entrepreneur’s challenges in Ambernath Taluka. AbhinavInternational Monthly Refereed Journal of Research In Management & Technology, 1, 104-111.

25

Zulfiqar Hussain Pathan, et al., (2012)21 divulged in their study that the existing

conditions, problems / barriers / hindrances of female entrepreneurs based in Sindh. It

was also conducted to come up with recommendations / suggestions to address existing

problems to promote gender - friendly business environment. The analysis was based on

primary data collection through structured questionnaire. The total sample size (29)

twenty nine female entrepreneurs of 04 districts of Sind i.e were (Karachi, Hyderabad,

Sukkur & Matiari). The study clearly indicated that lack of Technology; Social Capital,

Low Government Support and Financing were the main barriers which highly affect to

the growth of female entrepreneurs of Sindh. The other major problems included were,

low education level, lack of managerial experience, low marketing skills. This study

conveyed the message that if the female entrepreneurs of Sindh were provided

appropriate training, technical knowledge, local administrative support from public

institutions, free collateral loans, social security, protection and encouragement from their

families, flexible business environment etc they will enter in to the entrepreneurial

occupation in a large number and will prove their worth to contribute to the economy of

the country. Both the government and non government organizations had a major

responsibility to promote entrepreneurship development for female. Without their

interventions the advancement of female and female entrepreneurship can not be

achieved.

Brijesh Patel and Kirit Chavda, (2013)22 evaluated in their research that rural

entrepreneurship was now-a-days a major opportunity for the people who migrate from

rural areas or semi - urban areas to Urban areas. On the contrary it was also a fact that the

majority of rural entrepreneurs was facing many problems due to not availability of

primary amenities in rural areas of developing country like India. Lack of education,

financial problems, insufficient technical and conceptual ability it was too difficult for the

rural entrepreneurs to establish industries in the rural areas. This study made an attempt to

find out the Problems and Challenges for the potentiality of Rural Entrepreneurship. It

21 Zulfiqar Hussain Pathan, Qazi Muhammad Moinuddin, & Roshan Shah Rashidi, (2012). ProblemsFaced by Female Entrepreneurs of Sindh. International Journal of Accounting and FinancialManagement, 2, 53-61.

22 Brijesh Patel, & Kirit Chavda, (2013). Rural Entrepreneurship in India: Challenge and Problems.International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, 1(2),28-37.

26

also focused on the major problems faced by rural entrepreneurs especially in the fields

of Marketing of products, financial amenities and other primary amenities, i.e.

availability of electricity, water supply, transport facilities and required energy etc.

IssaAhammad and Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq, (2013)23 obtained in their research

that the major barriers and challenges towards women entrepreneurship development,

major problems faced by women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. More women

entrepreneurs were getting involved in economic activities of the country especially in

the small scale of business and more or less they were playing a significant role to boost

up our economy. Paucity of fund was one of the major problems along with lacking of

knowledge, lacking of sufficient information were other mentionable problems. Besides,

institutional support from different government and non-government institutions was

required for development and growth of women entrepreneur. Moreover, legal and

institutional guidelines were also highly required to make a trade-off between challenges

and future prospects of women entrepreneur so that they can feel encourage creating new

venture with new hope. To accomplish the objective of the study primary and secondary

data were used. The study also suggested that both government and non-government

institution had to come forward together for the development of women entrepreneurship

in Bangladesh.

Jawaharlal Nehru and Shubhra Bhardwaj, (2013)24 reported in their study that

entrepreneurship was the core of economic development. It was a multi-dimensional task

and essentially creative activity. Entrepreneur was key factor of entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship had been a male-dominated phenomenon from the very early age but

time had changed the situation and brought women as today’s most memorable and

inspirational entrepreneurs. The position and status of women in any society was an index

of its civilization and progress. Women were equally competent in running business but

still lacks behind in spite of women empowerment movement in our country, there were

23 IssaAhammad, & Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq, (2013). Women Entrepreneurship Development InBangladesh Challenges And Prospects. International Journal of Innovative Research &Development, 2(7), 41-48.

24 Jawaharlal Nehru, & Shubhra Bhardwaj, (2013). Women entrepreneurship in India: Issues &Problems-You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women. Spectrum: AJournal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(7), 8-16.

27

social, cultural and economic hurdles in the way of women entrepreneurship and the

major problem was lack of entrepreneurial environment. In spite of having the potential

and talent, women were deprived of opportunities, information and education. The

research talked about the status of women entrepreneurs & also analyzed the factors

which motivated women to start their own venture and the problems faced by them when

they ventured out to carve their own niche in the competitive world of business

environment. An attempt was made to understand the role of government to accelerate

the growth of women entrepreneurship.

Kavita D. Chordiya, (2013)25 found that entrepreneurship development in rural

area was an important factor in the economic growth of any country and development

women entrepreneurship in rural area was an essential part of human resource

development. Women were driving various enterprises in the rural economy and were

almost twice as likely to set up their own business as those living in towns. In India,

entrepreneurship among women was of recent origin. Family back ground was an

important factor that influenced the woman to start their own business. Women

entrepreneurs had started showing more interest because it provided them an opportunity

to be own boss. In today’s era, women were using their creativity, ability and hard-work

to prove their capabilities. Women entrepreneurs were able to innovate new products, to

take the risk, coordinate administration with effective leadership in all aspect of their

businesses. Though, they were working very effectively but they had many barriers in

starting and running their own business because of lack of capital, family problem, family

responsibilities, Various norms & customs etc., This study helped to understand various

problems faced by the women entrepreneurs in the rural area & suggested various

measures to overcome those problems.

Manjunatha, (2013)26 stated in the study that in the present globalized era, there

had been a radical progress in the field of economy. In this progress, women’s

participation was of greater importance. These women entrepreneurs had generally

25 Kavita D. Chordiya, (2013). Problems Faced by Women Entrepreneurs in Rural Area. IBMRD's.Journal of Management and Research, 2(1), 389-396.

26 Manjunatha, (2013). The Rural Women Entrepreneurial Problems. IOSR Journal of Business andManagement (IOSR-JBM), 14(4), 18-21.

28

gained potential from the Self Help Groups. In fact these SGHs were making women as

economically independent if not a sound one. They were emancipating their voice in all

the spheres including the field of economy. Women Entrepreneur’, in a larger sense,

therefore was a woman who accepted challenging role to meet her personal needs and

become economically self-sufficient. A woman faces numerous problems to reach her

familial needs. At last, a women entrepreneur becomes economically self-sufficient after

facing challenges. By identifying herself a successful entrepreneur, she shines in the two

faces of her life i.e. society and family.

Marichamy, (2013)27 found in the research that women had been successful in

breaking their confinement within the limits of their homes by entering into varied kinds

of professionals and services women entrepreneurs had proved to be on par with their

men counterparts in business acumen and were emerging as smart and dynamic

entrepreneurs. Women owned businesses were highly increasing in the economies of

almost all countries. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women had gradually been

changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic status in the society. Skill,

knowledge and adaptability in business were the main reasons for women to emerge into

business ventures. The District of Madurai was the industrially developing area in which

some of the entrepreneurs excel in small scale industry. Even though the government

organizes women by various associations, they were not ready to undertake the business.

As compared to men, women were less motivated to start business units due to some

unwanted fear, lack of motivation and kind of activities. Thus, the study aimed at

undertaking the entrepreneurial development among women highlighted their

motivational forces and relationship between socio-economic background of women

entrepreneurs, motivational factors and their existing entrepreneurial traits.

Okezie A. Ihugba, et al., (2013)28 in their study identified that the success of

generating income for majority of rural and urban dwellers with no formal paid

employment highly depended on Entrepreneurship. They were the backbone of economic

27 Marichamy, (2013). Rural women entrepreneurship in Madurai, Tamilnadu. Tactful ManagementResearch Journal, 2(3), 1-8.

28 Okezie A. Ihugba, Alex Odii, & Asoluka C. Njoku, (2013). Challenges and Prospects ofEntrepreneurship in Nigeria. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(5), 25-36.

29

development all over the world and played important role for employment, income and

societal changes, particularly in transition economies like Nigeria. This research was

concerned with the nature and the extent to which entrepreneurship in Nigeria had been

developed so far and outlines the initiative by government and also the main current and

future challenges and perspectives for the development of entrepreneurship. The study

revealed that such initiatives by government failed abysmally due to over bearing

bureaucracies, corruption, inadequate and inefficient infrastructural facilities and

maladministration. The study concluded that entrepreneurship miracle in other country

was an engine for job creation; innovation and diversity and Nigeria’s entrepreneurs had

a long way to go before they can effectively drive changes in the economy and

recommended that Government (policy makers) should genuine recognize the essence of

entrepreneurship to economic development by providing the enabling environment for

private sector led investment for economic development and also provided adequate

infra-structural facilities (water, electricity, road network, communications etc.)

Pallavi Mehta, (2013)29 examined in the research that women entrepreneurs were

inspiring. Today, more women were breaking free from the traditional, gender-specific

roles and venturing into the business world. The first reason was that the topic of women

in entrepreneurship had been largely neglected both in society in general and in the social

sciences. A second reason concerned the sectoral issue: not only had women lower

participation rates in entrepreneurship than men, but they also generally choose to start

and manage firms in different industries than men tend to do. The third reason was that

women's entrepreneurship had been recognized during the last decade as an important

untapped source of economic growth. Women entrepreneurs created new jobs for

themselves and others and by being different also provided society with different

solutions to management, organization and business problems as well as to the

exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. However, they still represented a minority

of all entrepreneurs. Thus there existed a market failure discriminating against women's

possibility to become entrepreneurs and their possibility to become successful

entrepreneurs. This research explored the purpose, problems & prospects of women

29 Pallavi Mehta, (2013). Women Entrepreneurship: Purpose, Problems & Prospects: A Study ofUdaipur District. Pacific Business Review International, 5(11), 8-16.

30

entrepreneurship in Udaipur city by taking a sample of 100 women entrepreneurs who

were independently running their enterprise.

Savneet, (2013)30 explored that the women entrepreneurs whose business had

growth potential as a more strategic way to create sustainable jobs and decent work.

Enabling more women to pursue enterprise, growth through a more favorable support

environment generated employment, empowers women and brought social and economic

benefits to women and to society at large. This study also sought to redress existing

gender imbalances in enterprise development through approaches and activities aimed

specifically at women. There was also a need to reduce the vulnerability of women's

enterprise relating to working conditions, safety and health at work, social protection,

lack of organization, representation and voice, access to appropriate financial services

and all forms of gender based discrimination.

Shiralashetti, (2013)31 observed that change in the sense position of

technological innovation, education, human right and modern way of thinking can reduce

the disparity between men and women. The emergence of women entrepreneurs and their

contribution to the Indian economy was quit visible in the world. The woman in business

was recent phenomenon. The number of women entrepreneurs had grown over a period

of time, especially during post liberalization period. The spread of education, awareness

and government support were aiding women to spread their wings in to areas which were

hither to the monopoly of men. This study focused on examining the problems of women

entrepreneurs in districts of north karnataka. The Likert’s five point scaling technique had

been used to examine level of problems faced by women entrepreneurs in the study area.

The result of study indicated that lack awareness, lack of education, lack of marketing

facilities, lack of financial facilities and lack social facilities were the main problems of

women entrepreneurs.

30 Savneet, (2013). Women Entreprenurship, Capacity Building and Women Empowerment.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2(4), 14-17.

31 Shiralashetti., A.S. (2013). Problems of Women Entrepreneurs in District of North Karnataka - ADiagnostic Study. International Journal in Multidisciplinary and Academic Research (SSIJMAR),2(3), 1-13.

31

Soumitro Chakravarty, et al., (2013)32 reported in the research that women’s

empowerment had been an issue of immense discussions and contemplation over the last

few decades world-wide. This as an agenda had been on top of the lists of most

government plans & programs as well. Efforts had been made on a regular basis across

nations to address this issue and enhance the socio-economic status of women. However,

it had been observed that most of the policies and programs view empowerment in the

economic sense only working in the belief that economic self-reliance empowers women

ignoring other variables like health, education, literacy etc. This working research

attempted to understand the concept of women empowerment on a holistic basis and

critically examined the efforts initiated towards empowering women with special

emphasis upon the Self Help Groups (SHGs) based upon empirical work undertaken in

the Ranchi district of Jharkhand state in India. It further aimed towards understanding the

linkages between SHGs & women empowerment and proposing suggestions to accelerate

the empowerment drive paying due attention to the local level area specific factors for a

developing country like India which had a crucial impact upon region specific women

empowerment process and thereby point the way for further research in the area.

Srividhya and Palanivelu, (2013)33 in their research found that Women

Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organize

and operate a business enterprise. The Government of India had defined women

entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum

financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of the

employment generated in the enterprise to women. In India women comprise 40% of the

population. Yet they had secondary position in the society. Their role was confined

within the four walls of the household activities. In the male dominated society

discrimination against the fair sex was still being practiced in different forms. At this

juncture can expect a woman can act as entrepreneurs with lot of challenges. The

researcher had selected around 600 women entrepreneurs in Salem district of Tamil

32 Soumitro Chakravarty, Anant Kumar, & Amar Nath Jha, (2013). Women’s Empowerment inIndia: Issues, Challenges and Future Directions. International Review of Social Sciences andHumanities, 5(1), 154-163.

33 Srividhya, T., & Palanivelu, V.R. (2013). A study on challenges and opportunities for womenentrepreneurs in Erode. Namex International Journal of Management Research, 3(2), 9-16.

32

Nadu. The empirical data of this research was selected by using stratified random

sampling, using quantitative research methodology. Percentage analysis had been used to

test the demographic profile of the respondents. The level of satisfaction with respect to

the demographic profile of women entrepreneurs was tested through adequate hypothesis;

chi-square test was performed to test its relationship.

Subhash Chander and Arora, (2013)34 in the research noted that

entrepreneurship was a herculean task for women in India but if carried successfully can

inculcate confidence among them and making them more conscious about their rights.

Development of women entrepreneurship was very low in India in comparison to

developed countries. There were number of obstacles faced by women entrepreneurs

during start-up stage and running up of their enterprise. These obstacles need to be

addressed so that women can make a significant contribution in sustained economic

development and social progress of our country. The present study tried to examine the

financial problems faced by women entrepreneurs in Haryana during start-up stage and

running up of their enterprise. The study brought out that lack of adequate information

about the schemes of financial institutions for women entrepreneurs and reluctance of

officials to finance women entrepreneurs were the main problems.

Sumaira Aslam, et al., (2013)35 identified in the research that major problems

faced by women entrepreneurs in Pakistan and also found the impact of these problems

on the working efficiency of these women entrepreneurs. The data collected was

subjected to quantitative analysis Total, Average and Percentage/frequency to find the

major problematic factors and Chi-Square test was applied to find the statistical

significance of the hypotheses for possible acceptance or rejection. Results of the analysis

indicated that women entrepreneurs in Pakistan generally faced three types of problems

like entrepreneurial/business problems, social/personal problems and technical problems.

And all these three types of problems had negative relation with the working efficiency of

women entrepreneurs. The study might help the government regulators in addressing the

34 Subhash Chander, & Arora, D.D. (2013). Study of Financial Problems of Women Entrepreneurs.International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 103-121.

35 Sumaira Aslam, Madiha Latif, & Muhammad Wasim Aslam, (2013). Problems Faced by WomenEntrepreneurs and their impact on Working Efficiency of Women in Pakistan. Middle-EastJournal of Scientific Research, 18 (8), 1204-1215.

33

problems of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan to take actions to towards developing their

performance and in turn to elevate poverty from Pakistan. This research added to the

literature on the determinants of problems faced by the women entrepreneurs in Pakistan.

In particular, it was the first study of its own type in case of Pakistan which had

categorized the problems faced by women entrepreneurs in entrepreneurial/business

problems, social/personal problems and technical problems.

Thileepan and Soundararajan, (2013)36 explained in this research that the first

Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru had rightly pointed out that “to awake

the people it was the women who should be awakened first. Once she was on the move

the family moves, the nation moves”. There was a need for changing the mindset towards

women so as to give equal rights as enshrined in the constitution. Women SHG

Entrepreneurs were inspiring. An SHG entrepreneur was someone that organized,

managed and assumed the risk of a business enterprise. Today, more women were

breaking free from the traditional, gender-specific roles and venturing into the business

world. Not only were they holding high corporate positions but they were also successful

women entrepreneurs. The steady rise in female entrepreneurs can be due to many

different reasons, most of which share the same rational as their male counterparts -

passion for their ideas, the desire to become their own boss and the need to address

philanthropic causes. Keeping the above background, it is very clear that the SHG

entrepreneurship for women group is essential and it is to be developed. So some

measures should be introduced to reduce their household burden. This required a

drastically change in the mind set of the men towards women in general and working

women in particular. Hence, it becomes necessary for the society and Government to find

remedies for the problems of women SHG entrepreneurship.

Vijay Kumbhar, (2013)37 discussed that the issues regarding women

entrepreneurship in rural India. This research was mostly based on secondary data and

some observations for the identification of these issues the author had reviewed different

36 Thileepan, T., & Soundararajan, K. (2013). Problems and opportunities of women SHGentrepreneurship in India. International Research Journal of Business and Management, 6, 75-82.

37 Vijay Kumbhar, (2013). Some Critical Issues of Women Entrepreneurship in Rural India.European academic research, 1(2), 185-192.

34

research and reports. Findings of this study revealed that absence of definite agenda of

life, absence of balance between family and career obligations of women, poor degree of

financial freedom for women, absence of direct ownership of the property, the paradox of

entrepreneurial skill & finance in economically rich and poor women, no awareness about

capacities, low ability to bear risk, problems of work with male workers, negligence by

financial institutions, lack of self-confidence, lack of professional education, mobility

constraints and lack of interaction with successful entrepreneurs were major problems of

women entrepreneurship development in India.

Vinisha Bose, (2013)38 stated in the research that development of

entrepreneurship have become a movement in India in the recent years. Entrepreneurship

Development Programmes had been considered as an effective instrument for developing

entrepreneurship in the country side. Hundreds of EDPs were conducted by various

organisations to impart entrepreneurial training to participants in thousands. Though the

EDPs were conducted with the intention of grooming entrepreneurs, more often than not

the programmes did not yield the desired results. Now-a-days many central and state

governments were organizing EDPs for people. The author had got the opportunity to

conduct Central and State Government EDP programmes and also had conducted more

than ten programmes in the private sector for the people of Kerala. The study was based

on the field survey of 50 women entrepreneurs who had attended Entrepreneurship

Development Training and also from the viewpoints of the author while conducting

programmes. The research gave suggestions for improving the programmes and it went

into details about the existing supportive agencies in Kerala for development of

entrepreneurship.

Zohurul Anis and Mehedi Hasan, (2013)39 discussed in their research that the

woman entrepreneurship development, especially among women largely focused on the

empowerment of women through developing skills in small to medium-sized enterprise

(SME) and business ventures by taking risk of making investment decisions. This study

38 Vinisha Bose, (2013). An Analysis of Women Entrepreneurship Development Programmes in theState of Kerala. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management, 2(3), 41-50.

39 Zohurul Anis, & Mehedi Hasan, (2013). Woman Entrepreneurs of Small and Medium Enterprisesin Rajshahi Area: Opportunities and Challenges. International Journal of Scientific and ResearchPublications, 3(8), 1-13.

35

revealed various aspects of woman entrepreneurs of SMEs. The opportunities and

challenges faced by the woman entrepreneurs of SMEs in Rajshahi area was the main

focus of the study. The study found the role of woman entrepreneurs of SMEs, various

SME industries for woman entrepreneurs, financial and technical aids for the women,

problems faced by entrepreneurial activities and opportunities to increase entrepreneurial

skills among the woman entrepreneurs as well as it recommended suggestions as well.

The study had some sort of limitations.

Adinath Kuchnur, (2014)40 suggested that entrepreneurs played a key role in the

socio-economic welfare of the country. They identified the necessities of the enterprise,

procure in the other factors of production and coordinate with them for commercial gains.

They were the innovators, researchers and risk-bearers of the enterprise. Due to mixed

economy in India, both public and private entrepreneurship existed here. Generally, large

scale undertakings were under public entrepreneurship while medium and small scale

ones were under private entrepreneurship. In order to develop and boost entrepreneurship

in both the sectors, Government of India had initiated the Entrepreneurship Development

Programs across the country. The entrepreneurs can be classified into two main

categories- Male and Female entrepreneurs. It was apparent that male entrepreneurs had

dominated the Indian economy as compared to female entrepreneurs. This study

discussed the concepts, classification and problems of women entrepreneurs and offered

suitable remedial measures.

Aparna Jaiswal, et al., (2014)41 inferred in their research that selected block of

Indore district of Madhya Pradesh during 2009-10 in order to know the socio-economic

and psychological attributes. The result of the study revealed that majority of the

respondent belonged to middle age group, education level above middle standard,

belonged to SC and STs.78.3 per cent of them had holding up to 1-10 bighas and medium

material possession, 75 per cent of them had agriculture as their primary occupation, 45

40 Adinath Kuchnur, (2014). Women entrepreneurs: classification, problems and remedies.International Journal of Research in Computer Science and Management, 1(1), 1-3.

41 Aparna Jaiswal, Patel, M.M., & Rajiv Dubey, (2014). An Analysis of Socio-economic andPsychological Attributes of Rural Women Entrepreneur in Indore Block of Indore District MadhyaPradesh, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3(1), 582-585.

36

per cent of them had medium level of family income, 80 per cent of respondents

belonged to medium economic status, 46.7 per cent of respondents had low risk taking

willingness and 46 per cent of them had high owing responsibility.

Balaji, (2014)42 stated in their study that entrepreneurship was the key word to

innovation, creativity, motivation and astute pathway to economical development of a

country. The entrepreneur was an economic man, who tried to maximize his profits by

innovation. Innovation involves problem solving and entrepreneur got satisfaction from

using capabilities in attacking problems. Out of seven lakh villages in India more than

70% of population belonged to rural sector and rural women represent a sizeable

percentage of labour force in our country. But inspite of being such a large population

they form the minority criteria when it comes to recognition under entrepreneurship. The

rural women had not been brought under the main stream of development. The rural

women may be mobilized and may lead to the nation towards the path of progress and

prosperity. The rural women by all means can be very effective agents of change for

better homes, better society and ultimately for robust economy in the present global

scenario.

Diyoke and Christian Ikechukwu, (2014)43 stated in this research that

entrepreneurship development in Nigeria was very slow despite all the numerous

programme and schemes that had been designed by different government at different

times. Descriptive survey research method was used in this study whereby data collected

from both primary and secondary sources were analyzed using percentages and mean

scores, while the hypothesis were tested with Chi-square. The result indicated that apart

from the known problems of inadequate capital and lack of competent and skilled

management, there were other challenges that hinder entrepreneurial activities in the

economy. The Nigerian business environment was facing a lot of problems as a result of

epileptic power supply, violent clashes of militant groups, kidnapping, looting, arson and

so on. The study concluded among others that with the introduction of business

42 Balaji, R. (2014). Issues, Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Entrepreneurial Skillsamong Women in Rural Sector. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,Engineering and Technology, 3(7), 14483-14485

43 Diyoke, & Christian Ikechukwu, (2014). Entrepreneurship development in Nigeria: issues,problems and prospects. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications, 15, 19-23.

37

incubators into the system, proper handling of political and social economic problems,

privatization and commercialization of power sector and provision of alternative source

of power supply, entrepreneurship development had a lot of prospects in the country.

Kavitha and Rajan, (2014)44 determined that Empowerment in the context of

women’s development was a way of defining, challenging and overcoming barriers in a

woman’s life through which she increases her ability to shape her life and environment. It

was an active, multidimensional process, which should enable women to realize their full

identity and power in all spheres of life. India envisions a future in which Indian women

were independent and self-reliant. It was unfortunate that because of centuries of inertia,

ignorance and conservatism, the actual and potential role of women in the society had

been ignored, preventing them from making their rightful contribution to social progress.

Entrepreneurship development and income generating activities were a feasible solution

for empowering women. It generated income and also provided flexible working hours

according to the needs of homemakers. Economic independence was the need of the hour.

Participation in income generating activities helps in the overall empowerment of women

this research focused and provided an insight into the challenges and advantages faced by

them.

Kittur Parveen, (2014)45 explored in the research that rural women were

increasingly running their own enterprises, yet their socio-economic contributions and

entrepreneurial potential remain largely unrecognized and untapped. NGO’s and SHG’s

were conducting workshops for training the rural women entrepreneurs to enhance their

knowledge, skills and abilities in business development skills so that they can manage

their small scale businesses on a more sustainable basis. Rural women entrepreneurs

faced challenges such as access to credit, lack of access to business and marketing

information as well as lack of book keeping skills. This study aimed to increase

awareness and understanding of micro credit and micro financing to the rural women

entrepreneurs. The data was directly collected from the NGO’s with regards to training. It

44 Kavitha, R., & Rajan, D. (2014). Empowering Women through Entrepreneurship: Challenges andAdvantages. International Journal of Research and Development - A Management Review, 40-45.

45 Kittur Parveen, (2014). Development of Rural Women Entrepreneurs through Workshop Training.Research Journal of Management Sciences, 3(2), 15-18.

38

was the finance that played a very important role for the development of rural women

entrepreneurs. As they did not acquire or possess property in their own names they had to

depend on the males, their father, brother or husband for any funds required by them.

And in such cases when they approached the banks or financial institutions for funds,

they were rejected as they were not in a position of pledging or mortgaging any property

as security. And in case if they are granted with any hand loans or smaller loans and if

they fail to repay it back within the stipulated time then they face difficulties in applying

for any other loans as the bank never considers them as they have failed in the earlier

repayment. Hence, the workshops must train the rural women pay back their loans, big or

small in a proper way by training them to fix the prices in such a way that all the

expenses were included and when they received the sales proceeds the percentage of

amount must be saved apart to make the repayment of the loans easier.

Lakhimi Jogendranath Chutia and Anjan Bhuyan, (2014)46 in their study

mentioned that rural women were endowed with invaluable talent of weaving

masterpieces on textiles. They effortlessly infused their creativity into weaving colorful

pieces for near and dear ones. In spite of this abundant creativity, entrepreneurship among

rural women seems to be very limited. Realizing the criticality of the issue related to

weaving ability and entrepreneurship, this study aimed to discuss the implicit issues

related to women entrepreneurship among women weavers in village settings of Assam.

The research utilizes empirical as well as interpretive investigation at Balisiha Kachari,

Bahbari Bagicha and Ghatua Chuburi villages in Sonitpur district of Assam. Secondary

background information related to the problems faced by women entrepreneurs was

conducted through literature survey. Beside the information availed through different

research work on demotivating factors for entrepreneurial ventures among women, an

attempt was also being made to identify artistic skills among women as one of the factor

to understand their level of confidence in their creative ability and thus their inclination to

create a living out of it. Findings of this study revealed that confidence on designing and

weaving skills and desire to start a weaving venture was related.

46 Lakhimi Jogendranath Chutia, & Anjan Bhuyan, (2014). Rural women weavers’ of Assam:Artistic skills and entrepreneurial issues. Asian Journal of Management Research, 5(3), 296-311

39

Munsura Rahmatullah and Farhana Zaman, (2014)47 examined in their

research that the small enterprise in three regions (Dhaka, Chittagong and Rangpur) of

Bangladesh at two levels: the individual and the enterprise. This study investigated the

constraints female entrepreneurs faced during their initial stage and continued operation

of their business and the work-family conflicts they face. It looked at the reasons for

starting a new business and their success factors. Field study method was applied in an

effort to develop case studies of successful female entrepreneurs in Bangladesh; hence

the focus was on in-depth research as opposed to having a large sample size. The Likert-

scale was also used to measure the work-family conflict. The initial problems faced by

the female entrepreneurs seemed similar to those confronted by female in other countries.

However, the findings showed lower levels of work-family conflicts among Bangladeshi

female entrepreneurs who seemed to differ with other countries in terms of their reasons

for starting a business and succeeding in the venture.

Naik, (2014)48 explored in the research that rural entrepreneurship played an

imperative role in the growth of any society. Development of entrepreneurship culture

and qualitative business development services were the major requirements for industrial

growth. Entrepreneurship emerged from an individual’s creative spirit into long-term

business ownership, employment creation, capital formation and economic security.

Entrepreneurial skills were essential for industrialisation and for alleviation of mass

unemployment and poverty. As technology speeds up lives, women were an emerging

economic force, which cannot be neglected by the policy makers. The world’s modern

democratic economy depended on the participation of both sexes. Irene Natividad had

observed that Global markets and women were not often used in the same sentence, but

increasingly; statistics showed that women had economic clout most visibly as

entrepreneurs and most powerfully as consumers. Today, women in advanced market

economies own more than 25 per cent of all businesses and women-owned businesses in

Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America were growing rapidly. In some regions

47 Munsura Rahmatullah, & Farhana Zaman, (2014). Female Entrepreneurship in Bangladesh:Constraints, Motivation and Success. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, 11(2), 65-77.

48 Naik, (2014). Marketing Problems and Prospect of Rural Women Entrepreneurship in Karnataka.Global Research Analysis, 3(4), 17-18.

40

of the world, transformation to market economy, women entrepreneurs was a growing

trend.

Nirmala, (2014)49 observed that the educated women did not want to limit their

lives in the four walls of the house. They demanded equal respect. However, Indian

women had to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions were

deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up had been a male dominated

one. Women were considered as weaker sex and always made to depend on men folk in

their family and outside, throughout their life. The Indian culture made them only

subordinates and executors of the decisions made by other male members. Despite all the

social hurdles, India was brimming with the success stories of women. They stood tall

from the rest of the crowd and were applauded for their achievements in their respective

field. Increased educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living

necessitated a change in the life style of Indian women. She had competed with man and

successfully stood up with him in every occupation and business was no exception for

this. These women leaders were assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They

managed to survive and succeed in this cutthroat competition with their hard work,

diligence and perseverance. The present study endeavored to study the concept of women

entrepreneur, their problems and solutions and the various government schemes for

women empowerment.

Paramashivaiah and Suresh, (2014)50 obtained in their study that women

entrepreneurs as the women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a

business enterprise. The Government of India had defined a woman entrepreneurship as

"an enterprise owned and controlled by a woman having a minimum financial interest of

51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of the employment generated in the enterprise

to women". In India, women constituted around 48 percent of the population but their

participation in the economic activities was only 34 percent. As per the Human

49 Nirmala, (2014). Women Entrepreneurship: Problems, Solutions & Government Schemes forDevelopment. International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Business Environment Perspectives,4(2), 1694-1697.

50 Paramashivaiah, P., & Suresh, S.K. (2014). Women Entrepreneurs: Problems and Prospects: astudy of Tumkur district, Karntatka. International Journal of Management and Social ScienceResearch Review, 1(3), 1-6

41

Development Report (2007), India ranked 96th on the gender related development index

of 137 nations. The women entrepreneur’s represented manufacturing and service sector

including trading and merchandising activities 25 each from these two sectors had been

picked up. The present study was empirical and analytical study in nature with purposive

simple random sampling. Appropriate support and encouragement from the Government

and Society in particular and family members in general was required to help them to

scale new heights in their business ventures. The right kind of assistance from family,

society and Government can make these Women Entrepreneurs a part of the mainstream

of national economy and they can contribute to the economic progress of India in this era

of globalization

Parimala Devi, (2014)51 found that entrepreneurship was a rapidly rising concern

of a modern competitive economy and its contribution in economy was viably recognized

worldwide. But the point to ponder was the fact that it was generally perceived as a male-

gendered concept in India. And the women who started up their businesses had to face

some teething problems. Women Entrepreneurship is considered to be an effective

instrument for the economic empowerment of the women. Women in India remained

economically undeveloped for many decades. In the recent past only the concept of

Women Entrepreneurship was gaining momentum. Despite number of measures and

incentives taken by the government of India the women entrepreneurs were not

increasing at a greater rate. This was due to some practical problems in the process of

entrepreneurship by women. This study attempted to analyze and highlighted various

Problems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurship in India.

Parminder Kaur and Gurupdesh Kaur, (2014)52 investigated with an objective

to study the problems and prospects of women entrepreneurship in Punjab. The sample

consisted of 60 women entrepreneurs running an enterprise independently or in

partnership with other women. The study was conducted in three districts of Punjab

namely Moga, Ludhiana and Patiala. The data were collected through a pretested

51 Parimala Devi, B. (2014). Problems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurship in India.International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 3(9), 1277-1280.

52 Parminder Kaur, & Gurupdesh Kaur, (2014). Problems and prospects of women entrepreneurshipin Punjab. Hind Agricultural Research and Training Institute, 9(2), 174-177.

42

interview schedule. The results revealed that there was a lack of education and technical

knowledge among women. Majority of women were engaged in garment construction

and enrichment. Women preferred to convert their homely activities into an enterprise.

Supplementation of family income and utilization of financial assistance by various

government departments are the major motivating factors encouraging the women to be

entrepreneurs. It was clearly evident from the results that family ties, problems of

marketing and finance, lack of education and technical guidance were the major obstacles

in running a successful enterprise. However, despite of the series of problems women

want to continue their challenging role as an entrepreneur.

PriyadarsiniPadhi and Anshuman Padhy, (2014)53 identified in their research

that no war can be fought without the help of the better half of our society. Social and

economic development of women was necessary for overall economic development of

any society or a country. The term “Women Entrepreneurship” referred to an act of

business ownership and business creation that empowered women economically

increased their economic strength & position in society. Despite all the social hurdles,

Indian women stand tall from the rest of the crowd and were applauded for their

contributions to their respective field and the economy as a whole. The hidden

entrepreneurial potential of women had gradually been changing their role and economic

status in the society. Women are increasingly being conscious of their existence & their

rights. However, New Industrial policy of 2009-14 and other schemes were helping the

women entrepreneurs in the form of generation of employment, income and to improve

their social status. Women leaders were Risk takers, opportunist, innovator, flexible,

ambitious, enthusiastic and hard-working. They need to be lauded for their increased

utilization of modern technology, increased investment, finding a niche in the expect

market, creating a sizable employment for others and setting the trend for other woman

entrepreneurs in the organized sector. The study analysed their present status, reasons that

had prompted them to unleash their entrepreneurial energies into start-ups and the

53 PriyadarsiniPadhi, & Anshuman Padhy, (2014). Women entrepreneurship in India: present status,problems and prospects. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management Studies(IJSRMS), 1(3), 72-79.

43

different challenges faced by them. The research finally concluded to what extents the

various support systems in India can further foster conducive ecosystem for them.

Sabiha Fazalbhoy, (2014)54 identified that the role of women entrepreneurs had

changed over the years in the world. Participation and their importance had been

commendable in the country’s economic growth and development. The World

Development Report, 2012 represented that women owned businesses showed great

potential source of future for economic growth and job creation. Therefore, many

initiatives had been started by United Nations to promote and motivate women

entrepreneurship in developing and under developed countries, such as efforts in Sub-

Saharan African countries. Looking at the above opportunities, India had also supported

many women entrepreneurs by providing loans and advances, helping them to establish

their business, making them self- sufficient by providing vocational skills and creating

many jobs for other women in the respective areas. These opportunities were need-based

in India and many factors were driving these forces. This study analysed the role of

women entrepreneurs with respect to the banking institutions. This research studies these

aspects in four parts; the first part dealt with growth of women entrepreneurs in India, the

second part studied tapping this growth in financing women entrepreneurs which was a

major problem of failure in their businesses, third dealt with the role of self help groups

(SHGs) in promoting finances and empowering them through capacity building

programmes and the fourth part dealt with future policies of the government providing

conducive environment for their business and for their livelihood.

Sanjeev Kumar Khare and Lilesh Gautam, (2014)55 found that the

entrepreneur was an economic man, who tried to maximize his profits by innovation.

Innovation involved problem solving and entrepreneur got satisfaction from using

capabilities in attacking problems. There were around seven lakh villages in India and

also that more than 70% of our population that live in villages half were women. Rural

women represent a sizeable percentage of labor force in our country, yet they had not

54 Sabiha Fazalbhoy, (2014). Women Entrepreneurship as the Way for Economic Development.Annual Research Journal of Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies, 2(1), 117–127.

55 Sanjeev Kumar Khare, & Lilesh Gautam, (2014). Rural women entrepreneurship in India:Challenges and opportunities. African Journal of Business Management, 8(7), 235-237.

44

been brought under the main stream of development. The rural women may be mobilized

and may lead the nation towards the path of progress and prosperity. The rural women by

all means can be very effective agents of change for better homes, better society and

ultimately for robust economy in the present global scenario.

Nandy and Shalini Kumar, (2014)56 investigated that in 21st Century, the

transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational

status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life

style of Indian women. Woman constituted the family, which led to society and Nation.

Social and economic development of women was necessary for overall economic

development of any society or a country. Entrepreneurship was the state of mind which

many women had in her but had not been capitalized in India in way in which it should

be. These women leaders were assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They

managed to survive and succeed in this cut throat competition with their hard work,

diligence and perseverance. Developing and developed nations had realized that

developing women entrepreneurship was indispensable to flourish, as economically

dominant nations in the modern high-tech world. Therefore, creation of platforms and

networks for entrepreneurial culture were prominent issues globally. This research of

Women entrepreneurship had been motivated by gender inequality problems. In Indian

environment men were always considered as economic supporter for his family as well as

for the nation and women were considered as a care taker of the family rather than an

economic support. This study glided from the period of fifties to the 21st centuries and

how transformation had occurred in the women roles. In this circumstances the

difficulties faced by women entrepreneur and their status in the society were also

discussed.

Satpal, et al., (2014)57 suggested in their research that an entrepreneur was a

person who had an enterprising quality with an eye on opportunities and an uncanny

vision, a person who was willing to take risks because of the adventurous skill within,

56 Sarmistha Nandy, & Shalini Kumar, (2014). Women Entrepreneurship in 21st Century India.Global Journal of Finance and Management, 6(9), 967-976.

57 Satpal, Rupa Rathee, & Pallavi Rajain, (2014). Women Entrepreneurship: Challenges in thePresent Technological Era. International Journal of Advance Industrial Engineering, 2(2), 54-57.

45

same holds good for women also. The present study endeavoured to study the concept of

women entrepreneur and challenges faced by them in India. This research was mostly

based on secondary data and observations for the identification of these issues the authors

had reviewed different researches and reports. Findings of this study revealed that

absence of balance between family and career, socio-cultural barriers, male dominated

society, illiteracy or low level of education, dearth of financial assistance, lack of

technical knowhow, marketing and entrepreneurial skills, lack of self-confidence and

mobility constraints were major problems of women entrepreneurship development.

Some suggestions had been provided to deal with these problems. Also with the increase

in the number of women getting educated, there was considerable awareness among

women to be self-employed and gradually the role of women was changing in the society.

Selim Reza, et al., (2014)58 emphasized that women entrepreneurs and related

issues for achieving economic independence and women’s empowerment and also the

potentiality of the women in national economy in Bangladesh. This study focused major

challenges that obstruct smooth development of women entrepreneurs and socio-

demographic profile of women entrepreneurs. Secondary data were used. The researchers

had meticulously reviewed the relevant credentials and literatures. The study tried to

explore the social perspectives of women entrepreneurs, their conditions and position in

family. Overall perception of women entrepreneurs about existing business environment

were also tried to discover through this study. It was also conducted to come up with

recommendations and suggestions to address existing problems to promote a hassle free

business enterprise. This study conveyed the message that if the women are provided

with appropriate training and need-based financial and related assistance, they will enter

into the entrepreneurial occupation in a large number and will prove their worth to

contribute to the economy of Bangladesh. Both the government organizations and private

sector had a major responsibility to promote entrepreneurship development for women.

Without their interventions the advancement of women and women entrepreneurship

cannot be achieved.

58 Selim Reza, Abu Issa Gazi, & Asaf-Ud- Doula, (2014). Socio-Economic Impacts of WomenEntrepreneurs in Bangladesh:Challenges and Anticipations. Banglavision, 13(1), 38-57.

46

Shyla, et al., (2014)59 identified in their study that the major problems faced by

women entrepreneurs in Thiruvananthapuram and also found the impact of these

problems on the working efficiency of these women entrepreneurs. The data collected

was subjected to quantitative analysis Total, Average and Percentage/frequency to find

the major problematic factors and test was applied to find the statistical significance

through the respondents demographic variable statistical percentage analysis of the

hypotheses for possible acceptance or rejection was used in the study. Results of the

analysis indicated that women entrepreneurs in Thiruvananthapuram District generally

countenance on three kinds of problems like entrepreneurial/business problems,

social/personal and financial problems too. And all these three types of problems initial

two criteria had negative relation but third one was positive relation with the working

efficiency of women entrepreneurs. According to the study it had been observed that

Women were very good capitalist and prefer to desire the identical while they can sustain

occupation for life balance. Even though they had many successful Women

Entrepreneurs in our country, but as they had a male dominated culture there were many

challenges which women entrepreneurs faced such a kind of challenges and

discrimination from the family and Society.

Sivanesan, (2014)60 observed in the study that Rural and Urban woman

constituted the family, which led to society and Nation. Social and economic

development of women was necessary for overall economic development of any society

or a country. Entrepreneurship was the state of mind which every woman had in her but

had not been capitalized in India in way in which it should be. Due to change in

environment, now people were more comfortable to accept leading role of women in our

society. Our increasing dependency on service sector had created many entrepreneurial

opportunities especially for women where they can excel their skills with maintaining

balance in their life. This study was intended to find out various Problems, motivating

59 Shyla, J., Natrajan, S., Hari Priya, Jeethu James, Ancy Varghese, Shiny Vijayan, & AliberMarshel, (2014). A Study on Problems of Women Entrepreneurs in Urban Area with SpecialReference to Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala. Journal of Research in Business and Management,2(5), 05-16.

60 Sivanesan, (2014). A Comparative Study on Rural and Urban Women Entrepreneurs – Prospectsand Challenges. International Journal of Research in Management & Business Studies, 1(3), 28-34.

47

and de-motivating factors of women entrepreneurship in both rural and urban areas in

Kanyakumari district of Tamilnadu. It will also suggest the way of eliminating and

reducing hurdles of the women entrepreneurship in rural and urban areas.

Sutapa Saryal, (2014)61 discussed in the research that United Nation in its

Millennium Summit in 2000 declared ‘Gender Equality and Women Empowerment’ as

one among the eight ‘Millennium Development Goal’ to be achieved by the year 2015.

However these goals were far from being realized in a country like India. Infact often

women in India were deprived of their fundamental right to dignity also, leave alone the

question of gender parity. This study explored the questions central to women’s right in

India that was fundamentally patriarchal in nature. The research attempted to grapple

with the few challenges faced by the women in India like the dowry, female foeticide,

denial of inheritance rights, sale and trafficking of girls etc. The objective of the study

was to evolve strategies to empower women uniformly like the men.

Tania Afroze, et al., (2014)62 evaluated in their study that the major challenges

that hinder smooth operation of women entrepreneurs of Bangladesh. It found the reasons

behind the success of the women entrepreneurship. Both primary and secondary data had

been used to conduct the study. The questionnaire included questions about economic

problems, family related issues, social constraints and other limitations faced by women

entrepreneurs and the reasons behind their success. Women involved in various small and

medium enterprises take on the challenge to work in a male-dominated society,

competitive and complex economic and business environment. However, the identified

challenges were inadequate capital, sales promotion, getting permission to start-up a

business, gender discrimination, illiteracy and lack of knowledge among women, non-

availability of training program and technical support, lack of managerial experience, in

some cases young people make ill talk about the enterprise and so on. Personal qualities

such as hard work and perseverance, management skills and marketing skills, support

provided by their spouses or family were the main reasons behind the success of the

61 Sutapa Saryal, (2014). Women’s Rights in India: Problems and Prospects. International ResearchJournal of Social Sciences, 3(7), 49-53.

62 Tania Afroze, Kashrul Alam, Eliza Akther, & Nahid Sultana Jui, (2014). Women Entrepreneurs inBangladesh-Challenges and Determining Factors. Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka),9(2), 28-41.

48

women entrepreneurs. The level of participation of women in mainstream economic

activities remains insufficient and the percentage of women in business was still much

below than that of their male counterparts.

Venkateswarlu and Ravindra, (2014)63 determined that rural entrepreneurs play

a vital role in the overall economic development of the country. The growth and

development of rural entrepreneurship facilitate self employment, results in wider

dispersal of economic and industrial activities and helps in the maximum utilization of

locally available raw materials and labour. It was fact that the majority of rural

entrepreneurs were facing several problems due to lack of basic amenities in rural areas

like, lack of education, financial problems, marketing hurdles, Management and human

resource problems, insufficient technical and conceptual ability etc. Keeping the above

facts, an attempt was made to study the technological, institutional and financial

problems and prospects of rural entrepreneurs with special reference to Visakhapatnam

district.

Adekola Paul Oluwatomipe, et al., (2015)64 reported that there was gender

imbalance for a long time in the control of wealth in Nigeria particularly in the north

because entrepreneurship used to be male-dominated; only men used to own businesses

and controlled factors of production. This infamous trend had however dwindled

especially in the last two decades but not at a satisfactory level. This study aimed to

examine the core hindrances to female entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Data used were

mainly from secondary sources-Federal Office of Statistics (FOS), NDHS (2008), NBS

(2007) and Annabel & Mairo (2007) on the variables affecting the growth of female

entrepreneurship in Nigeria, particularly in the northern region. Sources of fuel wood,

child marriage and educational exposure of Nigerian women were the three main

variables used in presenting the available data and how these combine to retard the

growth of women entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Also, in-depth interviews were carried out

63 Venkateswarlu, P., & Ravindra, P.S. (2014). An Empirical Study on Problem and Prospects ofRural Entrepreneurs with Special Reference to Visakhapatnam District. International Journal ofManagement and Commerce Innovations, 2(2), 458-467.

64 Adekola Paul Oluwatomipe, Olawole-Isaac Adebanke, Ajibola Ayodeji Babatunde, & SalauOdunayo Paul, (2015). Exploring the Hindrances to Women Entrepreneurship, Development andProsperity in Nigeria. Journal of Entrepreneurship: Research & Practice, 2015, 1-13.

49

by the authors to complement our secondary data. Sixteen (16) female entrepreneurs were

purposively selected from sixteen (16) systematically chosen households at Ota in Ado-

Odo Ota Local Government Area of Ogun State and interviewed with a semi-structured

questionnaire that centre on various aspects of female entrepreneurship in the State and in

Nigeria as a whole. Deductions made from the data and interviews were presented

descriptively from where they made our own submissions on female entrepreneurship in

Nigeria. The study recommended delaying age at marriage and completing at least

secondary education by all girls in order to increase women entrepreneurship and reduced

poverty among Nigerian women.

Chingangbam Newgold Devi, (2015)65 observed that women were actively

participating in the entrepreneurial activities of the society. It helped in improving the

economic conditions of the women’s in the society and made them independent. Also, it

helped in improving the economic conditions of both the family and the society. But there

were many reasons behind becoming entrepreneurs by women. The study discussed the

reasons and sources of help women entrepreneurs received while starting the enterprise.

Becoming economically independent was the main motive of becoming entrepreneurs

that was found in the study. The present study was done among the women entrepreneurs

of Imphal East district, Manipur.

Jayanti Goyal, (2015)66 reported in the study that the challenges faced by women

entrepreneurs and their prospects. As they were the emerging human resource in the 21st

century to overcome the economic confronts in global perspective, the emergence of

women entrepreneur and their contribution to the national economy was quite visible in

India. Women had become aware of their existence, their rights & their work situations.

Though women entrepreneurship and the formation of women business networks was

growing rapidly, still there were a number of challenges like External finance and sex

discrimination, fierce competition, the negative international outlook, cash flow etc.

Promoting entrepreneurship for women will require an even greater reversal of traditional

65 Chingangbam Newgold Devi, (2015). Women Entrepreneurs in Manipur. International Journal ofHumanities & Social Science Studies, 2(2), 150-156.

66 Jayanti Goyal, (2015). Women entrepreneurs: Prospects and Challenges. International Journal ofCommerce, Business and Management (IJCBM), 4(6), 770-773.

50

attitudes than the mere creation of jobs for women would. They were flourishing as

corporate officers, designers, decorators, exporters, publishers, manufacturers and still

exploring new areas of economic participation. Women entrepreneurs should make a

success of their organization and help for economic progress of their countries.

Jyothi, (2015)67 explored in the research that the status of women in any society

was an index of its progress. But the actual condition of women did not match up to this

statement. They were considered as weaker sex in the male dominated society especially

in rural India. They lacked self-confidence, face gender discrimination and were denied

educational opportunities. Today with the growth of MSMEs, many women had plunged

into entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship development and empowerment were

complementary to each other. However, women entrepreneurs faced a lot of challenges,

because they were women. This affected their morale and some of them even give up. In

this context, this research made an attempt to learn the specific issued pertaining to the

women micro entrepreneurs and analysed what challenges they faced in continuing or

expanding their business. One of the main issues according to the study was a few

women expressed that at the initial stages of setting up business, they found it difficult to

get customers and also had to face lot of comments and criticisms as they were women.

Competition and changed consumer preferences were the most common and major

problems faced by these women according to the study. This study was based on the

primary data collected from Micro women entrepreneurs who had dared enough to start

their own venture. A total of 60 respondents were selected through simple random

sampling from Udupi Taluk. A structured interview schedule was used in order to collect

data from the respondents.

Jyoti Chandwani, et al., (2015)68 anlaysed in their research that the essence of

Entrepreneurship was dynamic in nature. The planning commission as well as the Indian

government recognizes the need for women to be part of the mainstream of economic

development. Women entrepreneurship was seen as the strategy to solve the problems of

67 Jyothi, (2015). Women Micro Entrepreneurs – Issues & Challenges. International Journal ofInnovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 3(7), 343-348.

68 Jyoti Chandwani, Hemantkumar P. Bulsara, & Shailesh Gandhi, (2015). Women Entrepreneurshipin India: A Case Study of Jaishree Kabra of Kothari Silk Mills. International Journal of Businessand Management Invention, 4(1), 08-13.

51

rural and urban poverty. Women across India are showing interest to be economically

independent. However, women face time, human, physical and social constraints which

limited their ability to grow their businesses. The new generation women, across the

globe, had overcome all challenges and had proved themselves beyond doubt in all

spheres of life including the most cumbersome world of entrepreneurship. This was a

case of women entrepreneur- Jaishree Kabra of Kothari Silk Mills who had overcome all

the challenges and became one of the most successful entrepreneurs of the city. Her

relentless zeal, quench for success and willingness to walk the extra mile had fabricated a

mark for her both within the city and across the country. As women had amazing

adeptness to work hard and developed innovative ideas towards building an economically

sound and healthy society.

Pirakatheeswari, (2015)69 defined that economic development in any form was

the outcome of human activity. Entrepreneurship was a rapidly rising concern of a

modern competitive economy and its contribution in economy was viably recognized

worldwide. Women's development had been considered the key to the overall sustainable

development of a nation. Several central government and state government departments,

government sponsored institutions as well as voluntary organizations had introduced a

multitude of programmes of assistance and incentives etc, to keep up the tempo and to

speed up the process of growth of women entrepreneurship. The right kind of assistance

from family, society and Government can make these Women Entrepreneurs a part of the

mainstream of national economy and they can contribute to the economic progress of

India in this era of globalization. Empowering women entrepreneurs was essential for

achieving the goals of sustainable development and the bottlenecks hindering their

growth must be eradicated to entitle full participation in the business. Entrepreneurship

among women, no doubt improves the wealth of the nation in general and of the family in

particular. Women today were more willing to take up activities that were once

considered the preserve of men and had proved that they were second to no one with

respect to contribution to the growth of the economy. Women entrepreneurship must be

moulded properly with entrepreneurial traits and skills to meet the changes in trends,

69 Pirakatheeswari, P. (2015). Problems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurs in India in the era ofGlobalization. Pacific Business Review International. 8(2), 128-134.

52

challenges in global markets and also be competent enough to sustain and strive for

excellence in the entrepreneurial arena.

Rajat Gupta, et al., (2015)70 examined that women the near half part of the

world’s population. Concern with the development of the economy of the nation, women

had to come forward as capitalist. Earlier the traditions were deep rooted in the world that

the sociological set up had been a male dominated, one educated Indian women had to go

a long way to achieve equal rights but now scenario was transforming. Despite all the

social hurdles, women stand tall from the rest of the crowd and were applauded for their

achievements in their respective field. Still there were certain social issues because of

which women were lagging in field of entrepreneurship as they were becoming

entrepreneur for their necessity not for opportunity. The study attempted to indicate the

women entrepreneur as the potent human resource for upcoming centuries who would

overcome the economic challenges in global perspective. The research also emphasized

on the challenges to be faced by women entrepreneur. Increase in the number of women

entrepreneur would bring a global revolution in the world’s economy, the development

would be fast, responsibilities would be distributed and more number of alternative

solutions would be available.

Rajesh M. Patel, (2015)71 reported in the research that today major population of

India constitutes rural women segment of whole population. Women were playing vital

role in developing and building rural India. In India literacy rate was low especially in

rural women and hence women were not getting employment as they wish. Low literacy

rate and low family income forced them to opt self employment i.e. entrepreneurship.

This research put emphases on issues faced by women entrepreneurs in rural areas and it

also examined the opportunities available for rural women entrepreneurs.

70 Rajat Gupta, Saurabh Gayakwad, Rajeshwari Porwal, & Gupta, (2015). Women Entrepreneurship-A Global Requirement. International Journal of Emerging Research in Management&Technology, 4(4), 22-29.

71 Rajesh M. Patel, (2015). Women Entrepreneurs in Rural India: Issues and Opportunities- A Study.International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2(4), 1-4.

53

Sasikala, (2015)72 observed in the research that the women entrepreneurship had

become quite popular all over the world during the few past decades. The women

entrepreneurs had proved their mettle that they were equally competent as their male

counterparts. They had been running their enterprises successfully by taking active part in

the business. They were able to balance the domestic affairs and the business affairs to a

great extent. Their socio-economic status was relied upon the enterprises run by them.

Salem District was one of the large districts where more number of women entrepreneurs

was found and a lot of enterprises were run by them. The size of enterprises run by

women entrepreneurs was ranging from small and medium to large size enterprises. The

demographic profile of the women entrepreneurs, their attitude towards running their own

enterprises, their socio-economic status and problems faced by them had been examined

in this study.

Shalini Kapur, (2015)73 noted that women constitute around half of the total

world population. So was in India also. They were therefore, regarded as the better half of

the society. In traditional societies they were confined to the four walls of houses

performing house hold activities. In modern society they had come out of the four walls

to participate in all sorts of activities. The Indian women were no more treated as

beautiful showpieces. They were also enjoying the fruit of globalization marking an

influence on the domestic and international sphere. They had carved a niche for

themselves in the male dominated world. Indian women well managed both burden of

work in household front and meeting the deadlines at the work place. The primary

objective of this research was to find out the problems faced by of women entrepreneurs

and the steps taken by the Government to solve these problems. It emphasized on the role

of Government to inculcate the entrepreneurial skills in women. In Hindu scriptures,

woman had been described as the embodiment of shakti which meant source of power.

This study included policies of Indian government for women and to bring this weaker

section of the society parallel to men. Main reasons for women to become an

entrepreneur, the institutions that were helping the women to put their thoughts into

72 Sasikala, (2015). The Socio-Economic Status of Women Entrepreneurs in Salem District of TamilNadu. International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), 40-48.

73 Shalini Kapur, (2015). Impact of Women Entrepreneurship on Society. International Journal ofEngineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences, 3(9), 57-62.

54

action were also included in this study. This study included the success stories of most

successful women entrepreneurs of India. On the basis of this analysis some

recommendations were given to promote spirit of women entrepreneurship and helping

the women to become a successful entrepreneur.

Shipra Chaudhary and Kameswari, (2015)74 in their study analysed that

poverty alleviation through self employment and entrepreneurship had been the major

focus of government initiatives three decades. Several steps had been taken to support

and promote entrepreneurial ventures but women’s participation had been low. They

found it harder than men to establish, run and succeed in entrepreneurial ventures due to

several reasons. One of the reasons was lack of access to information. A study was

carried out to find out the information needs of rural women entrepreneurs and

constraints surrounding access to information. The study was carried out in the hilly north

Indian state of Uttarakhand. Eighty women entrepreneurs were part of the study and it

was found that rural women need both managerial and technical information. Four types

of constraints were faced by women while seeking information related to their enterprise.

Shruti Balhara and Ajmer Singh, (2015)75 investigated that women

Entrepreneurship was gaining popularity in India and Entrepreneurship amongst Women

had been a recent concern which started only after the 1970’s with the introduction of

Women in India. Women Entrepreneurship was an important part of social and economic

development of country. Women Empowerment was must for a modern developed

economy through Women Entrepreneurship. This study focused on Women

Entrepreneurship - Various Problems encountered by Women while setting up a new

venture, To Study the factors which Motivated the Women to start their own venture, To

Study the role of Government in the growth of Women Entrepreneurship. This Study also

suggested some Supportive Measures for the development of Women while pursing their

business.

74 Shipra Chaudhary, & Kameswari, V.L.V. (2015). Information Needs of Rural WomenEntrepreneurs. New media and mass communication, 33, 44-48.

75 Shruti Balhara, & Ajmer Singh, (2015). Women Entrepreneurship: A Big Motivation. Businessand Economic Research, 5(2), 207-216.

55

Smith, et al., (2015)76 reported in their research that women constitute around

half of the world’s population. Hence, they can rightly be regarded as the “better half of

the society”. People living in rural peripheries especially women were illiterate and

shoulder the burden of the world’s poverty. The productive potentiality of these rural

women was indispensable to achieve the resilient economic growth. Reducing urban-rural

and gender inequalities was essential for combating the problems like poverty,

unemployment and helped in generating income source. Rural women were the major

neglected sector. Developing rural women entrepreneurship was the need of the hour

which can helps to overcome the problems of unemployment and poverty. It increased

self employment and reduced unemployment, under employment and disguised

employment. Rather than push factors, pull factors should influence the rural women to

start their own business of their interest which brings a qualitative change. For this they

required adequate education, awareness, motivation, support and encouragement to avail

the market opportunities with their inherent potentiality, initiative, creativity,

commitment, risk-taking ability, dedication and devotion towards the work as their basic

investments. Only by the joint efforts of both men and women in this concern can bring a

healthy change which helps the country to develop with in no time.

Sridevi and Maheshwar, (2015)77 explored that entrepreneurship was a distinct

and crucial factor of production. The spirit of enterprise made man an entrepreneur. Such

a spirit transformed man from a normal to cattle breeder to a settled, agriculturist to a

trader and to the industrialist. These entrepreneurs were persons who initiate, organize,

manage & control the affairs of business units that combined the factor of production, to

supply goods & services, whether the business pertains to agriculture, industry trade or

profession. In the United States women own 25 percent of all business, even though their

sales on an average was less than two fifths of those of other small businesses. In the UK,

since 1980, the number of self employed women had increased three times as fast as the

number of self-employed men. Out of total 1,210.56 billion people in India, in the year

76 Smith, S.S., Rama Krishna, G.S., & Samuel Mores, G. (2015). Women Entrepreneurship in theRural Environment. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science andManagement Studies, 3(2), 138-143.

77 Sridevi, & Maheshwar, (2015). Women Entrepreneurship problems and prospects – a study ofstate of Telangana. Global Journal of Commerce & Management Perspective, 4(1), 54-57.

56

2014 upto March female comprised 587.44 million representing 48.53 percent of the total

population. There were 182.10 million women work force (representing 31 percent of the

female population) but as per the census only 3,85,906 women accounting for only 4.5

percent of total self-employed persons in the country were recorded. Majority of them

were engaged in the unorganized sector.

Subash Limbu and Nabasmita Bordoloi, (2015)78 reported in their study that

Entrepreneurship played a very important role in the development of any nation. The

entrepreneurship led to the creation of capital as well led to the generation of many social

benefits. However, entrepreneurship was not so popular and common in the developing

nation like of India and more specifically the agrarian state of Assam. According to

Census’2011 Rural Assam constitutes around 85.92% of state population. Among rural

population females constituted 48.88%. In contrast to urban female folk, majority of rural

women folk were engaged in agricultural activities along with male member of the

society. Even in recent days many women entrepreneurs from rural Assam had emerged

too. There exist an immense possibility of enhancing the entrepreneurial capabilities of

rural women and such enhanced capabilities will help in revolutionizing the economy of

Assam and rural Assam more specifically. Through this study, the researchers had tried to

throw some lights on problems and opportunities for rural women in the area of

entrepreneurship.

Danish Ahmad Ansari, (2016)79 focused in the research that current status of

women entrepreneurs in India. Any understanding of Indian women‘s identity, especially

for their contribution in emerging new paths, will be incomplete without a walk down the

place of Indian history where women have lived. The research talked about the status of

women entrepreneurs and the problems faced by them. Purpose of this empirical study

was intended to find out various motivating and de-motivating internal and external

factors of women entrepreneurship. It will also suggest the way of eliminating and

reducing hurdles of the women entrepreneurship development in Indian Context.

78 Subash Limbu, & Nabasmita Bordoloi, (2015). Women Entrepreneurship: Problems andProspects in Rural Assam. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science Societyand Culture, 1(1), 117-125.

79 Danish Ahmad Ansari, (2016). Women Entrepreneurship in India. AEIJST, 4(4), 1-14.

57

Himanshu Sharma and Thapliyal, (2016)80 discussed about female

entrepreneurs, the challenges they faced and factors which motivated them to start their

own venture. Family was also an organization and one needs a quality of

entrepreneurship to run it, so women entrepreneurship was very necessary for the both

women “family women and a single women”. Family women must use her

entrepreneurial qualities to develop her family that leads to future of the nation and single

women should use her entrepreneurial qualities for her survival and growth. They needed

good economic development with women empowerment without any cost of our families.

The position and the status of women in any society was creator of its civilization and its

progress. Women were naturally creative so they were equally competent in running

business but still they lack behind they faced many problems like society cultural and

economic in their way of entrepreneurship.

Jyotika medak and Horen Goowalla, (2016)81 observed in their study that

women entrepreneurship was the process where women took lead and organized business

and or industry and provided employment opportunities to others. Though at the initial

stage, women entrepreneurship developed only at urban areas, lately, it had extended its

wings to rural areas. The Government and non-Government organizations should give

more prominence to promote self employment among Mising women and build women

entrepreneurship. Special finance assistance was provided and training programmes were

organized for women to start their ventures. An attempt had been made to highlight the

historical background of Missing community and studied the past and present aspects of

woman entrepreneurship in Missing.

Kiran Arya and Ansari, (2016)82 stated that economic independence was the

need of the hour. Participation in income generating activities helped in the overall

empowerment of women. The SHGs had major impact on social and economic life of

80 Himanshu Sharma, & Thapliyal, (2016). Rise of Women Entrepreneurship in India and ChallengesAhead. International Journal of Current Engineering and Scientific Research. 3(8), 34-38.

81 Jyotika medak, & Horen Goowalla, (2016). Women entrepreneurship among missing community:a historical perspective. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Management, 6(1), 1-4.

82 Kiran Arya, & Ansari, M.A. (2016). Micro enterprise: way for development rural womenentrepreneurship in Uttarakhand (India). International Journal of Applied and Pure Science andAgriculture (IJAPSA), 2(5), 111-116.

58

rural women. It helped women increase in social recognition of self, status of family in

the society, improvement of standard of living. The concept of Self Help Groups (SHGs)

was proving to be a helpful mechanism for the women empowerment. SHG was an

organization of rural poor, particularly of women that delivered micro credit to undertake

the entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship development and income generating

activities were a feasible solution for empowering women. It generated income and also

provided flexible working hours according to the needs of homemakers. This study

reviews in brief the literature in this field and addressed women entrepreneurs in rural

areas. It examined the impact on women empowerment through micro entrepreneurship

development.

Kodadala Lakshmi, et al., (2016)83 reported that the emergence of woman

entrepreneurs and their contribution the national economy was quite visible in India. The

number of woman entrepreneurs had grown over a period of time, especially in the

1990s. In today’s world, women entrepreneurs were playing very vital role and they had

become important part of the global business environment and it’s really important for

the sustained economic development and social progress. In India, though women were

playing key role in the society, but still their entrepreneurial ability had not been properly

tapped due to the lower status of women in the society. The main purpose of this study

was to find out the status of women entrepreneurs in India. And the women who started

up their businesses had to face some teething problems. This was due to some practical

problems in the process of entrepreneurship by women. This research attempted to

analyze and highlighted various Problems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurship in

India.

Priyanka S. Patil and Sidharth R. Patil, (2016)84 found in their research that

rural entrepreneurship was now a day's providing opportunities to the people who were

moving to cities for job or for any other reason for their livelihood. Our rural areas were

having abandon natural resources but along with that that many obstacles also in terms of

83 Kodadala Lakshmi, Vishnu Chaithanya Devi, K. & Vishwanth, C. (2016). Problems and prospectsof women entrepreneurship in India. Anveshana’s International Journal of Research in regionalstudies, law, social sciences, journalism and management practices, 1(11), 68-72.

84 Priyanka S. Patil, & Sidharth R. Patil, (2016). Rural Development through Entrepreneurship.International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJLTET), 6(4), 235-240.

59

lack of primary amenities like education, financial problems and insufficient technical

and conceptual ability. Therefore it was paving problems for the rural entrepreneurs to

establish industries in the rural areas and to be sustainable for long term. This study made

an attempt to find out the Obstacles and Opportunities for the potentiality of Rural

Entrepreneurship. It also focused on the major problems faced by rural entrepreneurs

especially in the fields of Marketing of products, financial services and basic and other

primary amenities, i.e. availability of electricity, water supply, transport facilities and

required energy etc. This research made an attempt to find out the strengths and

opportunities for the potential rural entrepreneurs.

Rakesh Kumar Gautam and Dr. K. Mishra, (2016)85 determined that women

were becoming socially and economically empowered through generating their own

business. A woman entrepreneur plays an important role in India to the wake of

globalization and economic liberalization. Women entrepreneurship was very important

concepts for development of rural areas. The purpose of this research was to discuss the

issues and to know about the supporting element in detailed regarding women

entrepreneurship in rural areas of India and also to highlight on the position of women

rural entrepreneurs in India. The outcomes of this study exposed that lack of balance

between family and career obligations of women, lack of direct ownership of the

property, poor degree of financial freedom for rural women, the absenteeism of

entrepreneurial skills and finance in economically rich and poor women, negligence by

financial institutions, lack of self-confidence, lack of confident schedule of life, lack of

education, no awareness about capacities, low risk bearing ability, lack of self-

confidence, problems of work with male workers, flexibility limitations and lack of

contact with successful women rural entrepreneurs were major problems of Rural

Women Entrepreneurship development in India.

Shyamala, (2016)86 reported in the study that in India, 65% of population lives in

rural areas. Women population was 50 % share of general population. Therefore, rural

85 Rakesh Kumar Gautam, & Mishra, K. (2016). Study on rural women entrepreneurship in India:Issues and Challenges. International Journal of Applied Research, 2(2), 33-36.

86 Shyamala, J. (2016). Problems and challenged faced by rural women entrepreneurs in India. AsiaPacific Journal of Research, 2(37), 193-201.

60

women needed to turn up into entrepreneur which was an important factor in socio-

economic development. However, there was increasing evidence that more and more

women were showing interest in small business ownership and actually starting up with

the business, the status of rural women were bounded to low level. Traditionally, it was

believed that women were physically and mentally weak and hence, they were not fit for

hard, hazardous and risky tasks. In India, still there were many social and cultural

restrictions on women. Hence, women participation in entrepreneurial activities was less

than the requirement of the fast growth of India. Thus, in this study, an attempt had been

made to find out the various factors that motivated women to enter into business, the

various problems faced by the rural women Entrepreneurs in establishing and running

their business in terms of finance, marketing, social, cultural and provided suggestions to

overcome the problems and empower in their business.

Uzma Amin Mir and Sana Bala, (2016)87 explored in their study that women

were an important part of the society and played a significant role in nation building.

Women constituted around 48% of the population of India. Equal opportunities need to

be provided to them in every sector be it science, technology, business, etc. for the

development of the nation. Their participation was a must in the economic activities for

increasing productivity, fostering economic growth and ensuring livelihood security to

women which had long remained a concern among policy makers. This was of a vital

importance especially in the state of Jammu and Kashmir where unemployment had

assumed menacing proportions. JKEDI had launched various programs in this regard.

Using empirical data from JKEDI, the study tried to highlight their role in empowering

women by assessing the assistance provided to women entrepreneurs, the various units

set up and employment generated by them, highlighting their success. Their role in

augmenting women entrepreneurship in the state of Jammu & Kashmir had been studied.

In addition to this, the problems they faced in their role in the economic development if

the state had also been highlighted.

87 Uzma Amin Mir, & Sana Bala, (2016). An Empirical Assessment of Women EntrepreneurshipInitiatives of JKEDI (Jammu & Kashmir Entrepreneurship Development Institution). Journal ofManagement Sciences and Technology, 3(2),42-62.

61

Vibhavari M. Chavan and Prachi A. Murkute, (2016)88 observed in their

research that women entrepreneurship was a neglected domain during the past, but with

the spread of education and awareness among the women the picture had been changed

and the women had emerged as today’s most memorable and inspirational entrepreneurs.

It was said that family was a chariot with wheels which were driven by both the male and

female members of the family. If one of the wheels was lagging behind, the chariot i.e.

the family will not be able to grow and develop. In the same way when they speak about

a nation, the Women entrepreneurship played a dominant role in the economic

development and made significant contributions to the economic growth of the country.

The development of the country would be very slow if the women entrepreneurship was

ignored and stopped to join the main stream of productive activities. This study unfolded

the significance of women entrepreneurship and also focused the role of women

entrepreneurs in the Indian economy and also their contributions to the economic

development. Various broader objectives like growth with equity can be achieved by

enabling the development of women entrepreneurship. There was necessity of molding

and shaping the women entrepreneurship with the entrepreneurial traits and skills. This

will enable the women to adapt with the changing trends in both the domestic and global

markets and built up competencies enough to sustain and strive for excellence.

CONCLUSION

The studies reviewed in this chapter are all related to the performance of rural

women entrepreneurs. Intense analysis has not so for been done with reference to rural

women entrepreneurs in Salem District. This study systematically analyses the rural

women entrepreneurs rendered by challenges in their business and satisfaction towards

entrepreneurship by applying modern statistical tools. This study is unique in this aspect

and a pioneer in analyzing the rural women entrepreneurs rendered by challenges in their

business and satisfaction towards entrepreneurship in Salem District.

88 Vibhavari M. Chavan, & Prachi A. Murkute, (2016). Role of Women Entrepreneurship in IndianEconomy. International Journal of Science Technology and Management, 5(3), 604-612.

62

CHAPTER - III

AN OVERVIEW OF RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AND

PROFILE OF SALEM DISTRICT

Days have gone when women in India remained confined within four walls of the

homes and their immense strength and potential remained unrecognized for. A new trend

has emerged in India where more and more women are venturing as entrepreneurs in all

kinds of business, economic and other useful activities. Inspite of many hurdles and

limitations, the participation of women in entrepreneurial activities are steadily

increasing.

3.1 MEANING OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Any women or group of women, who innovate, initiate or adopt an economic

activity, may be called women entrepreneurs. They have long stories of trails and

hardships. Their tasks have been full of challenges. They have had to encounter public

prejudices and criticism, family opposition and social constraints.

3.2 DEFINITION OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

The Government of India has defined a woman entrepreneur as "A women

entrepreneur can be defined as a specialized person, who bears uncertainty, who is

innovative, confident and creative and also capable of achieving economic independence,

generating employment opportunities through establishing and running an industry /

firm”.

3.3 CONCEPT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Women entrepreneurship has gained importance in India after the launching of

international Women’s Decade (1975 – 85). After that many women have turned to self-

employment and entrepreneurship as a means of employment, economic independence,

social status and better standard of living.

The economic status of women is now accepted as an indicator of society’s stage

of development. It is therefore, in the interest of a society to make full and effective use

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of its human resources of which women form and integral part. Efforts have been made to

encourage them to participate activity in the economic development of the country.

Women entrepreneurship depends upon the family background and support,

educational status, attitude and special training she has received. There is a realization

that full involvement of women in economic development would ensure effective

utilization of all available resources and improve the quality of life.

Due to the spread of the respondents’ education, favourable Government Policies

towards the development of women entrepreneurs are fast coming out of the web of

traditional activities into a higher level of non-traditional activities such as electronics

and energy.

Now-a-days elite women in cities are making a mark in the non-conventional

fields such as consultancy, marketing, advertising, manufacturing, garment exporting,

interior designing and decoration, beauty clinics, handicrafts, textile printing, food

processing etc. Today, they have entered into non-traditional areas such as electronics,

plastics, engineering, pharmaceuticals and chemicals.

Women become entrepreneurs due to several factors which may be grouped under

“pull factors” and “push factors”. In the former case they take it as a challenge and an

adventure with an urge to do something new and to take up an independent occupation. In

the latter category, women establish business enterprises to overcome financial problem

of self and family.

3.4 TYPES OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Women entrepreneurs can be classified into four groups depending on the driving

motivational factors.

3.4.1 Natural entrepreneurs

Those who take business as a profession on their own either by self pre-planning

or motivated through money factor and also for keeping themselves busy.

64

3.4.2 Created entrepreneurs

Those who have been encouraged and trained through specialized training

programmes such as Entrepreneurship Development Programmes to set independent

business.

3.4.3 Forced entrepreneurs

Those who are compelled by circumstances such as the death of father or husband

with responsibilities falling on them to take over the existing business.

3.4.4 The Bename Entrepreneurs

Those who are acting as a facade for business of their husband or father are

known as bename entrepreneurs.

3.5 FUNCTIONS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

The capabilities and environment with which men and women operate are

completely different. Moreover women have a few problems in pursuing

entrepreneurship, which men counterparts do not.

A women entrepreneur has five functions to perform just like any male

entrepreneur. They are

Exploring the prospects of starting new enterprises,

Undertaking risks and handling economic and non-economic uncertainties,

Introduction of new innovations or imitation of successful ones in

existence,

Co-ordination, administration and control, and

Supervision and providing leadership in all aspects of the business.

These functions are not always of equal importance. Risk taking and innovation

are paramount for establishing or diversifying an enterprise. Co- ordination and

supervision become increasingly important in improving the efficiency in the operation of

the undertaking. Generally it is found that the same lady performs all these functions.

65

3.6 FACTORS INDUCING THE WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS:

Commercialization and modernization of the economy gradually eliminated many

of the avenues of employment to women in agriculture and industries and thus enabled

them to find ways of supplementing their family income. As a result of this, a section of

urban women has emerged as potential entrepreneurs.

Women entrepreneurs are not only a product of their ambitions, but also of the

aspirations of their family members, friends and relatives. Sometimes certain

compulsions also lead them to the entrepreneurial positions. It is inferred that the low

income group has given equal importance to both earn money thereby supplementing in

husband’s income and fill in leisure time.

Scarcity of suitable employment opportunities, non - flexibility of working hours,

limitations on mobility and a desire for economic and social independence forced more

and more women, especially over the last decade, to look for newer avenues of income

generation and self expression through careers in business and industry.

Pull and Push Factors

Some recent researchers indicate that several women are becoming entrepreneurs

especially the middle class women due to the pull and push of traditional and changing

values

Under the pull factors women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge, as

adventure with an urge to do something new and to have independent occupation. Under

the push factors, women take up business enterprises to get over financial difficulties

when responsibility is thrust on them due to family circumstances. Women entrepreneurs

ventured into their business because of some compulsions. The compulsions cited were:

death of husband who was on business, unemployment, to supplement meager income at

home, to adopt better lifestyle and to settle children. This group distinctively falls under

‘push’ category of entrepreneurs who resorted to entrepreneurial profession because of

some compulsions.

66

Pull factors refer to situations or opportunities being too attractive to be ignored

by the perceiver, while the push factors denote a response born out of extraneous

compulsions. While neat, unalloyed cases of pull or push factors are hard to come by in

real life situations- there is almost always a mixture of the two-the distinction may,

nevertheless, be useful as a frame of reference, For they connote, in essence, positive and

negative responses to specific situations

As such, both in the rural and urban sectors women especially belonging to the

middle class are trained towards entrepreneurship to fulfill their aspirations both

economically and socially.

In India, women entrepreneurship can be considered as “necessity

entrepreneurship “rather than “opportunity entrepreneurship”. Women usually have

smaller networks and less geographical mobility than men, more so in the case of young,

married women who need to take care of their families. These women can use their skills

and available local resources to start their own enterprises. However, the location of the

enterprise and the strength of relationship with contacts are very important as it

determines the entrepreneur’s ability to acquire and employ the resources available in her

community.

3.7 TYPES OF BUSINESS UNDERTAKEN BY WOMEN

The women entrepreneurs are generally seen to undertake three types of industrial

enterprises:

Operate purely as a sub-contractor on raw materials provided by the

customer.

Manufacture items that are usually used by large-scale units.

Manufacture of consumer products, which are directly sold in the market

Service sectors like beauty parlours and telephone booths etc.

Business like Merchant Exports etc.,

67

The first two types of enterprises are known as ancillary industries. However,

women entrepreneurs seem to prefer more the production of those goods, which have

potential for selling directly in the market. This is specially so in a country like India

where the women entrepreneurs in the small scale sector deal in the production of

consumer durable and non- durable which are sold directly in the market.

3.8 MOTIVATION TO WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Promotion of women entrepreneurs requires a multipronged approach. Women

should be motivated to come out of their traditional occupation for accepting more

challenging and rewarding economic activities. Concurrently an environment should be

prepared to enable their participation. This would necessitate motivating funding agencies

to be sympathetic towards aspirants to entrepreneurship. The other promotional and

regulatory agencies should also be motivated to be considerate, understanding and helpful

towards women entrepreneurs. In more explicit terms, banks and other financial

institutions must provide credit to women entrepreneurs on priority basis and on

concessional terms. The elaborate procedure of licensing and government sanction

associated with the establishment of a new business enterprise should be dispensed with

in the case of application received from women entrepreneurs. Audio-visual medium

should be effectively used to motivate women to become entrepreneurs. Screening

videocassettes of successful women entrepreneurs at colleges, and women organizations

can go a long way in motivating new women to enter into entrepreneurship.

3.9 DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Under the seventh five year plan, a special chapter covered integration of Women

in Development. In this regard the plan suggested:

(a) To treat women as specific target groups in all development programmes;

(b) To properly diversify vocational training facilities for women to suit their varied

needs and skills;

(c) To encourage appropriate technologies, equipments and practice for reducing

their drudgery and increase their productivity;

68

(d) To provide marketing assistance at the state level;

(e) To increase women’s participation in decision making.

The new industrial policy of the government of India has stressed the need for

conducting special entrepreneurship programmes for women. Product and process

oriented courses may be conducted to enable women to start small scale industries.

The first National Conference of Women Entrepreneurs held at New Delhi in

November 1981 called for Priority to women in the allotment of land, sheds, sanction of

power, industrial licensing, etc. It also recommended the simplification of loan

procedures, counseling services, centralized marketing agency and special training

programmes for women entrepreneurs. The second International Conference of young

Entrepreneurs (NAYE) was held in 1989 at New Delhi under the aegis of the World

Assembly of Small and Medium enterprises (WASME).

3.10 GROWTH OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN OTHER COUNTRIES

The numbers of women in business are increasing. The growth of women

entrepreneurs is enormous in European and developed countries. The US Bureau of

Census reported in the year 1977 that there were only, 7,02,000 businesses that were

owned by women. This was only 7.1% of the total business firms in that country. It also

reported that only a little more than half of them operated outside the residence of the

woman. But a recent report of the US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has revealed that

there are 2.8 million female owned businesses, a leap that makes women the fastest

growing group of new entrepreneurs in the US. The IRS has found out that most of the

women prefer personal services such as dry cleaning, beauty shops and photographic

studios. The US administration is making special effects to assist women get into

business and stay in business through a Government controlled agency called the Small

Business Administration (SBA). The SBA, apart from giving financial assistance, offers

courses in counseling to improve managerial competence and remove inexperience and

ineptitude among women entrepreneurs.

69

3.11 WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA

The number of women entrepreneurs are very few in India. But there is a growing

awareness of the importance of women entrepreneurs in the nation's development. A

special Chapter on Women's Development had been included in the Seventh Five-Year

Plan; it details the plan of action for “Integration of Women in Development". The

Industrial Policy Resolution of 1991 had highlighted the necessity to provide special

training programmes to develop women entrepreneurship. The Resolution further adds

that the objective of such programmes is to increase the representation of women in the

field of small industry development and to enhance their economic and social status.

There is also greater awareness among Indian women about entrepreneurship as a

career. The growing awareness is mainly due to the fact that the profile of Indian women

has undergone perceptible change during the recent past. In fact women are gradually

willing to accept challenges and assume responsibilities in various fields like economic,

social and political.

3.12 WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN SALEM DISTRICT

Salem is a district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. Salem is the district

headquarters and other major towns in the district include Mettur, Omalur and Attur.

Salem is a Geologist’s paradise, surrounded by hills and the landscape dotted with

hillocks. Salem has a vibrant culture dating back to the ancient Kongu Nadu. As a

district, Salem has its significance in various aspects, it is known for mangoes cultivation,

silver ornaments, textile, sago industries and steel production. As of 2011, the district had

a population of 3,482,056.

Women are largely engaged in the entrepreneurial activities like tailoring, wet

grinding, binding, photostating and sago manufacturing in Salem district. This district is,

however, more popular for mango cultivation, poultry farming and stainless steel. There

is a promising scope for the development of women entrepreneurship in mango-based

agro-enterprises and poultry farming where value addition is relatively more. Further,

there is a vast scope for women entrepreneurship in exporting stainless steel from the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mettur

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omalur

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attur

70

district. This has motivated the researcher to choose Salem district as the study area for

examining the performance of women entrepreneurs and the constraints faced by them in

venturing into entrepreneurial activities. Most of the entrepreneurs hail from business

communities. It has been shown by empirical studies that the number of sons/daughters

following their fathers into the business is significantly higher than the number of fresh

entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs hailing from a business family get better exposure to the

business traits. They have a good network of business relations by their contacts with

others in the business. The family itself is a training school for them. They have easy

access to productive resources which they can employ to promote their business ventures.

It is clear that ancestry influences entrepreneurial performance positively.

Figure 3.1

Salem District – Taluk Map

3.13 CORRELATION OF ENTREPRENEUR AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

The entrepreneur is the person who bears risks, unites various factors of

production & carries out creative innovations. On the contrary entrepreneurship is the set

of activities performed by an entrepreneur. It is about understanding that an organization

will function effectively when it has the right mix of people, backgrounds and

71

experiences. In way an entrepreneur precedes entrepreneurship. Again then who is an

entrepreneur? The following table helps us to study the relationship of entrepreneur and

entrepreneurship.

3.14 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENTREPRENEUR AND

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

TABLE NO. 3.1

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENTREPRENEUR AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship

Administrator Administration

Aimer Aim

Delegator Delegate

Inspirer Inspiring

Educator Education

Leader Leadership

Nurturer Nurturing

Risk taker Risk –taking

Creator Creation

Programmer Action

The term Entrepreneur is often used interchangeably with entrepreneurship. But

conceptually, they are different yet they are just like the 2 sides of a coin. Experience

shows that entrepreneurship as an economic function is not a single point but rather

a range of behavior. There are six critical dimensions that distinguish entrepreneurial

behavior from more administratively - oriented behavior.

Strategic orientation

Commitment to opportunity

The resource commitment process

The concept of control over resources

The concept of management

Compensation policy

72

3.15 OPPORTUNITY MATRIX

Desired future state involves growth or change

Yes No

Self-Perceived power to

achieve goal

Entrepreneur Satisfied manager Yes

Frustrated potential

entrepreneur

Bureaucratic

functionaryNo

Figure 3.2 : Opportunity Matrix

In Matrix defining entrepreneurship one can see how the present position

influences whether one is entrepreneurial or not. It stands clear that particular skills,

talents and attitudes towards risk influence the perception as to whether an outcome is

feasible. Training, knowledge, and self – confidence contribute to such perceptions.

The importance of this figure cannot be overemphasized since individuals

place themselves in their particular box for rational reasons relating to their own lives;

however for the firms desiring to build entrepreneurial spirit, action is required.

Creating a dream intention gives entrepreneurs energy and desire to become

involved in its implementation and to be willing to change. During the formulation of the

dream, everyone participates (including the leaders), & this allows people to start seeing

each other in a different light.

Link between Entrepreneur and Intrapreneur

Intrapreneur is the key person in the organization who strives to make the

organization excel in all fields.

73

TABLE NO. 3.2

LINK BETWEEN ENTREPRENEUR & INTRAPRENEUR

Entrepreneur Intrapreneur

1. An Entrepreneur is the ownerof his Enterprise

1. An Intrapreneur is not the owner,but a key person.

2. He is Independent 2. He is partially independent

3. He raises finance from varioussources

3. He does not own responsibility toraise capital

4. He is the chief of theorganization

4. He is a key player of theorganization

5. He may not be educated &skilled 5. He is educated & skilled person

6. He is the organizer 6. He is the strategist

7. He strives to earn max profit 7. He strives to make the organizationexcel in all fields

8. He is the visualiser8. He is the pragmatic visionary,

innovator & creative one in theorganization

9. He bears full risks of hisbusiness 9. He does not bear full risks

10. He is the promoter 10. He operates & develops the business

11. He operates from outside 11. He operates with in builds the workculture

According to Peter Drucker “Entrepreneurship is neither a science nor an art. It

is a practice. It has a knowledge base. Entrepreneur is considerably less risky, if the

entrepreneur is methodical & does not violate elementary and well- know miles”.

However the researcher in addition to what Peter Drucker stated feels that there are

some common aspects which will never perish & they are risk taking, creativity,

independence rewards. These commodities will continue to be the driving force behind

the notion of entrepreneurship.

74

Many definitions of entrepreneurship can be found in the literature describing

business process and can be viewed from different conceptual perspectives. The earliest

definition, dating from the 18th century, used it as economic term describing the process

of bearing risk of buying at certain prices and selling at uncertain prices. Later the

definition was broadened to the concept of bringing together the factors of production.

Early this century, the concept of innovation was added to the definition of

entrepreneurship.

Schumpeter’s statement of precise meaning

The entrepreneur in an advanced economy is an individual who introduce

something new in the economy – a method of production not yet tested by experience

in the branch of manufacturing, a product with which consumers are not yet familiar, a

new source of raw material or of new markets. According to him entrepreneur is an

innovator.

Hoselitz opinion: Whereas according to Hoselitz there is a category called

Imitator entrepreneurs which plays a major role in the developing or underdeveloped

countries. In these countries the financial, technological, economical, social resources are

not abundant and they are limited but the demand is plenty. As a result there is a

huge scope for imitated products. Hence Hoselitz feels that Imitator entrepreneurs have

a rich scope in creating opportunities in these countries.

3.16 GLIMPSE AT ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIABEFORE AND AFTER INDEPENDENCE

After east India Company loss monopoly in India, Entrepreneurial growth in

India was handled both by mostly Europeans and some few Indians. The Europeans

mostly ventured into tea & coffee plantation, where as the Indian, since they were

unable to compete the Europeans in tea and coffee plantation, so they went in to cotton

plantation and steel manufacturing industries.

Before Indian Independence the trend of entrepreneur was very slow in nature

because the British didn’t encourage entrepreneurial activity. The momentum of

75

entrepreneurial growth in India was boosted during & after the 1st world war, by the

Marwaris and Gujrathi’s after the Parsis.

After independence in 1947, the 1st five year plan incorporated concrete policy

for the development of entrepreneurship in India. In 1948, the government announced

its 1st Industrial policy for providing major guidelines for industrial and entrepreneurial

development.

Entrepreneurial development programme in India was started in 1970’s with

the objective of promoting entrepreneurship, speeding up industrialization &

eradication of employment.

In 1974 SIET (Small Industries Extension Training) found that economic gain

was an important motive for starting the entrepreneurship. It also had come across

some discouraging factors such as capital shortage, government, red tapism. Dr.David.

McClell of Harvard University was at SIET when the early experiments of

entrepreneurship were carried out through training & research in Andhra Pradesh &

Tamil Nadu.

Later in mid 1975’s-1980 the opening of economy gave exposure to the

growing communication network around, the literacy rate started rising. But still in

this period they would see only few women entrepreneurs & most of them only fell in

the category of forced entrepreneurs as they were forced to start small business due to

lack of money or sudden death in the family in order to support their family. 1981

census, in India showed that self employed women constitute 5.2 percent of the total

numbers. The majority of self employed women are engaged in unorganized sector

like agriculture, handicraft, and cotton based industries.

Taking in to account, the importance of the role to be played by women in

development of the nation, the Government of India, incorporated its 6th plan, a scheme

called Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) in 1982 for the

development of women. Thus the growth of women entrepreneur, in a census conducted

in 1988-89 recorded at 1,53,260 women entrepreneur claiming 9.01 percent of the 1.7

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million entrepreneurs in India. Again the industrial policy resolution of 1991

highlighted the need for conducting special training programme to develop women

entrepreneur.

According to the survey conducted in1995-1996 for identifying entrepreneur,

there were more than 2,95,680 women entrepreneur claiming 11.2 percent of the total

2.64 million entrepreneurs in India. Here women started possessing risk bearing

ability. This was the decade for many breaks through for women in many fields and

many frontiers. They started making their own statements and boldly stood for their

convictions.

1990-2000 is seeing a dramatically change from a woman concealed in 4 walls

to women reaching new paradigms from a daughter to house wife to mother to an

entrepreneur.

From all this the researcher comments that entrepreneurship has got bright

future as many women are taking leap in establishing their own ventures.

Management institutions, government, NGOs, companies have got subject on

entrepreneurship and are taking efforts to develop more entrepreneurs. So

entrepreneurship is growing globally.

3.17 GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS

Government policy since 2007 is giving more emphasis to SSI units & many easy

innovative schemes are launched through commercial banks, financial institutions.

Concession in rate of interest is also provided. Seed capital schemes like Mahila Udyan

Nidhi is operated by Small industry development bank of India (SIDBI) through

commercial banks exclusively for women to set up SSI units and to start service

activities. Entrepreneurs can bring in their capital as low as 10% & 25% is provided as

equity at low rate of interest. Balance of 65% is funded by banks with a repayment of

over 10 years.

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Under Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Small Industries Scheme commercial

banks lend liberally to SSI units upto 25 lakhs without collateral security.

Development of Women Entrepreneurs through Banking Schemes

State Bank of India’s Stree Shakti Package:

The SBI introduced a new package in November 1989 aimed at reinforcing its

efforts in the area of developing entrepreneurship among women. An important highlight

of the package is conducting Entrepreneurial Development Programme (EDP)

exclusively designed for women all over the country with the help of SBI staff training

college & local branches.

The branch managers along with field staff would provide the necessary inputs

& assistance to those women who do not plan to set up fully fledged industrial

ventures but would like to do something at home. In this scheme for loans of upto

Rs.25000/- neither the guarantee nor the margin money is taken from the borrowers.

Further a discount of half a percent is allowed on the interest charged.

United Bank of India - Name of the loan: United Nari Samman Yojana

United Bank of India brings a special loan scheme to cater to all financial needs of

women who is either a salaried or a self employed person. This scheme is mainly for

buying gold ornaments, purchase of consumer durables/ household goods etc. and also to

meet the expenses of wedding, domestic trip & other personal expenses. Women eligible

for this scheme should be above 18 years with a minimum take home amount of

Rs.5000/-

Bank of India’s Priyadarshini Yojana:

Under this scheme the bank provides long term and working capital assistance

and the interest rate is very low. To be eligible for availing herself of the subsidy under

the scheme, a woman entrepreneur should fill the following criteria:

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1. The woman entrepreneur should have undergone a full course of EDP in the

specified agency for the purpose of the scheme.

2. The women entrepreneur should be unemployed before taking up the venture.

3. The women entrepreneur must have been sanctioned and disbursed financial

assistance by State financial corporation or a state level financial institution.

There are many more schemes like Assistance for marketing of non farm

products for rural women (MAHIMA), AB Vanitha Vahan by Andhra bank, Nari Shakti

by UCO bank, Mahila Vikas Nidhi scheme etc.

Specialized Institutions for Entrepreneurial Training :

There are many training specialized institutes associated with the small industries

development organization (SIDO) for training research and development of product

designs and processes. The activities of the centers are described in the table.

TABLE NO. 3.3

THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CENTERS

Name of the institute Place Activities

National Institute of SmallIndustry Extension and Training(NISIET)

HyderabadTraining, Research, andConsultancy activities

Central Footware trainingInstitute Chennai Training in footware and leather

products, footware technology

Small Entrepreneur PromotionTraining Institute Tiruvalla Skill oriented entrepreneurial

development and training

Fragrance And FlavorDevelopment Centre U.P

Modernize and upgrade technologystatus for the essential oils &perfumery industry

3.18 INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

3.18.1 International bodies in the promotion

Many international organizations with the United Nations Organization have done

commendable works in promoting women entrepreneurship. The problems of women in

the economic field have received the attention of international and national bodies in

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recent years. The United Nations declared the period 1975-85 as the "Decade for

Women". The UNIDO's preparatory meeting on the “Role of Women in Industrialization

in Developing Countries” held at Vienna during 1978 identified several constraints that

stood in the way of the effective participation of women in the industrialization of

developing countries. These included social, attitudinal and institutional barriers,

insufficient employment opportunities, inadequate education and training, and so on.

Another landmark international conference on women was "The World

Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women" held at Copenhagen during 1980.

This conference adopted a programme aimed at promoting full and equal opportunities

for women in employment, equal remuneration for work of equal value, and promoting

the access of women and girls to nontraditional skilled trades.

3.18.2 American Business Women's Association (ABWA)

The mission of ABWA is to bring together business women of diverse

occupations and to provide opportunities for them to help themselves and others grow

personally and professionally through leadership, education, networking support and

national recognition.

3.18.3 Center for Women's Business Research/ National Foundation of Women

Business Owners (NFWBO)

A non-profit research foundation, Center for Women's Business Research /

NFWBO's mission is to support the growth of women business owners and their

organizations through gathering and sharing knowledge. It is the premier source of

information on women business owners and their firms worldwide.

3.18.4 World association of women entrepreneurs (WAWE)

This association organizes international conference on women entrepreneurship.

The association has a membership of more than 50,000 women entrepreneurs from all

over the world. WAWE is willing to collaborate with Indian women firms for joint

ventures.

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3.18.5 Associated country women of the world (ACWW)

This association has 30 million women entrepreneurs as its members from 60

countries. They are mainly rural entrepreneurs.

3.18.6 Organization of Women in International Trade (OWIT)

It is a non-profit professional organization designed to promote women in

international trade by providing networking and educational opportunities.

3.18.7 National Association of Women in Construction (NAWIC)

It is an international association that promotes and supports the advancement and

employment of women in the construction industry.

3.18.8 National bodies in the promotion

In India, women's development was not distinguished as an identified sector in the

initial years of planning. It was only during the Sixth plan, which began in 1980, that the

magnitude of women's problems was perceived and the need to make special efforts for

the economic development of women was recognized. In the Seventh plan (1985-90)

there was a definite shift in focus from the welfare concept to development concept in

programming for women, thus ushering in a new thrust for the development of women.

During the last few years, a lot has been done in the country to develop new women

entrepreneurs through training, and at present most of the states are involved in WED

(Women Entrepreneurship Development) programming, and SEP/IGP (Self-Employment

and Income Generation Programmes). Supporting facilities like infrastructure, finance

and training is quite favourable. There are a number of schemes and policies for

encouraging women to become successful entrepreneurs.

When U.N. Declared 1975 as the international women's year, the approach to

women entrepreneurs began to change and the Government announced various schemes

to bring out from the household chores into the main stream of industries. Many

industrial training programmes were organized, covering various aspects of modern

management techniques, project implementation, etc.

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3.18.9 Women Entrepreneurs Wing of National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs(NAYE)

It has a separate wing for women entrepreneurs. This wing is the leading

organization of women entrepreneurs in India.

3.18.10 Indian Council of Women Entrepreneurs

It is situated in New Delhi and is rendering valuable services for the promotion of

women entrepreneurship in the country.

3.18.11 FICCI ladies organisation (FLO)

This organisation inspires women to take active part in business and other fields.

It organizes meetings and discussions. It also recognizes women who have made a mask

in the field of industry.

3.18.12 National commission on self employed women in the informal sector

It assists women in getting entrepreneurial training. The training programmes are

designed to help them to develop certain qualities essential for running small scale

industries.

3.18.13 National small industries corporation

Materials and motivational inputs, directed activities and structural changes, have

helped the National small industries corporation (NSIC) to expand it services to small

entrepreneurs in both quantitative and qualitative terms. The registered units are offered

various facilities so as to promote their participation and consequently, enhance their

share in government purchases.

3.18.14 National institute for entrepreneurship and small business development

The National institute for entrepreneurship and small business development was

established in 1983 by the Ministry of Industry, Government of India; an apex body to

co-ordination and overseeing the activities of various institutions or agencies engaged in

entrepreneurship development, particularly in the area of small industry and small

business.

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3.18.15 Small industries development bank of India

The small industries development bank of India has a scheme of assistance for

women entrepreneurs. The objectives are

To provide training and extension service support to women entrepreneurs

according to their skill and socio economic status.

To extend financial assistance on concessional terms to enable them to setup

industrial units in small-scale sectors.

3.18.16 National Association of Women Business Owners (NAWBO)

It is the only national chapter based membership organization for women business

owners. It offers its members, strength in public policy action, networking opportunities,

significant money saving benefits and opportunity to expand business revenues.

3.18.17 Federation of the societies of the women entrepreneurs (FIWSE)

Federation of the societies of the women entrepreneurs, a pioneering organization

engaged in the activity involved in the promotion of entrepreneurship like

Providing marketing assistance to the women entrepreneurs,

Helping the women to have effective interaction with the government officials

and

Evolving suitable guidelines from time to time for the promotion of theentrepreneurship.

3.19 RURAL WOMEN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES

3.19.1 Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP)

The programme of STEP launched in 1987 aims to upgrade the skills of poor and

asset less women, mobilize, concentrate and provide employment on a sustainable basis

in the traditional sectors of agriculture, small animal husbandry, dairying, fisheries,

handlooms, handicrafts. Since the inception of the programme about 3.32 lakh women

have been benefited through 61 projects.

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3.19.2 Employment and Income Generation-cum- Production Units (NORAD)

Under the scheme, which is assisted by Norwegian agency for International

Development (NORAD), projects of skill development and training of achieving self-

reliance through income generation for women are supported. These projects of training

for income generation are in the nontraditional trades of electronics, watch

manufacturing/assembly, computer programming, garment making, handlooms etc.

3.19.3 Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)

The National credit Fund for Women is an innovative mechanism for reaching

credit to poor women. Through access to credit, it aims to raise the capacity of women by

enhancing through productivity and economic self reliance. It has provided credits to over

2.32 lakh women since its inception from 1993. It encourages formation of Self Help

Groups (SHGs) for promotion of thrift and credit leading to income generation activities.

3.19.4 Tamilnadu Corporation for development of women

Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Women Limited was established in

1983 for the empowerment and upliftment of poor rural women of Tamil Nadu.

The main objectives of the Corporation are:

Focus on empowerment of women;

To build capacity of women and to enable them to participate in the

mainstream activities;

To promote entrepreneurship among women;

To identify trades and industries which can be taken up by women and

giving them training in the chosen fields;

To undertake marketing activities for products manufactured by women

and women organizations;

To form Self Help Groups of poor women both in rural and urban areas,

develop skills; facilitate credit linkages for eventual economic

empowerment.

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3.19.5 Prime Minister’s Rojgar Yojna (PMRY)

The PMRY aimed to provide employment to more than a million persons by

setting up of 7 lakhs micro enterprises by the educated unemployed youth during the last

four years of VIII Five Year Plan i.e. 1993-94 to 1996-97. The Scheme has been

continuing in the IX Five Year Plan. It relates to the setting up of the self-employment

ventures in all economically viable projects (except direct agricultural operations). The

Scheme also seeks to associate reputed non-governmental organizations in

implementation of PMRY Scheme especially in the selection, training of Entrepreneurs

and preparation of project profiles.

3.20 SWOT ANALYSIS ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Qualities of entrepreneurship constitute one of the major resources in the

promotion of the entrepreneurship, hence some qualities specific to women entrepreneurs

were considered.

3.20.1 Strength

Commitments and dedications to the enterprise were considered as the major

strengths by the women entrepreneurs followed by planned and systematic approach and

family support as the next important strength. Sacrifice and hard work have been

declared as cross culturally validated entrepreneurial qualities. Women regard

commitment and dedication as their major strengths which, proves that they are positively

oriented towards the tough task that they have taken up. The availability of loan easily on

concessional terms was not considered important at all by the women entrepreneurs.

3.20.2 Weakness

Not being able to take calculated risk, because of their nurturing nature

demanding, a safe for themselves and their children was considered as their major

weakness, the enterprise taking second place to home was considered as the second major

weakness by the manufacturing and the trading entrepreneurs though service sector

entrepreneurs do not feel so. Women due to their years of subordination were still over

conscious about society and idea generation was also thought to be lesser as they did not

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interact with many. Women did not think of themselves as being more patient or less firm

than men and nor did they consider themselves to be less mobile as entrepreneur.

3.20.3 Opportunities

Women seem to consider that what has to be provided for their upliftment is not

any incentive or assistance but just opportunity. The analysis of the opportunities brought

out that the educational background; Being part of good families with liberalized views

were considered as the major opportunities. However, trading sector entrepreneurs

consider help from the family as their main opportunity than education and urban

upbringing. Skill related entrepreneurs considered opportunities important in the

technical lines, Hence, what women entrepreneurs seek are not some special sanctions to

them as they are women but rather the recognition of them as equals in the society. With

this freedom and the opportunity of being treated on par with males in the society and

they are confident that they can improve their status in the society.

3.20.4 Threats

The main threats faced by the women entrepreneurs are competition from small

and big units and necessity of having given up the enterprises due to family reasons. All

the other threats were those common to any small scale industries.

This analysis of women entrepreneurs revealed that the strengths and the

opportunities were higher in the degree than the weakness and threats. This is the

positive indication that women entrepreneurs are confident of overcoming the minor

weakness and threats utilizing the major strengths and opportunities that they possess.

3.21 ISSUES OF THE WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Entrepreneurship is not a “bed of roses” to the women. Their task has become

more tedious and full of challenges since they have to encounter public prejudices and

criticism. The greatest deterrent to women entrepreneurs is that they are women. Male

chauvinism is the order of the day. Therefore, women have the tendency to keep away

form the high-flying economic activities, which are regarded as the preserve of men.

Evenly the financial institutions are skeptical of their entrepreneurial abilities to risk their

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funds on them. Seemingly non-partisan, even the bankers consider the women loanees a

higher risk than men loanees. They look for men behind the women applicants. They

scare the women applicants with their greater and unwarranted inquisitiveness and put

questions, sometimes embarrassing and sometimes incomprehensible, often insisting on

stiffer if not more unreasonable security considerations.

The social settings are still not more conductive as the men folk are less

understanding and fewer co-operatives, if not antagonistic to such enterprises by women.

Women in non-urban areas have to suffer still further. They have to face not only

resistance from men but also from elderly women who are ingrained with this attitude of

inequality. In rural India joint families are still the order of the day. The over bearing

presence of elders restrain even young men from venturing out; so one can imagine how

much a young girl has to put up with if she wishes to become economically independent.

The main problems faced by the women entrepreneurs can be analyzed as

follows:

3.21.1 Financial Constraints

Like all small entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurs suffer from inadequate

financial resources and working capital. They lack access to external funds due to their

inability to provide tangible security. Very few women have property in their names.

Banks have also taken a negative attitude while providing finance for women

entrepreneurs. They discourage women borrowers on the belief that they can at any time

leave their business and become housewives again. The result is that women

entrepreneurs are forced to rely on their own savings and loans from family friends. The

quantum of such funds is often negligible leading to failure of enterprises.

3.21.2 Over-dependence on Intermediaries

The enterprises run by women are characterized by inefficient arrangements for

marketing and sale. The women entrepreneurs are most often dependent on

intermediaries who pocket a major part of the profits. It may be possible for the women to

eliminate the middlemen, but then it will necessitate a lot of running around, which may

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be difficult for the women entrepreneurs. Further women entrepreneurs find it difficult to

capture the market and make their products popular.

3.21.3 Scarcity of Raw Materials

Shortage of raw materials and other necessary inputs have sounded the death knell

of many enterprises run by women. On the one hand the prices of raw materials are very

high and on the other they are not able to get these raw materials at the minimum of

discounts. A startling example is the failure of many women co-operative societies,

which were engaged in basket making. This was mainly due to the inadequate availability

of forest-based raw materials.

3.21.4 Intense Competition

Women entrepreneurs face stiff competition for their products from organized

industries and male entrepreneurs. Moreover, they do not have the organizational set-up

to pump in a lot of money for advertisement. They also have the mortification of being

questioned about the quality of their product since women have produced it. This is

despite the fact that women entrepreneurs are more sincere in maintaining the quality and

time schedule.

3.21.5 High Cost of Production

Like most productive enterprises, high cost of production has restricted the

development of women enterprises. Some states like Kerala have programmes to assist

women entrepreneurs by providing them with subsidies and tax concessions. But the

concessions are available only in the initial stage of setting up an enterprise. When it

comes to expansion of productive capacity and installation of new machinery, the help is

negligible, dissuading many women entrepreneurs from venturing into new areas.

3.21.6 Low Mobility

Women entrepreneurs are greatly handicapped by their inability to travel from one

place to another for business reasons. At the Governmental level, the licensing

authorities, labour officers, and sales tax officials make life miserable for women by often

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asking all sorts of humiliating questions. Most of the cases where women have dropped

out of business were due to the difficulties caused to them by the officialdom, forcing

them to run from pillar to post.

3.21.7 Family Ties

In a country like India family ties are very strong. Here looking after the children

and other members of the family are looked upon as the duty of women. Married women

entrepreneurs have to make a fine balance between business and home. Their success

greatly depends on the support given by the family. One can see in India that behind the

success of a female entrepreneur there is always the unstinted support of the family or the

women concerned is a spinster without any family responsibilities. Occupational

backgrounds of families and education level of husbands have a direct bearing on the

development of women entrepreneurship.

3.21.8 Psychological Problem

The most important pre-requisites for success in entrepreneurship are

achievement, independence, and autonomy. But in India the common Indian woman is

happy to bask in the glory of her parents, husband, children, etc. they have preconceived

notions about their role in life and this inhibits achievement and independence. In the

absence of the required urge to achieve, very few women succeed as entrepreneurs.

3.21.9 Social Attitudes

This is regarded as the most important stumbling block in the path of women

entrepreneurship. Despite constitutional equality, there is wide spread of discrimination

against women. In a male dominated society women do not get equal treatment. This is

especially in the rural areas of India. Rural women have the potential, but they lack

adequate training. There is a common belief that skill imparted to a girl is lost when she

gets married. Therefore girls continue to be helpers in agriculture and handicrafts and the

rigid social attitudes prevent them from becoming successful and independent

entrepreneurs.

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3.21.10 Adverse effect on risk bearing

Women in this country have led a protected life. This has reduced their ability to

bear economic and other risks of their business. Moreover, the impacts of losses are more

severe on women since they lack sufficient social support. They live in a society where

people wait to chastise the enterprising and the intensity will be greater in the case of

women. Besides many women entrepreneurs lack the necessary initiative, suffer from

inferiority complex and are easily disheartened by failure.

3.21.11 Lack of Education

Surveys have found that literacy among women in India is very low. Due to the

lack of education many women are unaware of the latest technological developments and

market trends. This creates further problems insetting up and running of the business

enterprises. Studies have revealed that uneducated women do not have the knowledge of

measurement as well as accounting. They have their own system of accounting, which

may be sufficient to run a petty business, but certainly not a business enterprise.

3.21.12 Low need for achievement

The most important pre-requisites for the success in the entrepreneurship are need

for achievement, independence and autonomy. But in India the common Indian women is

happy to bask in the glory of her parents, husbands, children etc. they have preconceived

notions about their role in life and this inhibits achievements and independence. In the

absence of the required urge to achieve, few women have succeeded as entrepreneurs.

3.22 PROSPECTS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

To minimize the tensions and conflicts of spilt personality in women about their

roles and goals they have to realize their strength and as well as weakness to face the

situation changing due to change in total world’s economy as well as the condition of the

women all over the world. To enable them to become entrepreneurial, they not only have

to be supported and supplemented but also have to be brought in to the lime light as

potential entrepreneurs. Psychological and social changes also have to be inculcated to

motivate them and to come out of their traditional role perceptions and responsibilities.

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Women also have to convert themselves from their position of job seekers to job givers.

It is found that development of women entrepreneurship is very insignificant inspite of

many special incentives, subsidies, women entrepreneur development programme and

other such schemes, which are exclusively available to them.

By taking into consideration various problems faced by women entrepreneurs, and

break the vicious cycle and motivate them to come out of their struggle they need to be

united and realize that every woman is walking through the same street and nobody is an

exemption. Women have to understand that everybody has some limitations. It is sure

that the moment women are given independence they would never like to be depended.

All the women in need should be made aware of government organisation involved in

promotion and providing support to women entrepreneurs. Although there are many

associations in India, which actively promote and support entrepreneurial development in

general, most of these are not in reach of all women. No comprehensive programme for

entrepreneurship development. Planners have to tailor their strategies and policies based

on regional structures and basis. The problems may be lessened with more democracy,

awareness, and better power structures for women empowerment, fort women and with

more emancipation on women.

If women are thought from the beginning about self-venturing and also allowing

them to make or to take independent decisions they may take entrepreneurship as quite

appropriate to achieve their goals in life. Women have better edge over the men

entrepreneurs. Although physical delicacy stands in their way of their taking up hard

works, they are by and large more sincere, methodical and dedicated. So success rate can

be expected to be higher within the parameter of their physical limitations. The

pioneering institution in India are promoting and developing women entrepreneurs. But

the number of women learners turning entrepreneurs is very low. To meet this compact

we necessarily need to put this ingredient from age when the girl child starts grasping and

socialization of her thoughts begin. The parents of girl child should be motivated and

inspired. There should be a separate curriculum and course set up for women

entrepreneur. Education on the development around for better growth of an individual is a

must as awareness is the first step towards the process of adoption that passes through the

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stages of interest, evaluation and tribal finally leading to adoption. There should be

separate women entrepreneurial development programmes to provide better employment

venues for women so that they can become economically independent and self - reliance.

A clear understanding of the value systems facilitates the process of the change,

either by increasing and strengthening the promoters or by decreasing and weakening the

inhibitors. Therefore, the task of integrating women in development requires

simultaneous efforts to improve their working conditions from both economic and social

process. Broadly, women’s participation in economic development calls for arrangements

that would lighten their domestic workload in order to use them for other economic and

social productive work. This calls for the identification of the opportunities for women

with more avenues for self-employment, and a conscious effort towards development of

women entrepreneurship.

There is no doubt about the fact that the entrepreneurship if incorporated at the

right stage of women’s education and if identified and selected on decided parameter.

The promotion of enterprise and entrepreneur attitude among the people and the targeted

groups is going to be high and nearly it will be much more than what it exits. The time

has come when the government and policy makers on the women education and

entrepreneurship need to re-evaluate the strategies and thrust areas and thus evolve a new

entrepreneurial culture among the future women of India. The state of women

entrepreneur is like the growth of few plants, which require complete care and timely

inputs, the follow up action therefore strengthens the morale of the women entrepreneur

and helps her in achieving the over all process of entrepreneurial development. It is also

considered necessary to have a policy, which can enable women in India to discharge

their responsibilities as wife, mother on one hand for taking up social responsibility on

the other, because entrepreneurship is the only answer to the unstable economy and rising

expectations of the developing country like India. Although the barriers do still come

between women and their goals, progress can be measured in small ways and all in future

does look promising.

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CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, an in depth study has been made to identify the factors that

problems and prospects of rural women entrepreneurs in Salem District, Tamil Nadu. For

this purpose, a field survey method was employed to collect first hand information from

534 sample respondents. The data thus collected were arranged into simple tabular form.

The problems in business and prospects towards entrepreneurship by the selected sample

respondents are considered as dependent variables. The Independent variables selected

for the study are location of the entrepreneur, age, educational qualification, marital

status, family size, family status, community, family monthly income, nature of the firm,

form of the firm, first generation entrepreneur, size of the firm, life span of establishment,

number of hours devoted and business type.

The data were analyzed by using statistical tools like percentage, mean, standard

deviation, two-way classification tables, Chi-square test, Anova analysis and Henry

Garrett ranking technique. In addition to that, Correlation analysis and Multiple

Regression analysis has been used appropriately.

This chapter was divided into 6 sections based on research study, for ease of

analysis and understanding. The 6 sections of this chapter are as follows :

1. Study the Socio-Economic profile of the women entrepreneurs and their firm

profile in Salem District (Percentage Analysis)

2. Identify the problems in business units of the women entrepreneurs (Percentage

Analysis, Anova analysis, Correlation Analysis and Multiple Regression

Analysis)

3. Examine the problems faced by the women entrepreneurs in Salem District

(Henry Garrett Ranking Technique)

4. Study the relationship between the independent variables of the sample

respondents and the women’s prospects towards business (Percentage Analysis,

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Mean, Standard Deviation, Chi-square analysis, Correlation Analysis, Multiple

Regression Analysis)

5. Examine the expectation of the women entrepreneurs (Percentage Analysis and

Henry Garrett Ranking Technique)

6. A model that mapping of the women entrepreneur’ problems, expectation and the

prospects towards entrepreneurship.

4.2 SECTION 1 : STUDY THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AND THEIR FIRM PROFILE IN SALEM

DISTRICT

PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS

LOCATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Depends on the living situation and environment, most of the respondents are

facing different problems in their business. For the purpose of this study, it has been

classified into four categories viz., Salem Revenue Division, Attur Revenue Division,

Sankari Revenue Division and Mettur Revenue Division. The details are furnished in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 4.1


S.No. Location No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Salem Revenue Division 189 35.42. Attur Revenue Division 123 23.03. Sankari Revenue Division 117 21.94. Mettur Revenue Division 105 19.7

Total 534 100.0

It is observed from the above table that 35.4 percent of the respondents are living

in Salem Revenue Division, 23.0 percent of the respondents are residing in Attur

Revenue Division, 21.9 percent of the respondents are locating in Sankari Revenue

Division and 19.7 percent of the respondents are living in Mettur Revenue Division. It is

found from the analysis that the majority (35.4%) of the respondents are locating in

Salem Revenue Division.

94

CHART NO. 4.1


AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS

Age is an important factor for examining the problems and prospectus of rural

women entrepreneurs in Salem district. For the purpose of this study, it has been

classified into three categories viz., upto 30 years, 31-40 years and above 40 years. The

details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.2


S.No. Age No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Upto 30 years 96 18.02. 31-40 years 265 49.63. Above 40 years 173 32.4

Total 534 100.0

95

It is noted from the above table that 18.0 percent of the respondents belong to the

age group of upto 30 years, 49.6 percent of the respondents belong to 31-40 years age

category and 32.4 percent of the respondents belong to the age group of above 40 years.

It is found from the analysis that the majority (49.6%) of the respondents belong to 31-40

years age category.

CHART NO. 4.2


EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Owing to the various educational qualification of the respondents, their

understanding level increases and it leads to increase the success of business. For the

purpose of this study, it has been classified into five categories viz., no formal education,

primary level, secondary level, higher secondary and graduate. The details are furnished

in the following table.

96

TABLE NO. 4.3


S.No. EducationalQualification

No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. No formal education 59 11.02. Primary Level 92 17.23. Secondary level 119 22.34. Higher secondary 126 23.65. Graduate 138 25.9

Total 534 100.0

It is inferred from the above table that 11.0 percent of the respondents are not

having formal education, 17.2 percent of the respondents are having primary level

education, 22.3 percent of the respondents are having secondary level education, 23.6

percent of the respondents are having higher secondary level education and 25.9 percent

of the respondents are qualified with graduate. It is found from the analysis that the

majority (25.9%) of the respondents are qualified with graduate.

CHART NO. 4.3


97

PARENTAL OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Parental occupation determines the social standing of a family. This is due to the

fact that the different parental occupations decide the status as also the varying privileges

and economic benefits. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into four

categories viz., government employee, agriculture, private employee and business. The


TABLE NO. 4.4


S.No. Parental Occupation No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Government employee 112 21.0

2. Agriculture 159 29.8

3. Private employee 187 35.0

4. Business 76 14.2

Total 534 100.0

It is evaluated from the above table that 21.0 percent of the respondents’ parents

are government employee, 29.8 percent of the respondents’ parents are agriculture, 35.0

percent of the respondents’ parents are private employee and 14.2 percent of the

respondents’ parents are engaged in business. It is found from the analysis that the

majority (35.0%) of the respondents’ parents are private employee.

98

CHART NO. 4.4


MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS

Marriage is an important event in one’s life. It influences the style of living and

also the attitude, disposition and commitment towards business. For the purpose of this

study, it has been classified into two categories viz., single and married. The details are

furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.5


S.No. Marital Status No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Single 89 16.72. Married 445 83.3

Total 534 100.0

It is observed from the above table that 16.7 per cent of the respondents are single

and 83.3 per cent of the respondents are married. Single refers to unmarried respondents,

those living with their parents.

99

CHART NO. 4.5


FAMILY SIZE OF THE RESPONDENTS

In the context of human society, a family is a group of people affiliated by their

relationships. In order to analyse the family size of the respondents, it has been classified

into three categories viz., upto 3 members, 4-5 members and above 5 members. The


TABLE NO. 4.6


S.No. Family Size No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Upto 3 members 163 30.52. 4 – 5 members 237 44.43. Above 5 members 134 25.1

Total 534 100.0

It is explored from the above table that 30.5 percent of the respondents are having

upto 3 members in their family, 44.4 percent of the respondents are having 4-5 members

100

in their family and 25.1 percent of the respondents are having above 5 members in their

family. It is found from the analysis that the majority (44.4%) of the respondents are

having 4-5 members in their family.

CHART NO. 4.6


FAMILY STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS

A family status is considered for socialization. There are two types of families.

One is joint family and the other one is nuclear family. The details are furnished in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 4.7


S.No. Family status No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Nuclear 393 73.62. Joint 141 26.4

Total 534 100.0

101

It is examined from the above table that 73.6 percent of the respondents belong to

nuclear family and 26.4 percent of the respondents belong to joint family. It is found from

the analysis that the majority (73.6%) of the respondents belong to nuclear family.

CHART NO. 4.7


COMMUNITY OF THE RESPONDENTS

Community can also be approached as a descriptive category or set of variables.

For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into four categories viz., OC, BC,

MBC and SC / ST. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.8


S.No. Community No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. OC 99 18.52. BC 191 35.83. MBC 179 33.54. SC / ST 65 12.2

Total 534 100.0

102

It is obtained from the above table that 18.5 percent of the respondents belong to

OC category, 35.8 percent of the respondents belong to BC category, 33.5 percent of the

respondents belong to MBC category and 12.2 percent of the respondents belong to

SC/ST category. It is found from the analysis that the majority (35.8%) of the

respondents belong to BC category.

CHART NO. 4.8


FAMILY MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS

Family monthly income has been the major sources for satisfying the basic needs.

It included the earnings of the respondents from various sources. For the purpose of this

study, it has been classified into three categories viz., upto Rs.10000, Rs.10001 to 20000

and above Rs.20000. The details are furnished in the following table.

103

TABLE NO. 4.9


S.No. Family Monthly Income No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Upto Rs.10000 146 27.3

2. Rs.10001 to 20000 207 38.8

3. Above Rs.20000 181 33.9

Total 534 100.0

It is discussed from the above table that 27.3 percent of the respondents’ family

monthly income as upto Rs.10000, 38.8 percent of the respondents’ family having

Rs.10001 to 20000 per month and 33.9 percent of the respondents’ family monthly

income as above Rs.20000. It is found from the analysis that the majority (38.8%) of the

respondents’ family monthly income as Rs.10001 to 20000.

CHART NO. 4.9


104

LOCATION OF THE FIRM

Due to the location of business and environment, every entrepreneur has different

level of problems. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into four categories

viz., Salem Revenue Division, Attur Revenue Division, Sankari Revenue Division And

Mettur Revenue Division. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.10

LOCATION OF THE FIRM


1. Salem Revenue Division 189 35.42. Attur Revenue Division 123 23.03. Sankari Revenue Division 117 21.94. Mettur Revenue Division 105 19.7

Total 534 100.0

It is examined from the above table that 35.4 percent of the respondents’ firm are

located in Salem Revenue Division, 23.0 percent of the respondents’ firm are located in

Attur Revenue Division, 21.9 percent of the respondents’ firm are located in Sankari

Revenue Division and 19.7 percent of the respondents’ firm are located in Mettur

Revenue Division. It is found from the analysis that the majority (35.4%) of the

respondents’ firm are located in Salem Revenue Division.

NATURE OF THE FIRM

An attempt has been made to know the nature of the firm of the respondents. For

the purpose of this study, it has been classified into three categories viz., manufacturing,

retailing and service. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.11

NATURE OF THE FIRM

S.No. Nature No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Manufacturing 172 32.2

2. Retailing 238 44.6

3. Service 124 23.2

Total 534 100.0

105

It is observed from the above table that 32.2 percent of the respondents are

running manufacturing business, 44.6 percent of the respondents are performing retailing

business and 23.2 percent of the respondents are doing service business. It is found from

the analysis that the majority (44.6%) of the respondents are performing retailing

business.

CHART NO. 4.10

NATURE OF THE FIRM

FORM OF THE FIRM

An analysis has been prepared to identify the form of the firm of the respondents.

For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into three categories viz., sole

proprietorship, partnership and private limited company. The details are furnished in the

following table.

106

TABLE NO. 4.12

FORM OF THE FIRM

S.No. Form of firm No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Sole proprietorship 246 46.12. Partnership 205 38.43. Private limited company 83 15.5

Total 534 100.0

It is evaluated from the above table that 46.1 percent of the respondents are

performing the firm as sole proprietorship, 38.4 percent of the respondents are running

the firm with partnership and 15.5 percent of the respondents are running private limited

company. It is found from the analysis that the majority (46.1%) of the respondents are

running the firm as sole proprietorship.

CHART NO. 4.11

FORM OF THE FIRM

107

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS FIRST GENERATIONENTREPRENEUR

Many of the entrepreneurs are having traditional business in their parental way.

This attempt has been made to know the opinion of the respondents towards first

generation entrepreneur. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.13DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY GENERATION

S.No. Opinion No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. First Generation 406 76.02. Not First Generation 128 24.0

Total 534 100.0

It is inferred from the above table that 76 per cent of the respondents are first

generation entrepreneurs and 24 per cent of the respondents are not first generation

entrepreneurs. Of course they may be second, third, fourth, etc generation entrepreneurs.

CHART NO. 4.12DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY GENERATION

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEE WORKING IN FIRM

The following analysis has been discussed about the number of employee working

in the firm. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into six categories viz.,

108

upto 10 employees, 11-20 employees, 21-30 employees, 31-40 employees, 41-50

employees and above 50 employees. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.14

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEE WORKING IN FIRM

S.No. Number of employee No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Upto 10 employees 103 19.32. 11-20 employees 79 14.83. 21-30 employees 93 17.44. 31-40 employees 105 19.75. 41-50 employees 101 18.96. Above 50 employees 53 9.9

Total 534 100.0

It is surmised from the above table that 19.3 percent of the respondents are having

upto 10 employees in their firm, 14.8 percent of the respondents are having 11-20

employees in their company, 17.4 percent of the respondents are having 21-30

employees, 19.7 percent of the respondents are having 31-40 employees, 18.9 percent of

the respondents are having 41-50 employees and 9.9 percent of the respondents are

having above 50 employees in their firm. It is found from the analysis that the majority

(19.7%) of the respondents are having 31-40 employees in their firm.

LIFE SPAN OF ESTABLISHMENT

An attempt has been made to know the life span of establishment of the

respondents. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into four categories viz.,

upto 5 years, 6-10 years, 11-15 years and above 15 years. The details are furnished in the

following table.

109

TABLE NO. 4.15


S.No. Life Span No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Upto 5 Years 73 13.72. 6 – 10 Years 194 36.33. 11 – 15 Years 181 33.94. Above 15 Years 86 16.1

Total 534 100.0

It is stated from the above table that 13.7 percent of the respondents’ firm having

upto 5 years life span, 36.3 percent of the respondents’ firm having 6-10 years life span,

33.9 percent of the respondents’ firm having 11-15 years life span and 16.1 percent of the

respondents’ firm having above 15 years life span. It is found from the analysis that the

majority (36.3%) of the respondents’ firm having 6-10 years life span.

CHART NO. 4.13


110

NUMBER OF HOURS DEVOTED FOR BUSINESS

The following analysis has been discussed about the number of hours devoted for

business of the respondents. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into three

categories viz., upto 4 hours, 5-8 hours and above 8 hours. The details are furnished in

the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.16


S.No. Number of hours No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Upto 4 hours 96 18.02. 5-8 hours 182 34.13. Above 8 hours 256 47.9

Total 534 100.0

It is explored from the above table that 18.0 percent of the respondents are

spending upto 4 hours for their business, 34.1 percent of the respondents are devoting 5-8

hours for their business and 47.9 percent of the respondents are spending above 8 hours.

It is found from the analysis that the majority (47.9%) of the respondents are spending

above 8 hours for their business.

CHART NO. 4.14


111

ANNUAL TURNOVER OF THE COMPANYAn attempt has been made to know the annual turnover of the company. For the

purpose of this study, it has been classified into four categories viz., below Rs.5 lakhs,

Rs.5 to 10 lakhs, Rs.10 to 20 lakhs and above Rs. 20 lakhs. The details are furnished in


TABLE NO. 4.17ANNUAL TURNOVER OF THE COMPANY

S.No. Annual Turnover No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Below Rs.5 lakhs 73 13.72. Rs.5 to 10 lakhs 149 27.93. Rs.10 to 20 lakhs 186 34.84. Above Rs. 20 lakhs 126 23.6

Total 534 100.0

It is observed from the above table that 13.7 percent of the respondents’ company

annual turnover as below Rs.5 lakhs, 27.9 percent of the respondents’ company annual

turnover as Rs.5 to 10 lakhs, 34.8 percent of the respondents’ company annual turnover

as Rs.10 to 20 lakhs and 23.6 percent of the respondents’ company annual turnover as

above Rs.20 lakhs. It is found from the analysis that the majority (34.8%) of the

respondents’ company annual turnover as Rs.10 to 20 lakhs.

CHART NO. 4.15ANNUAL TURNOVER OF THE COMPANY

112

SOURCE OF FINANCE

Sourcing finance may be done for a variety of reasons. In order to find out the

source of finance of the respondents, it has been classified into six categories viz.,

personal, friend and relatives, financial institution, loans from non-bankers, loans from

bankers and government. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.18

SOURCE OF FINANCE

S.No. Source of finance No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Personal 64 12.02. Friend & Relatives 98 18.43. Financial institution 84 15.74. Loans from non-bankers 81 15.25. Loans from bankers 115 21.56. Government 92 17.2

Total 534 100.0

It is inferred from the above table that 12.0 percent of the respondents are making

finance by self for their business, 18.4 percent of the respondents are getting finance from

their friend and relatives, 15.7 percent of the respondents are obtaining through financial

institution, 15.2 percent of the respondents are getting loans from non-bankers, 21.5

percent of the respondents are obtaining loans from bankers and 17.2 percent of the

respondents are getting finance by government. It is found from the analysis that the

majority (21.5%) of the respondents are getting loans from bankers for their business.

TYPE OF PRODUCTS DEALING IN THE FIRM

Many firms are making the different type of products. The following analysis has

been discussed about the type of products dealing in respondents firm. For the purpose, it

has been classified into ten categories viz., foods and beverages, IT products, health

products, telecom products, textile materials, automobile products, construction materials,

handicrafts, energy products and banking and insurance. The details are furnished in the

following table.

113

TABLE NO. 4.19

TYPE OF PRODUCTS DEALING IN THE FIRM

S.No. Type of products No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Foods and Beverages 85 15.92. IT products 59 11.03. Health products 82 15.44. Telecom products 41 7.75. Textile materials 68 12.76. Automobile products 33 6.27. Construction materials 21 3.98. Handicrafts 44 8.29. Energy products 52 9.7

10. Money lending 49 9.3Total 534 100.0

It is evaluated from the above table that 15.9 percent of the respondents are

dealing foods and beverages, 11.0 percent of the respondents are dealing about IT

products, 15.4 percent of the respondents are dealing health products, 7.7 percent of the

respondents are dealing telecom products, 12.7 percent of the respondents are dealing

textile materials, 6.2 percent of the respondents are dealing about automobile products,

3.9 percent of the respondents are dealing construction materials, 8.2 percent of the

respondents are dealing about handicrafts, 9.7 percent of the respondents are dealing

energy products and 9.3 percent of the respondents are dealing about money lending. It is

found from the analysis that the majority (15.9%) of the respondents are dealing about

foods and beverages.

BUSINESS TYPE

The businessmen have to decide what form of business entity to establish when

beginning a business. The most common forms of business are the sole proprietorship,

partnership, corporation, and S corporation. For the purpose, it has been classified into

three categories viz., wholesale, retail and both. The details are furnished in the following

table.

114

TABLE NO. 4.20

BUSINESS TYPE

S.No. Business type No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Wholesale 158 29.62. Retail 169 31.63. Both 207 38.8

Total 534 100.0

It is obtained from the above table that 29.6 percent of the respondents are doing

wholesale business, 31.6 percent of the respondents are running retail business and 38.8

percent of the respondents are performing both wholesale and retail business. It is found

from the analysis that the majority (38.8%) of the respondents are doing wholesale and

retail business.

CHART NO. 4.16

BUSINESS TYPE

115

LOCATION OF GETTING RAW MATERIAL

Every firm has getting raw materials which are needed different place of inside

and outside of country. In order to find out the location of getting raw material of the

respondents, it has been classified into four categories viz., local, within the state, outside

the state but within the country and outside the country. The details are furnished in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 4.21

LOCATION OF GETTING RAW MATERIAL


1. Local 93 17.4

2. Within the state 219 41.0

3. Outside the state but within the country 198 37.1

4. Outside the country 24 4.5

Total 534 100.0

It is determined from the above table that 17.4 percent of the respondents are

getting raw material from local, 41.0 percent of the respondents are obtaining raw

material within the state, 37.1 percent of the respondents are getting outside the state but

within the country and 4.5 percent of the respondents are obtaining raw material outside

the country. It is found from the analysis that the majority (41.0%) of the respondents are

getting raw material within the state for their business.

MARKETING PLACE OF THE PRODUCTS

Marketing place is a location where people regularly gather for the purchase and

sale of provisions, livestock and other goods. In order to find out the location of

marketing place of the products of the respondents, it has been classified into four

categories viz., local, within the state, outside the state but within the country and outside

the country. The details are furnished in the following table.

116

TABLE NO. 4.22

MARKETING PLACE OF THE PRODUCTS

S.No. Marketing place No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Local 197 36.92. Within the state 188 35.23. Outside the state but within the country 117 21.94. Outside the country 32 6.0

Total 534 100.0

It is reported from the above table that 36.9 percent of the respondents are

marketing their products in local, 35.2 percent of the respondents are marketing within

the state, 21.9 percent of the respondents are marketing outside the state but within the

country and 6.0 percent of the respondents are marketing their products outside the

country. It is found from the analysis that the majority (36.9%) of the respondents are

marketing their products in local.

CHANNELS USED FOR MARKETING THE PRODUCTS

Marketing channels are the ways that goods and services are made available for

use by the consumers. All goods go through channels of distribution and marketing will

depend on the way goods are distributed. For the purpose of this study, it has been

classified into five categories viz., direct marketing, through intermediary, own retail

shop, dealers / distributors and both direct & intermediary. The details are furnished in


TABLE NO. 4.23

CHANNELS USED FOR MARKETING THE PRODUCTS

S.No. Channels used No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Direct Marketing 124 23.22. Through Intermediary 129 24.23. Own retail shop 78 14.64. Dealers / Distributors 54 10.15. Both Direct & Intermediary 149 27.9

Total 534 100.0

117

It is determined from the above table that 23.2 percent of the respondents are

using direct marketing for their products, 24.2 percent of the respondents are marketing

through intermediary for their products, 14.6 percent of the respondents are marketing by

own retails shop, 10.1 percent of the respondents are marketing through dealers or

distributors and 27.9 percent of the respondents are marketing both direct and

intermediary. It is found from the analysis that the majority (27.9%) of the respondents

are marketing their products both direct and intermediary.

CONSUMERS OF THE PRODUCTS

A consumer is a person or organization who buys products or services for

personal use and not for manufacture or resale. For the purpose of this study, it has been

classified into six categories viz., large scale industries, direct consumers, agricultural

sector, domestic sector, small scale industries and government organization. The details

are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.24

CONSUMERS OF THE PRODUCTS

S.No. Consumers No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Large scale industries 27 5.12. Direct consumers 165 30.93. Agricultural sector 151 28.34. Household sector 88 16.55. Small Scale industries 82 15.36. Government Organization 21 3.9

Total 534 100.0

It is divulged from the above table that 5.1 percent of the respondents are having

consumer as large scale industries, 30.9 percent of the respondents are having direct

consumers, 28.3 percent of the respondents are having consumer as agricultural sector,

16.5 percent of the respondents are having consumers of household goods/sector, 15.3

percent of the respondents are having consumer as small scale industries and 3.9 percent

of the respondents are having consumer as government organization. It is found from the

analysis that the majority (30.9%) of the respondents are having direct consumers for

marketing their products.

118

MODE OF SELLING

A sale is the exchange of a commodity or money as the price of a good or a

service. In order to find out the mode of selling of the respondents, it has been classified

into three categories viz., cash, credit and both cash & credit. The details are furnished in


TABLE NO. 4.25

MODE OF SELLING

S.No. Mode of selling No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Cash 187 35.02. Credit 126 23.63. Both Cash & Credit 221 41.4

Total 534 100.0

It is examined from the above table that 35.0 percent of the respondents are

selling their products by cash, 23.6 percent of the respondents are selling their products

by credit and 41.4 percent of the respondents are selling both cash and credit modes. It is

found from the analysis that the majority (41.4%) of the respondents are selling their

products both cash and credit modes.

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS FREQUENT CHANGES INTHE TARGET MARKET

The following analysis has been discussed about the opinion of the respondents

towards find any frequent changes in the target market. The details are furnished in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 4.26

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS FREQUENT

CHANGES IN THE TARGET MARKET


1. Yes 98 18.42. No 436 81.6

Total 534 100.0

119

It is observed from the above table that 18.4 percent of the respondents opined

that find frequent changes in the target market and 81.6 percent of the respondents opined

that not find frequent changes in the target market. It is found from the analysis that the

majority (81.6%) of the respondents opined that not find frequent changes in the target

market.

PURPOSE OF SPENDING BUSINESS INCOME

Income is money that an individual or business receives in exchange for providing

a good or service or through investing capital. Income is spent day-to-day expenditures

for multi purposes. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into four

categories viz., family expenses, personal savings, other sources and re-investment in

their business. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.27

PURPOSE OF SPENDING BUSINESS INCOME

S.No. Purpose No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Family expenses 146 27.32. Personal savings 175 32.83. Other sources 117 21.94. Re-Investment in their business 96 18.0

Total 534 100.0

It is explored from the above table that 27.3 percent of the respondents are

spending the business income for family expenses, 32.8 percent of the respondents are

using for personal savings, 21.9 percent of the respondents are utilizing for other sources

and 18.0 percent of the respondents are spending for re-investment in their business. It is

found from the analysis that the majority (32.8%) of the respondents are spending

business income for their personal savings.

120

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS CHECKING THE QUALITY

OF THE PRODUCTS

Quality is a much more complicated term than it appears. So, quality is the main

fact for marketing the products. The following analysis has been discussed about the

opinion of the respondents towards checking the quality of the products. The details are


TABLE NO. 4.28

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS CHECKING

THE QUALITY OF THE PRODUCTS


1. Yes 483 90.42. No 51 9.6

Total 534 100.0

It is noted from the above table that 90.4 percent of the respondents opined that

checking the quality of their products and 9.6 percent of the respondents opined that not

checking the quality of their products. It is found from the analysis that the majority

(90.4%) percent of the respondents opined that checking the quality of their products.

TYPE OF CHECKING THE QUALITY OF PRODUCT

An attempt has been made to know the type of checking the quality of product of

the respondents. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into two categories

viz., internally and externally. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.29

TYPE OF CHECKING THE QUALITY OF PRODUCT

S.No. Type of checking No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Internally 302 62.52. Externally 181 37.5

Total 483 100.0

121

It is obtained from the above table that 62.5 percent of the respondents are

checking the quality of product by internally and 37.5 percent of the respondents are

checking the quality of product by externally. It is found from the analysis that the

majority (62.5%) percent of the respondents are checking the quality of product by

internally.

UTILIZATION CAPACITY OF BUSINESS

The following analysis has been discussed about the utilization capacity of

business of the respondents. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into four

categories viz., below 25%, 25% to 50%, 51% to 75% and 76% to 100%. The details are


TABLE NO. 4.30

UTILIZATION CAPACITY OF BUSINESS

S.No. Utilization Capacity No. ofRespondents Percentage

1. Below 25 % 59 11.02. 25 % to 50 % 91 17.13. 51 % to 75 % 198 37.14. 76 % to 100 % 186 34.8

Total 534 100.0

It is inferred from the above table that 11.0 percent of the respondents are utilizing

below 25% in their business, 17.1 percent of the respondents are using 25% to 50% in

their business, 37.1 percent of the respondents are utilizing 51% to 75% in their business

and 34.8 percent of the respondents are utilizing 76% to 100% in their business. It is

found from the analysis that the majority (37.1%) percent of the respondents are utilizing

51% to 75% in their business.

122

4.3 SECTION 2 : IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS UNITS OF THEWOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

PROBLEMS FACED IN RUNNING THE BUSINESS UNITS

Growing businesses face a range of problems. As a business grows, different

problems and opportunities demand different solutions. In order to find out the problems

faced in running the business units of the respondents, it has been classified into nineteen

categories viz., less confidence about strength and competence, non-availability of

finance, socio-cultural disturbance, lack of managerial skills, stiff competition,

production problems, lack of knowledge of availability of raw materials, problems of

availing raw materials, lack of education and awareness, low level of risk taking attitude,

mobility constraints, non-awareness of government schemes, lack of proper training, lack

of systematic planning and working, health problems, lack of technological updation,

problems of raising equity capital, difficulty in borrowing fund and problems of

obsolescence of indigenous technology. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.31

PROBLEMS FACED IN RUNNING THE BUSINESS UNITS

S.No. Problems SA A N DA SDA

1 Less confidence aboutstrength and competence

119(22.3%)

174(32.6%)

102(19.1%)

73(13.7%)

66(12.4%)

2 Non-availability of finance 146(27.3%)

159(29.8%)

78(14.6%)

84(15.7%)

67(12.5%)

3 Socio-cultural disturbance 152(28.5%)

121(22.7%)

115(21.5%)

95(17.8%)

51(9.6%)

4 Lack of managerial skills 137(25.7%)

159(29.8%)

128(24.0%)

67(12.5%)

43(8.1%)

5 Stiff competition 165(30.9%)

116(21.7%)

139(26.0%)

58(10.9%)

56(10.5%)

6 Production problems 102(19.1%)

128(24.0%)

167(31.3%)

76(14.2%)

61(11.4%)

7Lack of knowledge ofavailability of rawmaterials

109(20.4%)

157(29.4%)

104(19.5%)

68(12.7%)

96(18.0%)

8 Problems of availing rawmaterials

143(26.8%)

135(25.3%)

169(31.6%)

45(8.4%)

42(7.9%)

9 Lack of education andawareness

119(22.3%)

132(24.7%)

184(34.5%)

60(11.2%)

39(7.3%)

123

S.No. Problems SA A N DA SDA

10 Low level of risk takingattitude

117(21.9%)

146(27.3%)

129(24.2%)

78(14.6%)

64(12.0%)

11 Mobility constraints 142(26.6%)

158(29.6%)

132(24.7%)

47(8.8%)

55(10.3%)

12 Non-awareness ofGovernment schemes

106(19.9%)

167(31.3%)

136(25.5%)

74(13.9%)

51(9.6%)

13 Lack of proper training 136(25.5%)

275(51.5%)

69(12.9%)

34(6.4%)

20(3.7%)

14 Lack of systematicplanning and working

67(12.5%)

112(21.0%)

196(36.7%)

105(19.7%)

54(10.1%)

15 Health Problems 165(30.9%)

131(24.5%)

94(17.6%)

83(15.5%)

61(11.4%)

16 Lack of technologicalupdation

173(32.4%)

147(27.5%)

109(20.4%)

63(11.8%)

42(7.9%)

17 Higher rate of interest 116(21.7%)

178(33.3%)

114(21.3%)

77(14.4%)

49(9.2%)

18 Poor credit worthiness 85(15.9%)

127(23.8%)

179(33.5%)

82(15.4%)

61(11.4%)

19 Inadequate investment intechnology

105(19.7%)

139(26.0%)

127(23.8%)

69(12.9%)

94(17.6%)

It is evaluated from the above table that the respondents strongly agreed towards

problems faced in running the business units like ‘socio-cultural disturbance, lack of

managerial skills, stiff competition, health problems and lack of technological updation’

as 28.5, 25.7, 30.9, 30.9 and 32.4 percent respectively. The respondents agreed towards

‘less confidence about strength and competence, non-availability of finance, lack of

knowledge of availability of raw materials, low level of risk taking attitude, mobility

constraints, non-awareness of government schemes and lack of proper training, higher

rate of interest, and inadequate investment in technology as 32.6, 29.8, 29.4, 27.3, 29.6,

31.3, 51.5, 33.3 and 26.0 percent respectively. The respondents neutrally agreed towards

‘production problems, problems of availing raw materials, lack of education and

awareness, lack of systematic planning and working and poor credit worthiness as 31.3,

31.6, 34.5, 36.7 and 33.5 percent respectively. It is found from the analysis that majority

(51.5%) of the respondents agreed towards problems faced in running the business units

as ‘lack of proper training’.

124

ANOVA ANALYSIS

LOCATION AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the location of the respondents and their

problems in business, a hypothesis was framed and analysed with the help of ANOVA

test.

H0 : All the respondents are having equal level problems in business with

respect to their location.

TABLE NO. 4.32

LOCATION AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.

No.Location Mean

Score SD ‘F’ Value ‘p’ Value

1. Salem Revenue Division 3.41 0.32

10.124 0.000*2. Attur Revenue Division 3.43 0.29

3. Sankari Revenue Division 3.41 0.29

4. Mettur Revenue Division 3.41 0.29

Note: *– Significant at 1% level

It is evaluated from the above table that among the four categories of location of

the respondents, who are locating in Attur Revenue Division are having maximum level

problems in their business.

It is observed from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, it

is found that all the selected respondents are not having equal level problems in their

business.

125

AGE AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the age of the respondents and their

problems in business, a hypothesis was framed and analysed with the help of ANOVA

test.


respect to their age.

TABLE NO. 4.33

AGE AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No.

Age MeanScore SD ‘F’ Value ‘p’ Value

1. Upto 30 years 3.39 0.30

8.810 0.000*2. 31-40 years 3.44 0.29

3. Above 40 years 3.38 0.31


It is determined from the above table that among the three categories of age of the

respondents, who belong to 31-40 years age group are having maximum level problems

in their business.

It is inferred from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, it


business.

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the educational qualification of the

respondents and their problems in business, a hypothesis was framed and analysed with

the help of ANOVA test.

126


respect to their educational qualification.

TABLE NO. 4.34

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No.

EducationalQualification

MeanScore SD ‘F’ Value ‘p’ Value

1. No formal education 3.37 0.28

2.751 0.028**

2. Primary Level 3.44 0.32

3. Secondary level 3.48 0.29

4. Higher secondary 3.37 0.28

5. Graduate 3.39 0.31

Note: ** –Significant at 5% level

It is obtained from the above table that among the five categories of educational

qualification of the respondents, who completed secondary level education are having

maximum level problems in their business.

It is stated from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, it is

found that all the selected respondents are not having equal level problems in their

business.

MARITAL STATUS AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the marital status of the respondents and

their problems in business, a hypothesis was framed and analysed with the help of

ANOVA test.


respect to their marital status.

127

TABLE NO. 4.35

MARITAL STATUS AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No.

Marital Status MeanScore SD ‘F’ Value ‘p’ Value

1. Single 3.40 0.317.102 0.008*

2. Married 3.49 0.30Note: * –Significant at 1% level

It is determined from the above table that among the two categories of marital

status of the respondents, married respondents are having maximum level problems in

their business.

It is identified from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence,

it is found that all the selected respondents are not having equal level problems in their

business.

FAMILY SIZE AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the family size of the respondents and


ANOVA test.


respect to their family size.

TABLE NO. 4.36

FAMILY SIZE AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No.

Family Size MeanScore SD ‘F’ Value ‘p’ Value

1. Upto 3 members 3.42 0.29

0.021 0.979NS2. 4 – 5 members 3.41 0.32

3. Above 5 members 3.41 0.28

Note: NS – Not Significant

128

It is discussed from the above table that among the three categories of family size

of the respondents, with upto 3 members in their family are having maximum level


It is noted from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence, it is

found that all the selected respondents are having equal level problems in their business.

FAMILY STATUS AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the family status of the respondents and


ANOVA test.


respect to their family status.

TABLE NO. 4.37

FAMILY STATUS AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No.

Family Status MeanScore SD ‘F’ Value ‘p’ Value

1. Nuclear 3.42 0.300.914 0.339NS

2. Joint 3.39 0.31

Note: NS – Not Significant

It is surmised from the above table that among the two categories of family status

of the respondents, who belong to nuclear family are having maximum level problems in

their business.

It is observed from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence,

it is found that all the selected respondents are having equal level problems in their

business.

129

COMMUNITY AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the community of the respondents and


ANOVA test.


respect to their community.

TABLE NO. 4.38

COMMUNITY AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No. Community Mean


1. OC 3.40 0.26

10.407 0.000*2. BC 3.43 0.323. MBC 3.42 0.294. SC / ST 3.38 0.34


It is divulged from the above table that among the four categories of community

of the respondents, who belong to BC category are having maximum level problems in

their business.

It is noted from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, it is


business.

FAMILY MONTHLY INCOME AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the family monthly income of the




respect to their family monthly income.

130

TABLE NO. 4.39

FAMILY MONTHLY INCOME AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No. Family Monthly Income Mean


1. Upto Rs.10000 3.39 0.3012.600 0.000*2. Rs.10001 to 20000 3.45 0.30

3. Above Rs.20000 3.39 0.30Note: *– Significant at 1% level

It is evaluated from the above table that among the three categories of family

monthly income of the respondents, who have Rs.10001 to 20000 as their family monthly

income are having maximum level problems in their business.

It is reported from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, it


business.

NATURE OF THE FIRM AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the nature of the firm of the respondents

and their problems in business, a hypothesis was framed and analysed with the help of

ANOVA test.


respect to their nature of the firm.

TABLE NO. 4.40

NATURE OF THE FIRM AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No. Nature of the Firm Mean


1. Manufacturing 3.34 0.3016.049 0.000*2. Retailing 3.49 0.27

3. Service 3.36 0.32Note: * –Significant at 1% level

131

It is examined from the above table that among the three categories of nature of

the firm of the respondents, who engaged in retailing business are having maximum level


It is observed from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, it


business.

FORM OF THE FIRM AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the form of the firm of the respondents


ANOVA test.


respect to their form of the firm.

TABLE NO. 4.41

FORM OF THE FIRM AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No. Form of the firm Mean


1. Sole proprietorship 3.41 0.307.713 0.000*2. Partnership 3.46 0.29

3. Private limited company 3.30 0.30Note: * –Significant at 1% level

It is explored from the above table that among the three categories of form of the

firm of the respondents, who performing with partnership are having maximum level


It is identified from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence,


business.

132

FIRST GENERATION ENTREPRENEUR AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between all the respondents and their problems in

business, a hypothesis was framed and analysed with the help of ANOVA test.

H0 : All the respondents are having equal level problems in their business.

TABLE NO. 4.42

FIRST GENERATION ENTREPRENEUR AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No.

First GenerationEntrepreneur


1. Yes 3.42 0.309.447 0.000*

2. No 3.40 0.32


It is inferred from the above table that among the selected respondents, first

generation entrepreneur are facing maximum problems in their business.



business.

SIZE OF THE FIRM AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the size of the firm of the respondents


ANOVA test.


respect to their size of the firm.

133

TABLE NO. 4.43

SIZE OF THE FIRM AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No.

Size of the firm MeanScore SD ‘F’ Value ‘p’ Value

1. Small (Upto 20 employees) 3.38 0.31

7.370 0.001*2. Medium (21-40 employees) 3.48 0.28

3. Large (Above 40 employees) 3.37 0.30Note: * –Significant at 1% level

It is surmised from the above table that among the three categories of size of the

firm of the respondents, who have medium size firm (21-40 employees) are having


It is discussed from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence,


business.

LIFE SPAN OF ESTABLISHMENT AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the life span of establishment of the




respect to their life span of establishment.

TABLE NO. 4.44

LIFE SPAN OF ESTABLISHMENT AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No.

Life span ofestablishment


1. Upto 5 Years 3.31 0.32

5.574 0.001*2. 6 – 10 Years 3.47 0.283. 11 – 15 Years 3.41 0.304. Above 15 Years 3.38 0.31

Note: * –Significant at 1% level

134

It is surmised from the above table that among the four categories of life span of

establishment of the respondents, who established for 6-10 years in their business are

having maximum level problems in their business.



business.

NUMBER OF HOURS DEVOTED AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the number of hours devoted of the




respect to their number of hours devoted.

TABLE NO. 4.45

NUMBER OF HOURS AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No. Number of hours Mean


1. Upto 4 hours 3.42 0.284.570 0.011**2. 5-8 hours 3.46 0.29

3. Above 8 hours 3.38 0.31Note: ** –Significant at 5% level

It is obtained from the above table that among the three categories of number of

hours devoted of the respondents, who devoting 5-8 hours for their business are having


It is explored from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, it


business.

135

BUSINESS TYPE AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

In order to find the relationship between the business type of the respondents and


ANOVA test.


respect to their business type.

TABLE NO. 4.46

BUSINESS TYPE AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS

S.No. Business Type Mean


1. Wholesale 3.44 0.3011.603 0.000*2. Retail 3.42 0.30

3. Both 3.39 0.29Note: *– Significant at 1% level

It is determined from the above table that among the three categories of business

type of the respondents, who engaged in wholesale business are having maximum level


It is inferred from the F test analysis that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, it


business.

DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT

VARIABLES AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS – CORRELATION ANALYSIS

With a view to find the relationship between selected independent variables of the

sample respondents and their problems in business, correlation analysis has been

employed in this section. The independent variables viz., age, educational qualification,

family size, family monthly income, size of the firm, life span of establishment, number

of hours devoted and annual turnover of the company. The goal of the correlation

analysis is to observe what extent the selected independent variables predict the

136

dependent variable problems in business. The result of the correlation between the

independent and dependent variables is discussed in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.47


VARIABLES AND PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS – CORRELATION ANALYSIS

No. Independent variables ‘r’ value ‘p’ value1. Age 0.339 0.000*2. Educational Qualification 0.542 0.000*3. Family Size 0.009 0.842NS

4. Family Monthly Income -0.318 0.000*5. Size of the firm 0.313 0.000*6. Life span of establishment 0.406 0.000*7. Number of hours devoted 0.283 0.000*8. Annual turnover of the company 0.410 0.000*Note : * - Significant at 1% level; NS – Not Significant.

It is surmised from the above table that how the selected independent variables

affect the problems in business. It is observed that among the eight selected independent

factors, six factors viz. age, educational qualification, size of the firm, life span of

establishment, number of hours devoted and annual turnover of the company are having

positive correlation with the problems in business in the study area. The variable family

monthly income is having negative association. On the other hand, the variable family

size is not associated with the problems in business in the study area. It is found that

whenever the age, educational qualification, size of the firm, life span of establishment,

number of hours devoted and annual turnover of the company increases their problems in

business also positively increases. Further, whenever the family monthly income

increases their problems in business decreases.

PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS – MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS

The relationship between the selected independent variables and the dependent

variable problems in business has been found by using multiple regression analysis. The

result of the regression between the independent and dependent variables is discussed in


137

TABLE NO. 4.48

PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS – MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS

No. Variables Coefficient SE ‘t’ value ‘p’ value(Constant) 3.590

1. Age 0.119 0.019 6.263 0.000*2. Educational Qualification -0.039 0.010 -3.900 0.000*3. Family Size 0.005 0.018 0.278 0.796NS

4. Family Monthly Income -0.069 0.017 -4.059 0.000*5. Size of the firm 0.084 0.017 4.941 0.000*6. Life span of establishment 0.032 0.014 2.286 0.000*7. Number of hours devoted 0.093 0.017 5.471 0.000*8. Annual turnover of the company 0.051 0.013 3.923 0.000*

R Value 0.905R2 Value 0.819F Value 35.729*

Note : * - Significant at 1% level; NS – Not Significant.

The resulted equation is formulated as follows :

Problems in Business

= 3.590

+ 0.119 (Age)

- 0.039 (Educational Qualification)

+ 0.005 (Family size)

- 0.069 (Family Monthly Income)

+ 0.084 (Size of the firm)

+ 0.032 (Life span of establishment)

+ 0.093 (Number of hours devoted)

+ 0.051 (Annual turnover of the company)

The multiple linear regression co-efficient is found to be statistically fit as R2 is

0.819 for problems in business. It shows that the independent variables contribute about

81.9 percent of the variation in the problems in business and this is statistically significant

at 1 percent level. It is found from the analysis that the age, size of the firm, life span of

establishment, number of hours devoted and annual turnover of the company are having

positive association.

138

The resulted equation shows that problems in business is predicted by the 0.119

unit increase of age, 0.039 unit decrease of educational qualification, 0.005 unit increase

of family size, 0.069 unit decrease of family monthly income, 0.084 unit increase of size

of the firm, 0.032 unit increase of life span of establishment, 0.093 unit increase of

number of hours devoted and 0.051 unit increase of annual turnover of the company.

4.4 SECTION 3 : EXAMINE THE PROBLEMS FACED BY THE WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS IN SALEM DISTRICT

HENRY GARRATT RANKING TECHNIQUE

MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS TO BECOME AN ENTREPRENEUR

Motivation is the set of forces that causes people to engage in one behaviour

rather than some alternative behaviour. Drivers of human behavior related to the intrinsic

nature of the work, but not necessarily to the surrounding circumstances or environment.

This attempt has been made to know the motivational factors to become an entrepreneur

of the respondents. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into seven

categories viz., self identity, threat of losing my job, demand for the product in the

market, traditional business, employment generation, new problems and opportunities

and support from government. To identify the most important factor, Henry Garrett

Ranking Technique was employed and the details of the ranking the motivational factors

to become an entrepreneur are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.49

MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS TO BECOME AN ENTREPRENEUR

S.No. Motivational Factors TotalScore

MeanScore Rank

1 Self identity 29950 56.1 I2 Threat of losing my job 26674 50.0 IV3 Demand for the product in the market 25516 47.8 V4 Traditional Business 28403 53.2 II5 Employment generation 23767 44.5 VII6 New problems and opportunities 28103 52.6 III7 Support from Government 24091 45.1 VI

139

It is divulged from the above table that major motivational factors to become an

entrepreneur as ‘self identity’ which is ranked first with the Garrett score of 29950 points.

It is followed by the second and third ranks are assigned to ‘traditional business’ and

‘new problems and opportunities’ with the Garrett scores of 28403 and 28103 points

respectively. The fourth and fifth ranks are assigned to ‘threat of losing my job’ and

‘demand for the product in the market’ with the Garrett scores of 26674 and 25516 points

respectively. The sixth and seventh ranks are assigned to ‘support from government’ and

‘employment generation’ with the Garrett scores of 24091 and 23767 points respectively.

It is found from the analysis that majority of the respondents opined that main

motivational factors to become an entrepreneur as ‘self identity’ and ‘traditional

business’.

PROBLEMS IN SETTING UP BUSINESS UNIT

Depending on the type of business starting, the entrepreneur could experience a

number of problems along the way. The problems of starting a business enterprise

involve what is to be done and how it is to be done. For the purpose of this study, it has

been classified into seven categories viz., less confidence about strength and competence,

non-availability of finance, socio-cultural disturbance, lack of managerial skills,

production problems, problems of availing raw materials and low level of risk taking

attitude. To identify the most important problem, Henry Garrett Ranking Technique was

employed and the details of the ranking the problems in setting up business unit are

shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.50

PROBLEMS IN SETTING UP BUSINESS UNIT

S.No. Problems TotalScore

MeanScore Rank

1 Less confidence about strength and competence 26424 49.5 VI2 Non-availability of finance 28258 52.9 I3 Socio-cultural disturbance 26838 50.3 IV4 Lack of managerial skills 26528 49.7 V5 Production problems 26998 50.6 III6 Problems of availing raw materials 27161 50.9 II7 Low level of risk taking attitude 25816 48.3 VII

140

It is examined from the above table that major problems in setting up business

unit as ‘non-availability of finance’ which is ranked first with the Garrett score of 28258

points. It is followed by the second and third ranks are assigned to ‘problems of availing

raw materials’ and ‘production problems’ with the Garrett scores of 27161 and 26998

points respectively. The fourth and fifth ranks are assigned to ‘socio-cultural disturbance’

and ‘lack of managerial skills’ with the Garrett scores of 26838 and 26528 points

respectively. The sixth and seventh ranks are assigned to ‘less confidence about strength

and competence’ and ‘low level of risk taking attitude’ with the Garrett scores of 26424

and 25816 points respectively. It is found from the analysis that majority of the

respondents opined that main problems in setting up business unit as ‘non-availability of

finance’ and ‘problems of availing raw materials’.

PERSONAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS

Entrepreneur face the personal and social problems to make profits and running

the business in the success way. This attempt has been made to know the personal and

social problems of the respondents. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified

into eight categories viz., role conflict, lack of leadership qualities, gender base

discrimination, lack of related field experience, lack of family support, lack of

community / society support, work life imbalance and fear of failure and criticism. To

identify the most important problem, Henry Garrett Ranking Technique was employed

and the details of the ranking the personal and social problems are shown in the following

table.

TABLE NO. 4.51PERSONAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS


MeanScore Rank

1. Role conflict 30793 57.7 II2. Lack of leadership qualities 25243 47.3 V3. Gender base discrimination 29984 56.1 III4. Lack of related field experience 23665 44.3 IV5. Lack of family support 25437 47.6 VII6. Lack of Community / Society support 21668 40.6 VIII7. Work Life imbalance 31055 58.2 I8. Fear of failure and criticism 25828 48.4 VI

141

It is surmised from the above table that major personal and social problems as

‘work life imbalance’ which is ranked first with the Garrett score of 31055 points. It is

followed by the second and third ranks are assigned to ‘role conflict’ and ‘gender base

discrimination’ with the Garrett scores of 30793 and 29984 points respectively. The

fourth and fifth ranks are assigned to ‘lack of related field experience’ and ‘lack of

leadership qualities’ with the Garrett scores of 23665 and 25243 points respectively. The

sixth and seventh ranks are assigned to ‘fear of failure and criticism’ and ‘lack of family

support’ with the Garrett scores of 25828 and 25437 points respectively. The last rank is

assigned to ‘lack of community / society support’ with the Garrett scores of 21668 points

respectively. It is found from the analysis that majority of the respondents opined that

main personal and social problems as ‘work life imbalance’ and ‘role conflict’.

ENTREPRENEURIAL AND BUSINESS PROBLEMS

The following analysis has been discussed about the entrepreneurial and business

problems of the respondents. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into nine

categories viz., understanding government rules and regulations, management of the

workforce, lack of latest technology, lack of managerial education, maintaining cordial

interpersonal relations, understanding legal compliance, shortage of working capital,

frequent arguments with labours and time management. To identify the most important

problem, Henry Garrett Ranking Technique was employed and the details of the ranking

the entrepreneurial and business problems are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.52

ENTREPRENEURIAL AND BUSINESS PROBLEMS


MeanScore Rank

1 Understanding govt. rules and regulations 24358 45.6 IX

2 Management of the workforce 28949 54.2 II

3 Lack of latest technology 24962 46.7 VIII

4 Lack of managerial education 25091 47.0 VII

5 Problems in maintaining cordialinterpersonal relations 30186 56.5 I

142


MeanScore Rank

6 Understanding legal compliance 28719 53.8 III

7 Shortage of Working Capital 26480 49.6 V

8 Frequent arguments with labours 27066 50.7 IV

9 Time management 25630 48.0 VI

It is evaluated from the above table that major entrepreneurial and business

problems as ‘maintaining cordial interpersonal relations’ which is ranked first with the

Garrett score of 30186 points. It is followed by the second and third ranks are assigned to

‘management of the workforce’ and ‘understanding legal compliance’ with the Garrett

scores of 28949 and 28719 points respectively. The fourth and fifth ranks are assigned to

‘frequent arguments with labours’ and ‘shortage of working capital’ with the Garrett

scores of 27066 and 26480 points respectively. The sixth and seventh ranks are assigned

to ‘time management’ and ‘lack of managerial education’ with the Garrett scores of

25630 and 25091 points respectively. The eighth and ninth ranks are assigned to ‘lack of

latest technology’ and ‘understanding government rules and regulations’ with the Garrett

scores of 24962 and 24358 points respectively. It is found from the analysis that majority

of the respondents opined that main entrepreneurial and business problems as ‘problems

in maintaining cordial interpersonal relations’ and ‘management of the workforce’.

MARKETING PROBLEMS

Marketing is the process or set of processes that links the consumers, customers,

and end users to the marketer through information. Every business has problems in

market the products. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into eight

categories viz., local competition, unfavorable market behavior, lack of negotiating skills,

transportation, credit sales, exploitation of middle man, exploitation of marketing people

and distribution. To identify the most important problem, Henry Garrett Ranking

Technique was employed and the details of the ranking the marketing problems are


143

TABLE NO. 4.53

MARKETING PROBLEMS


MeanScore Rank

1 Local competition 32980 61.8 I

2 Unfavorable market behavior 24531 45.9 V

3 Lack of Negotiating skills 29173 54.6 IV

4 Transportation 23596 44.2 VI

5 Credit Sales 30915 57.9 II

6 Exploitation of middle man 20280 38.0 VIII

7 Exploitation of marketing people 22442 42.0 VII

8 Distribution 30662 57.4 III

It is stated from the above table that major marketing problems as ‘local

competition’ which ranked first with the Garrett score of 32980 points. It is followed by

the second and third ranks are assigned to ‘credit sales’ and ‘distribution’ with the Garrett

scores of 30915 and 30662 points respectively. The fourth and fifth ranks are assigned to

‘lack of negotiating skills’ and ‘unfavorable market behavior’ with the Garrett scores of

29173 and 24531 points respectively. The sixth and seventh ranks are assigned to

‘transportation’ and ‘exploitation of marketing people’ with the Garrett scores of 23596

and 22442 points respectively. The eighth rank is assigned to ‘exploitation of middle

man’ with the Garrett scores of 20280 points respectively. It is found from the analysis

that majority of the respondents opined that main marketing problems as ‘local

competition’ and ‘credit sales’.

GENERAL PROBLEMS FACED BY THE RESPONDENTS

Business has never faced the general problems that it faces in today’s global

economy. An attempt has been made to know the general problems faced by the

respondents. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into seven categories

144

viz., change in lifestyle, managing stress of decision making, competing in male

entrepreneur, lack of training in my work area, reserve attitude of society, lack of

government support and lack of awareness about new trends in business. To identify the

most important problem, Henry Garrett Ranking Technique was employed and the details

of the ranking the marketing problems are shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.54

GENERAL PROBLEMS FACED BY THE RESPONDENTS


MeanScore Rank

1 Change in lifestyle 25538 47.8 VII

2 Stress in decision making 28259 52.9 I

3 Competing in male entrepreneur 27392 51.3 II

4 Lack of training in my work area 27104 50.8 IV

5 Reserve attitude of society 27258 51.0 III

6 Lack of government support 25655 48.0 VI

7 Lack of awareness about new trends in business 25908 48.5 V

It is obtained from the above table that major marketing problems as ‘managing

stress of decision making’ which ranked first with the Garrett score of 28259 points. It is

followed by the second and third ranks are assigned to ‘competing in male entrepreneur’

and ‘reserve attitude of society’ with the Garrett scores of 27392 and 27258 points

respectively. The fourth and fifth ranks are assigned to ‘lack of training in my work area’

and ‘lack of awareness about new trends in business’ with the Garrett scores of 27104

and 25908 points respectively. The sixth and seventh ranks are assigned to ‘lack of

government support’ and ‘change in lifestyle’ with the Garrett scores of 25655 and 25538

points respectively. It is found from the analysis that majority of the respondents opined

that main marketing problems as ‘stress in decision making’ and ‘competing in male

entrepreneur’.

145

4.5 SECTION 4: STUDY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES OF THE SAMPLE RESPONDENTS AND

THE WOMEN’S SATISFACTION TOWARDS BUSINESS

PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

The following analysis has been discussed about the prospects towards

entrepreneurship of the respondents. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified

into twenty one categories viz., economic independence, employees support, sourcing of

finance, government assistance, availability of infrastructural facilities, market potential,

social status, availability of income sources, support from family, gaining respect from

others for my skills and talent, seeking challenging business venture, family members

support, gaining control on my life, get better life after entrepreneurship, getting of

electricity power, self esteem, working environment, support from banking finance,

entrepreneurial training, support to family financially and advance myself. The details are


TABLE NO. 4.55

PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

No. Factors HS S N DS HDS

1 EconomicIndependence

133(24.9%)

161(30.1%)

128(24.0%)

63(11.8%)

49(9.2%)

2 Employees support 156(29.2%)

159(29.8%)

126(23.6%)

59(11.0%)

34(6.4%)

3 Sourcing of Finance 88(16.5%)

173(32.4%)

154(28.8%)

68(12.7%)

51(9.6%)

4 GovernmentAssistance

133(24.9%)

139(26.0%)

128(24.0%)

79(14.8%)

55(10.3%)

5Availability ofInfrastructuralfacilities

191(35.8%)

123(23.0%)

112(21.0%)

67(12.5%)

41(7.7%)

6 Market potential 184(34.5%)

114(21.3%)

95(17.8%)

76(14.2%)

65(12.2%)

7 Social status 157(29.4%)

139(26.0%)

98(18.4%)

87(16.3%)

53(9.9%)

146

No. Factors HS S N DS HDS

8 Availability ofincome sources

153(28.7%)

127(23.8%)

168(31.5%)

52(9.7%)

34(6.4%)

9 Support from family 195(36.5%)

129(24.2%)

114(21.3%)

55(10.3%)

41(7.7%)

10Gaining respect fromothers for my skillsand talent

154(28.8%)

131(24.5%)

107(20.0%)

78(14.6%)

64(12.0%)

11 Seeking challengingbusiness venture

133(24.9%)

114(21.3%)

178(33.3%)

67(12.5%)

42(7.9%)

12 Family memberssupport

245(45.9%)

123(23.0%)

77(14.4%)

56(10.5%)

33(6.2%)

13 Gaining control onmy life

186(34.8%)

132(24.7%)

75(14.0%)

90(16.9%)

51(9.6%)

14 Get better life afterentrepreneurship

155(29.0%)

106(19.9%)

112(21.0%)

87(16.3%)

74(13.9%)

15 Getting of electricitypower

162(30.3%)

115(21.5%)

139(26.0%)

71(13.3%)

47(8.8%)

16 Self esteem 246(46.1%)

128(24.0%)

63(11.8%)

59(11.0%)

38(7.1%)

17 WorkingEnvironment

257(48.1%)

149(27.9%)

52(9.7%)

40(7.5%)

36(6.7%)

18 Support frombanking finance

195(36.5%)

151(28.3%)

62(11.6%)

81(15.2%)

45(8.4%)

19 EntrepreneurialTraining

109(20.4%)

116(21.7%)

154(28.8%)

59(11.0%)

96(18.0%)

20 Support to familyfinancially

235(44.0%)

142(26.6%)

66(12.4%)

53(9.9%)

38(7.1%)

21 Advance myself 172(32.2%)

146(27.3%)

138(25.8%)

47(8.8%)

31(5.8%)

It is obtained from the above table that the respondents highly satisfied towards

entrepreneurship like ‘availability of infrastructural facilities, market potential, social

status, availability of income sources, support from family, gaining respect for others for

my skills and talent, family members support, gaining control on my life, get better life

after entrepreneurship, getting of electricity power, self esteem, working environment,

support from banking finance, support to family financially and advance self’ as 35.8,

147

34.5, 29.4, 28.7, 36.5, 28.8, 45.9, 34.8, 29.0, 30.3, 46.1, 48.1, 36.5, 44.0 and 32.2 percent

respectively. The respondents satisfied towards entrepreneurship like ‘economic

independence, employees support, sourcing of finance and government assistance’ as

30.1, 29.8, 32.4 and 26.0 percent respectively. The respondents neutrally satisfied

towards entrepreneurship like ‘seeking challenging business venture and entrepreneurial

training’ as 33.3 and 28.8 percent respectively. It is found from the analysis that majority

(48.1%) of the respondents highly satisfied towards entrepreneurship as ‘working

environment’.

CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS

LOCATION AND PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the location of the respondents and their

prospects towards entrepreneurship, it has been classified into four categories viz., Salem

Revenue Division, Attur Revenue Division, Sankari Revenue Division and Mettur

Revenue Division. The sample consists of 189 (35.4%) respondents are living in Salem

revenue division, 123 (23.0%) respondents are living in Attur revenue division, 117

(21.9%) respondents are living in Sankari revenue division and 105 (19.7%) respondents

are living in Mettur revenue division. The distribution of sample respondents according to

location of the respondents and their prospects towards entrepreneurship is shown in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 4.56

LOCATION AND PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No.

Location No. ofRespondents % Mean

ScoreRange

S.DMin Max

1. Salem Revenue Division 189 35.4 3.58 2.95 4.38 0.30

2. Attur Revenue Division 123 23.0 3.63 3.00 4.24 0.29

3. Sankari Revenue Division 117 21.9 3.60 2.81 4.33 0.34

4. Mettur Revenue Division 105 19.7 3.57 2.52 4.33 0.30

Total 534 100.0It could be stated from the above table that the prospects towards entrepreneurship

among the respondents who living in Salem Revenue Division ranged between 2.95 and

148

4.38 with the mean score of 3.58. The level of prospects towards entrepreneurship among

the respondents who living in Attur Revenue Division ranged between 3.00 and 4.24 with

the mean score of 3.63. The level of prospects towards entrepreneurship among the

respondents who living in Sankari Revenue Division ranged between 2.81 and 4.33 with


respondents who living in Mettur Revenue Division ranged between 2.52 and 4.33 with

the mean score of 3.57. It is found from the analysis that maximum level of prospects

towards entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who living in Attur Revenue

Division.

With a view to find the degree of association between location of the respondents

and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, a two-way table was prepared and

it is shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.57

LOCATION AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

(TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No. Location Level of Prospects TotalLow Medium High

1. Salem Revenue Division 48(25.4%)

52(27.5%)

89(47.1%) 189

2. Attur Revenue Division 14(11.4%)

55(44.7%)

54(43.9%) 123

3. Sankari Revenue Division 28(23.9%)

41(35.0%)

48(41.0%) 117

4. Mettur Revenue Division 18(17.1%)

44(41.8%)

43(41.1%) 105

Total 108 192 234 534

It could be determined from the above table that the percentage of high level of

prospects towards entrepreneurship was the highest (47.1%) among the respondents who

living in Salem Revenue Division and the same was the lowest (41.0%) among the

respondents who living in Sankari Revenue Division. The percentage of medium level of


living in Attur Revenue Division and the same was the lowest (27.5%) among the

149

respondents who living in Salem Revenue Division. On the other hand, the percentage of

low level of prospects towards entrepreneurship was the highest (25.4%) among the

respondents who living in Salem Revenue Division and the same was the lowest (11.4%)

among the respondents who living in Attur Revenue Division.

In order to find the relationship between the location of the respondents and their

level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, the following hypothesis was framed and

tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following table.

H0 : There is no significant relationship between location of the respondents

and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

H1 : There is a close significant relationship between location of the

respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

TABLE NO. 4.58

LOCATION AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

(CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated 2

Value Table Value D.F Remarks

Location 16.842 16.811 6 Significant at 1%level

It is inferred from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater

than the table value and the result is significant at 1 percent level. Hence, the hypothesis

“location of the respondents and the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship are not

associated”, does not hold good. From the analysis, it is concluded that there is a close

significant relationship between the location of the respondents and their level of


150

AGE AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the age of the respondents and their level of

prospects towards entrepreneurship, it has been classified into three categories viz., upto

30 years, 31-40 years and above 40 years. The sample consists of 96 (18.0%) respondents

belong to the age group of upto 30 years, 265 (49.6%) respondents belong to 31-40 years

age category and 173 (32.4%) respondents belong to the age group of above 40 years.

The distribution of sample respondents according to age of the respondents and their level

of prospects towards entrepreneurship is shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.59

AGE AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No. Age No. of

Respondents % MeanScore

Range S.DMin Max

1. Upto 30 years 96 18.0 3.62 2.86 4.33 0.292. 31-40 years 265 49.6 3.58 2.52 4.38 0.323. Above 40 years 173 32.4 3.61 2.90 4.29 0.29

Total 534 100.0

It could be discussed from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among upto 30 years aged respondents ranged between 2.86 and 4.33

with the mean score of 3.62. The level of prospects towards entrepreneurship among 31-

40 years aged respondents ranged between 2.52 and 4.38 with the mean score of 3.58.

The level of prospects towards entrepreneurship among above 40 years aged respondents

ranged between 2.90 and 4.29 with the mean score of 3.61. It is found from the analysis

that maximum level of prospects towards entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents

who belong to the age group of upto 30 years.

With a view to find the degree of association between age of the respondents and

their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, a two-way table was prepared and it is


151

TABLE NO. 4.60

AGE AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP (TWO-

WAY TABLE)

S.No. Age Level of Prospects TotalLow Medium High

1. Upto 30 years 16(16.7%)

29(30.2%)

51(53.1%) 96

2. 31-40 years 46(17.4%)

109(41.1%)

110(41.5%) 265

3. Above 40 years 46(26.6%)

54(31.2%)

73(42.2%) 173

Total 108 192 234 534

It could be observed from the above table that the percentage of high level of

prospects towards entrepreneurship was the highest (53.1%) among upto 30 years aged

respondents and the same was the lowest (41.5%) among 31-40 years aged respondents.

The percentage of medium level of prospects towards entrepreneurship was the highest

(41.1%) among 31-40 years aged respondents and the same was the lowest (30.2%)

among upto 30 years aged respondents. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of

prospects towards entrepreneurship was the highest (26.6%) among above 40 years aged

respondents and the same was the lowest (16.7%) among upto 30 years aged respondents.

In order to find the relationship between the age of the respondents and their level

of prospects towards entrepreneurship, the following hypothesis was framed and tested

with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following table.

H0 : There is no significant relationship between age of the respondents and

their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

H1 : There is a close significant relationship between age of the respondents


152

TABLE NO. 4.61

AGE AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP (CHI-

SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated 2


Age 11.405 9.488 4 Significant at 5%level

It is explored from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater


“age of the respondents and the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship are not


significant relationship between the age of the respondents and their level of prospects

towards entrepreneurship.

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the educational qualification of the

respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, it has been classified

into five categories viz., no formal education, primary level, secondary level, higher

secondary and graduate. The sample consists of 59 (11.0%) respondents are not having

formal education, 92 (17.2%) respondents are having primary level education, 119

(22.3%) respondents are having secondary level education, 126 (23.6%) respondents are

having higher secondary level and 138 (25.9%) respondents are having graduation. The

distribution of sample respondents according to educational qualification of the

respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship is shown in the

following table.

153

TABLE NO. 4.62


ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No.


No. ofRespondents % Mean

ScoreRange S.D

Min Max1. No formal education 59 11.0 3.55 2.81 4.14 0.312. Primary Level 92 17.2 3.57 2.95 4.38 0.313. Secondary level 119 22.3 3.59 2.52 4.29 0.314. Higher secondary 126 23.6 3.64 2.90 4.33 0.305. Graduate 138 25.9 3.59 2.81 4.24 0.30

Total 534 100.0

It could be evaluated from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who not had formal education ranged between

2.81 and 4.14 with the mean score of 3.55. The level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who educated primary level ranged between


entrepreneurship among the respondents who educated secondary level ranged between


entrepreneurship among the respondents who educated higher secondary level ranged

between 2.90 and 4.33 with the mean score of 3.64. The level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who qualified with graduate ranged between

2.81 and 4.24 with the mean score of 3.59. It is found from the analysis that maximum

level of prospects towards entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who educated

higher secondary level.

With a view to find the degree of association between educational qualification of

the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, a two-way table

was prepared and it is shown in the following table.

154

TABLE NO. 4.63


ENTREPRENEURSHIP (TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No.


Level of Prospects TotalLow Medium High

1. No formal education 11(18.6%)

21(35.6%)

27(45.8%) 59

2. Primary Level 20(21.7%)

34(37.0%)

38(41.3%) 92

3. Secondary level 21(17.6%)

42(35.3%)

56(47.1%) 119

4. Higher secondary 28(22.2%)

43(34.1%)

55(43.7%) 126

5. Graduate 28(20.3%)

52(37.7%)

58(42.0%) 138

Total 108 192 234 534



educated secondary level and the same was the lowest (41.3%) among the respondents

who educated primary level. The percentage of medium level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (37.7%) among the respondents who qualified with

graduate and the same was the lowest (34.1%) among the respondents who educated

higher secondary level. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of prospects

towards entrepreneurship was the highest (22.2%) among the respondents who educated

higher secondary level and the same was the lowest (17.6%) among the respondents who

educated secondary level.

In order to find the relationship between the educational qualification of the

respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, the following

hypothesis was framed and tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown


H0 : There is no significant relationship between educational qualification of

the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

155

H1 : There is a close significant relationship between educational qualification

of the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

TABLE NO. 4.64


ENTREPRENEURSHIP (CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated 2


EducationalQualification 1.661 15.507 8 Not Significant

It is surmised from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is lesser

than the table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis “educational

qualification of the respondents and the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship are

not associated”, holds good. From the analysis, it is concluded that there is no significant

relationship between the educational qualification of the respondents and their level of


MARITAL STATUS AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the marital status of the respondents and their

level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, it has been classified into two categories

viz., single and married. The sample consists of 89 (16.7%) respondents are single and

445 (83.3%) respondents are married. The distribution of sample respondents according

to marital status of the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

is shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.65MARITAL STATUS AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No. Marital Status No. of


Range S.DMin Max

1. Single 89 16.7 3.59 2.86 4.29 0.292. Married 445 83.3 3.60 2.52 4.38 0.31

Total 534 100.0

156

It could be stated from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among single respondents ranged between 2.86 and 4.29 with the mean

score of 3.59. The level of prospects towards entrepreneurship among married

respondents ranged between 2.52 and 4.38 with the mean score of 3.60. It is found from

the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards entrepreneurship perceived by

married respondents.

With a view to find the degree of association between marital status of the

respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, a two-way table was

prepared and it is shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.66



S.No. Marital Status Level of Prospects TotalLow Medium High

1. Single 20(22.5%)

45(50.6%)

24(27.0%) 89

2. Married 88(19.8%)

147(33.0%)

210(47.2%) 445

Total 108 192 234 534

It could be found from the above table that the percentage of high level of

prospects towards entrepreneurship was the highest (47.2%) among married respondents

and the same was the lowest (27.0%) among single respondents. The percentage of

medium level of prospects towards entrepreneurship was the highest (50.6%) among

single respondents and the same was the lowest (33.0%) among married respondents. On

the other hand, the percentage of low level of prospects towards entrepreneurship was the

highest (22.5%) among single respondents and the same was the lowest (19.8%) among

married respondents.

In order to find the relationship between the marital status of the respondents and

their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, the following hypothesis was framed

and tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following table.

157

H0 : There is no significant relationship between marital status of the


H1 : There is a close significant relationship between marital status of the


TABLE NO. 4.67



Factor Calculated 2


MaritalStatus 13.527 9.210 2 Significant at 1%

level

It is divulged from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater


“marital status of the respondents and the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship are

not associated”, does not hold good. From the analysis, it is concluded that there is a

close significant relationship between the marital status of the respondents and their level

of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

FAMILY SIZE AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the family size of the respondents and their

level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, it has been classified into three categories

viz., upto 3 members, 4 – 5 members and above 5 members. The sample consists of 163

(30.5%) respondents are having upto 3 members in their family, 237 (44.4%) respondents

are having 4-5 members in their family and 134 (25.1%) respondents are having above 5

members in their family. The distribution of sample respondents according to family size

of the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship is shown in the

following table.

158

TABLE NO. 4.68


ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No.

Family Size No. ofRespondents % Mean

ScoreRange

S.DMin Max

1. Upto 3 members 163 30.5 3.60 3.00 4.29 0.31

2. 4 – 5 members 237 44.4 3.61 2.52 4.38 0.32

3. Above 5 members 134 25.1 3.57 2.81 4.33 0.27

Total 534 100.0

It could be identified from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who have upto 3 members in their family ranged


entrepreneurship among the respondents who have 4-5 members in their family ranged


entrepreneurship among the respondents who have above 5 members in their family



who have 4-5 members in their family.

With a view to find the degree of association between family size of the



TABLE NO. 4.69



S.No. Family Size Level of Prospects TotalLow Medium High

1. Upto 3 members 36(22.1%)

60(36.8%)

67(41.1%) 163

2. 4 – 5 members 41(17.3%)

81(34.2%)

115(48.5%) 237

3. Above 5 members 31(23.1%)

51(38.1%)

52(38.8%) 134

Total 108 192 234 534

159

It could be evaluated from the above table that the percentage of high level of


had 4-5 members in their family and the same was the lowest (38.8%) among the

respondents who had above 5 members in their family. The percentage of medium level

of prospects towards entrepreneurship was the highest (38.1%) among the respondents

who had above 5 members in their family and the same was the lowest (34.2%) among

the respondents who had 4-5 members in their family. On the other hand, the percentage

of low level of prospects towards entrepreneurship was the highest (23.1%) among the

respondents who had above 5 members in their family and the same was the lowest

(17.3%) among the respondents who had 4-5 members in their family.

In order to find the relationship between the family size of the respondents and



H0 : There is no significant relationship between family size of the respondents


H1 : There is a close significant relationship between family size of the


TABLE NO. 4.70



Factor Calculated 2


Family Size 4.489 9.488 4 Not Significant

It is determined from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is lesser

than the table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis “family size of

the respondents and the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship are not associated”,

holds good. From the analysis, it is concluded that there is no significant relationship

between the family size of the respondents and their level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship.

160

FAMILY STATUS AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the family status of the respondents and their


viz., nuclear and joint family. The sample consists of 393 (73.6%) respondents belong to

nuclear family and 141 (26.4%) respondents belong to joint family. The distribution of

sample respondents according to family status of the respondents and their level of

prospects towards entrepreneurship is shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.71


ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No. Family Status No. of


RangeS.D

Min Max1. Nuclear 393 73.6 3.60 2.52 4.38 0.312. Joint 141 26.4 3.58 2.81 4.29 0.30

Total 534 100.0

It could be noted from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who belong to nuclear family ranged between


entrepreneurship among the respondents who belong to joint family ranged between 2.81

and 4.29 with the mean score of 3.58. It is found from the analysis that maximum level of

prospects towards entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who belong to nuclear

family.

With a view to find the degree of association between family status of the



161

TABLE NO. 4.72



S.No. Family Status Level of Prospects TotalLow Medium High

1. Nuclear 72(18.3%)

147(37.4%)

174(44.3%) 393

2. Joint 36(25.5%)

45(31.9%)

60(42.6%) 141

Total 108 192 234 534

It could be identified from the above table that the percentage of high level of


belong to nuclear family and the same was the lowest (42.6%) among the respondents

who belong to joint family. The percentage of medium level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (37.4%) among the respondents who belong to nuclear

family and the same was the lowest (31.9%) among the respondents who belong to joint

family. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (25.5%) among the respondents who belong to joint

family and the same was the lowest (18.3%) among the respondents who belong to

nuclear family.

In order to find the relationship between the family status of the respondents and



H0 : There is no significant relationship between family status of the


H1 : There is a close significant relationship between family status of the


162

TABLE NO. 4.73FAMILY STATUS AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS


Factor Calculated 2


FamilyStatus 3.608 5.991 2 Not Significant

It is found from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is lesser than

the table value and the result is not significant. Hence, the hypothesis “family status of

the respondents and the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship are not associated”,

holds good. From the analysis, it is concluded that there is no significant relationship

between the family status of the respondents and their level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship.

COMMUNITY AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDSENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the community of the respondents and their

level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, it has been classified into four categories

viz., OC, BC, MBC and SC / ST. The sample consists of 99 (18.5%) respondents are OC

category, 191 (35.8%) respondents are BC category, 179 (33.5%) respondents are MBC

category and 65 (12.2%) respondents are SC/ST category. The distribution of sample

respondents according to community of the respondents and their level of prospects

towards entrepreneurship is shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.74COMMUNITY AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No.

Community No. ofRespondents % Mean

ScoreRange

S.DMin Max

1. OC 99 18.5 3.57 2.81 4.19 0.30

2. BC 191 35.8 3.61 2.81 4.33 0.31

3. MBC 179 33.5 3.60 2.52 4.38 0.32

4. SC / ST 65 12.2 3.57 3.00 4.19 0.28

Total 534 100.0

163

It could be surmised from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who belong to OC category ranged between


entrepreneurship among the respondents who belong to BC category ranged between 2.81

and 4.33 with the mean score of 3.61. The level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

among the respondents who belong to MBC category ranged between 2.52 and 4.38 with


respondents who belong to SC/ST category ranged between 3.00 and 4.19 with the mean

score of 3.57. It is found from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who belong to BC category.

With a view to find the degree of association between community of the



TABLE NO. 4.75

COMMUNITY AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS


S.No. Community Level of Prospects TotalLow Medium High

1. OC 30(30.3%)

28(28.3%)

41(41.4%) 99

2. BC 28(14.7%)

83(43.5%)

80(41.9%) 191

3. MBC 37(20.7%)

56(31.3%)

86(48.0%) 179

4. SC / ST 13(20.0%)

25(38.5%)

27(41.5%) 65

Total 108 192 234 534



belong to MBC category and the same was the lowest (41.4%) among the respondents

who belong to OC category. The percentage of medium level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (43.5%) among the respondents who belong to BC

164

category and the same was the lowest (28.3%) among the respondents who belong to OC

category. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (30.3%) among the respondents who belong to OC

category and the same was the lowest (14.7%) among the respondents who belong to BC

category.

In order to find the relationship between the community of the respondents and



H0 : There is no significant relationship between community of the respondents


H1 : There is a close significant relationship between community of the


TABLE NO. 4.76

COMMUNITY AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS


Factor Calculated 2


Community 14.825 12.592 6 Significant at 1%level

It is divulged from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater


“community of the respondents and the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship are


close significant relationship between the community of the respondents and their level of


165

FAMILY MONTHLY INCOME AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the family monthly income of the respondents

and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, it has been classified into three

categories viz., upto Rs.10000, Rs.10001 to 20000 and above Rs.20000. The sample

consists of 146 (27.3%) respondents are earning upto Rs.10000, 207 (38.8%) respondents

are earning Rs.10001 to 20000 and 181 (33.9%) respondents are earning above Rs.20000.

The distribution of sample respondents according to family monthly income of the

respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship is shown in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 4.77


ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No.

Family MonthlyIncome


ScoreRange S.D

Min Max1. Upto Rs.10000 146 27.3 3.59 2.81 4.38 0.312. Rs.10001 to 20000 207 38.8 3.63 2.86 4.29 0.303. Above Rs.20000 181 33.9 3.57 2.52 4.33 0.30

Total 534 100

It could be discussed from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who earned upto Rs.10000 ranged between 2.81


among the respondents who earned Rs.10001 to 20000 ranged between 2.86 and 4.29

with the mean score of 3.63. The level of prospects towards entrepreneurship among the

respondents who earned above Rs.20000 ranged between 2.52 and 4.33 with the mean

score of 3.57. It is found from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who earned Rs.10001 to 20000.

With a view to find the degree of association between family monthly income of



166

TABLE NO. 4.78



S.No.

Family MonthlyIncome


1. Upto Rs.10000 34(23.3%)

48(32.9%)

64(43.8%) 146

2. Rs.10001 to 20000 35(16.9%)

92(44.4%)

80(38.6%) 207

3. Above Rs.20000 39(21.5%)

52(28.7%)

90(49.7%) 181

Total 108 192 234 534

It could be explored from the above table that the percentage of high level of


earned above Rs.20000 and the same was the lowest (38.6%) among the respondents who

earned Rs.10001 to 20000. The percentage of medium level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (44.4%) among the respondents who earned Rs.10001

to 20000 and the same was the lowest (28.7%) among the respondents who earned above

Rs.20000. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (23.3%) among the respondents who earned upto

Rs.10000 and the same was the lowest (16.9%) among the respondents who earned

Rs.10001 to 20000.

In order to find the relationship between the family monthly income of the




H0 : There is no significant relationship between family monthly income of the


H1 : There is a close significant relationship between family monthly income of


167

TABLE NO. 4.79



Factor Calculated 2


FamilyMonthlyIncome

11.825 9.488 4 Significant at 5%level

It is noted from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater than

the table value and the result is significant at 5 percent level. Hence, the hypothesis

“family monthly income of the respondents and the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship are not associated”, does not hold good. From the analysis, it is

concluded that there is a close significant relationship between the family monthly

income of the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

NATURE OF THE FIRM AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDSENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the nature of the firm of the respondents and

their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, it has been classified into three

categories viz., manufacturing, retailing and service. The sample consists of 172 (32.2%)

respondents engaged in manufacturing firm, 238 (44.6%) respondents engaged in

retailing firm and 124 (23.2%) respondents engaged in service firm. The distribution of

sample respondents according to nature of the firm of the respondents and their level of

prospects towards entrepreneurship is shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.80

NATURE OF THE FIRM AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No. Nature of the Firm No. of


RangeS.D

Min Max1. Manufacturing 172 32.2 3.55 2.52 4.38 0.322. Retailing 238 44.6 3.66 3.00 4.33 0.283. Service 124 23.2 3.54 2.81 4.33 0.31

Total 534 100.0

168

It could be inferred from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who engaged in manufacturing firm ranged


entrepreneurship among the respondents who engaged in retailing firm ranged between


entrepreneurship among the respondents who engaged in service firm ranged between


level of prospects towards entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who engaged in

retailing firm.

With a view to find the degree of association between nature of the firm of the



TABLE NO. 4.81



S.No. Nature of the Firm Level of Prospects TotalLow Medium High

1. Manufacturing 41(23.8%)

53(30.8%)

78(45.3%) 172

2. Retailing 32(13.4%)

107(45.0%)

99(41.6%) 238

3. Service 35(28.2%)

32(25.8%)

57(46.0%) 124

Total 108 192 234 534



engaged in service firm and the same was the lowest (41.6%) among the respondents who

engaged in retailing firm. The percentage of medium level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (45.0%) among the respondents who engaged in

retailing firm and the same was the lowest (25.8%) among the respondents who engaged

in service firm. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of prospects towards

169

entrepreneurship was the highest (28.2%) among the respondents who engaged in service

firm and the same was the lowest (13.4%) among the respondents who engaged in

retailing firm.

In order to find the relationship between the nature of the firm of the respondents

and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, the following hypothesis was

framed and tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following

table.

H0 : There is no significant relationship between nature of the firm of the


H1 : There is a close significant relationship between nature of the firm of the


TABLE NO. 4.82



Factor Calculated 2


Nature of theFirm 21.116 13.276 4 Significant at 1%

level

It is surmised from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater


“nature of the firm of the respondents and the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

are not associated”, does not hold good. From the analysis, it is concluded that there is a

close significant relationship between the nature of the firm of the respondents and their

level of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

FORM OF THE FIRM AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the form of the firm of the respondents and


170

categories viz., sole proprietorship, partnership and private limited company. The sample

consists of 246 (46.1%) respondents are performing the firm as sole proprietorship, 205

(38.4%) respondents are running the firm with partnership and 83 (15.5%) respondents

are running private limited company. The distribution of sample respondents according to

form of the firm of the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

is shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.83


ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No. Form of the firm No. of


Range S.DMin Max

1. Sole proprietorship 246 46.1 3.61 2.81 4.38 0.302. Partnership 205 38.4 3.65 3.00 4.33 0.29

3. Private limitedcompany 83 15.5 3.40 2.52 4.05 0.29

Total 534 100.0

It could be identified from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who performed sole proprietorship ranged


entrepreneurship among the respondents who engaged with partnership ranged between


entrepreneurship among the respondents who performed private limited company ranged

between 2.52 and 4.05 with the mean score of 3.40. It is found from the analysis that

maximum level of prospects towards entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who

performed with partnership.

With a view to find the degree of association between form of the firm of the



171

TABLE NO. 4.84



S.No. Form of the firm Level of Prospects TotalLow Medium High

1. Sole proprietorship 48(19.5%)

87(35.4%)

111(45.1%) 246

2. Partnership 27(13.2%)

93(45.4%)

85(41.5%) 205

3. Private limitedcompany

33(39.8%)

12(14.5%)

38(45.8%) 83

Total 108 192 234 534



engaged private limited company and the same was the lowest (41.5%) among the

respondents who performed with partnership. The percentage of medium level of


engaged partnership and the same was the lowest (14.5%) among the respondents who

performed private limited company. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of


engaged private limited company and the same was the lowest (13.2%) among the

respondents who performed with partnership.

In order to find the relationship between the form of the firm of the respondents



table.

H0 : There is no significant relationship between form of the firm of the


H1 : There is a close significant relationship between form of the firm of the


172

TABLE NO. 4.85



Factor Calculated 2


Form of thefirm 36.935 13.276 4 Significant at 1%

level

It is discussed from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater


“form of the firm of the respondents and the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

are not associated”, does not hold good. From the analysis, it is concluded that there is a

close significant relationship between the form of the firm of the respondents and their


FIRST GENERATION ENTREPRENEUR AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS

TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the first generation entrepreneur and their


viz., first generation and not first generation. The sample consists of 406 (76.0%)

respondents are first generation entrepreneur and 128 (24.0%) respondents are not first

generation entrepreneur. The distribution of sample respondents according to first

generation entrepreneur and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship is shown in


TABLE NO. 4.86


TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No.



ScoreRange S.D

Min Max1. First Generation 406 76.0 3.61 2.52 4.33 0.312. Not First Generation 128 24.0 3.54 2.81 4.38 0.27

Total 534 100.0

173

It could be divulged from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the first generation entrepreneur ranged between 2.52 and 4.33

with the mean score of 3.61. The level of prospects towards entrepreneurship among the

respondents who are not first generation entrepreneur ranged between 2.81 and 4.38 with

the mean score of 3.54. It is found from the analysis that maximum level of prospects

towards entrepreneurship perceived by first generation entrepreneur.

With a view to find the degree of association between first generation

entrepreneur and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, a two-way table was


TABLE NO. 4.87


TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP (TWO-WAY TABLE)

S.No.



1. First Generation 75(18.5%)

158(38.9%)

173(42.6%) 406

2. Not First Generation 33(25.8%)

34(26.6%)

61(47.7%) 128

Total 108 192 234 534

It could be obtained from the above table that the percentage of high level of


were not first generation entrepreneur and the same was the lowest (42.6%) among the

first generation entrepreneur. The percentage of medium level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (38.9%) among the first generation entrepreneur and the

same was the lowest (26.6%) among the respondents who were not first generation

entrepreneur. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (25.8%) among the respondents who were not first

generation entrepreneur and the same was the lowest (18.5%) among the first generation

entrepreneur.

174

In order to find the relationship between the first generation entrepreneur and their

level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, the following hypothesis was framed and

tested with the help of Chi-square test and the result is shown in the following table.

H0 : There is no significant relationship between first generation entrepreneur


H1 : There is a close significant relationship between first generation

entrepreneur and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

TABLE NO. 4.88


TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP (CHI-SQUARE TEST)

Factor Calculated 2


Firstgeneration

entrepreneur7.266 5.991 2 Significant at 5%

level

It is explored from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater


“first generation entrepreneur and the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship are not


significant relationship between the first generation entrepreneur and their level of


SIZE OF THE FIRM AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDSENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the size of the firm of the respondents and


categories viz., small (upto 20 employees), medium (21-40 employees) and large (above

40 employees). The sample consists of 182 (34.1%) respondents are having small size

firm, 198 (37.1%) respondents are having medium size firm and 154 (28.8%) respondents

are having large size firm. The distribution of sample respondents according to size of the

firm of the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship is shown in


175

TABLE NO. 4.89

SIZE OF THE FIRM AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No. Size of the firm No. of


Range S.DMin Max

1. Small (Upto 20 employees) 182 34.1 3.59 2.81 4.38 0.302. Medium (21-40 employees) 198 37.1 3.65 2.95 4.33 0.293. Large (Above 40 employees) 154 28.8 3.52 2.52 4.29 0.32

Total 534 100.0

It could be obtained from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who have small size firm ranged between 2.81


among the respondents who have medium size firm ranged between 2.95 and 4.33 with


respondents who have large size firm ranged between 2.52 and 4.29 with the mean score

of 3.52. It is found from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who have medium size firm.

With a view to find the degree of association between size of the firm of the



TABLE NO. 4.90



S.No. Size of the firm Level of Prospects TotalLow Medium High

1. Small (Upto 20 employees) 34(18.7%)

64(35.2%)

84(46.2%) 182

2. Medium (21-40 employees) 29(14.6%)

93(47.0%)

76(38.4%) 198

3. Large (Above 40 employees) 45(29.2%)

35(22.7%)

74(48.1%) 154

Total 108 192 234 534

176



have large size firm and the same was the lowest (38.4%) among the respondents who

have medium size firm. The percentage of medium level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (47.0%) among the respondents who have medium size

firm and the same was the lowest (22.7%) among the respondents who have large size

firm. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (29.2%) among the respondents who have large size

firm and the same was the lowest (14.6%) among the respondents who have medium size

firm.

In order to find the relationship between the size of the firm of the respondents



table.

H0 : There is no significant relationship between size of the firm of the


H1 : There is a close significant relationship between size of the firm of the


TABLE NO. 4.91



Factor Calculated 2


Size of thefirm 25.821 13.276 4 Significant at 1%

level

It is determined from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is

greater than the table value and the result is significant at 1 percent level. Hence, the

hypothesis “size of the firm of the respondents and the level of prospects towards


177

concluded that there is a close significant relationship between the size of the firm of the


LIFE SPAN OF ESTABLISHMENT AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the life span of establishment of the


into four categories viz., upto 5 years, 6-10 years, 11-15 years and above 15 years. The

sample consists of 73 (13.7%) respondents’ firm having upto 5 years life span, 194

(36.3%) respondents’ firm having 6-10 years life span, 181 (33.9%) respondents’ firm

having 11-15 years life span and 86 (16.1%) respondents’ firm having above 15 years life

span. The distribution of sample respondents according to life span of establishment of

the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship is shown in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 4.92


ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No.



ScoreRange S.D

Min Max1. Upto 5 Years 73 13.7 3.55 2.86 4.19 0.292. 6 – 10 Years 194 36.3 3.66 3.00 4.38 0.293. 11 – 15 Years 181 33.9 3.57 2.52 4.33 0.314. Above 15 Years 86 16.1 3.54 2.90 4.29 0.32

Total 534 100.0

It could be stated from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who established upto 5 years ranged between


entrepreneurship among the respondents who established for 6-10 years ranged between


entrepreneurship among the respondents who established 11-15 years ranged between


entrepreneurship among the respondents who established above 15 years ranged between

178


level of prospects towards entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who established

for 6-10 years.

With a view to find the degree of association between life span of establishment

of the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, a two-way table


TABLE NO. 4.93



S.No.



1. Upto 5 Years 21(28.8%)

15(20.5%)

37(50.7%) 73

2. 6 – 10 Years 18(9.3%)

99(51.0%)

77(39.7%) 194

3. 11 – 15 Years 47(26.0%)

49(27.1%)

85(47.0%) 181

4. Above 15 Years 22(25.6%)

29(33.7%)

35(40.7%) 86

Total 108 192 234 534

It could be inferred from the above table that the percentage of high level of


established upto 5 years and the same was the lowest (39.7%) among the respondents

who established for 6-10 years. The percentage of medium level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (51.0%) among the respondents who established for 6-

10 years and the same was the lowest (20.5%) among the respondents who established

upto 5 years. On the other hand, the percentage of low level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship was the highest (28.8%) among the respondents who established upto 5

years and the same was the lowest (9.3%) among the respondents who established for 6-

10 years.

In order to find the relationship between the life span of establishment of the


179



H0 : There is no significant relationship between life span of establishment of


H1 : There is a close significant relationship between life span of establishment


TABLE NO. 4.94



Factor Calculated 2


Life span ofestablishment 41.612 16.811 6 Significant at 1%

level

It is found from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater than

the table value and the result is significant at 1 percent level. Hence, the hypothesis “life

span of establishment of the respondents and the level of prospects towards


concluded that there is a close significant relationship between the life span of

establishment of the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

NUMBER OF HOURS DEVOTED AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the number of hours devoted of the


into three categories viz., upto 4 hours, 5-8 hours and above 8 hours. The sample consists

of 96 (18.0%) respondents are devoting upto 4 hours for their business, 182 (34.1%)

respondents are devoting 5-8 hours for their business and 256 (47.9%) respondents are

devoting above 8 hours. The distribution of sample respondents according to number of

hours devoted of the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship is


180

TABLE NO. 4.95

NUMBER OF HOURS DEVOTED AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDSENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No.

Number of Hours No. ofRespondents % Mean

ScoreRange

S.DMin Max

1. Upto 4 hours 96 18.0 3.63 2.81 4.38 0.31

2. 5-8 hours 182 34.1 3.64 2.81 4.33 0.30

3. Above 8 hours 256 47.9 3.55 2.52 4.29 0.31

Total 534 100.0

It could be obtained from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who devoting upto 4 hours in their business

ranged between 2.81 and 4.38 with the mean score of 3.63. The level of prospects

towards entrepreneurship among the respondents who devoting for 5-8 hours ranged


entrepreneurship among the respondents who devoting above 8 hours ranged between


level of prospects towards entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who devoting

for 5-8 hours in their business.

With a view to find the degree of association between number of hours devoted of



TABLE NO. 4.96



S.No. Number of Hours Level of Prospects TotalLow Medium High

1. Upto 4 hours 16(16.7%)

25(26.0%)

55(57.3%) 96

2. 5-8 hours 22(12.1%)

94(51.6%)

66(36.3%) 182

3. Above 8 hours 70(27.3%)

73(28.5%)

113(44.1%) 256

Total 108 192 234 534

181

It could be explored from the above table that the percentage of high level of


devoting upto 4 hours for their business and the same was the lowest (36.3%) among the

respondents who devoting 5-8 hours for their business. The percentage of medium level

of prospects towards entrepreneurship was the highest (51.6%) among the respondents

who devoting 5-8 hours for their business and the same was the lowest (26.0%) among

the respondents who devoting upto 4 hours for their business. On the other hand, the

percentage of low level of prospects towards entrepreneurship was the highest (27.3%)

among the respondents who devoting above 8 hours for their business and the same was

the lowest (12.1%) among the respondents who devoting 5-8 hours for their business.

In order to find the relationship between the number of hours devoted of the




H0 : There is no significant relationship between number of hours devoted of


H1 : There is a close significant relationship between number of hours devoted


TABLE NO. 4.97



Factor Calculated 2


Number ofHours 38.358 13.276 4 Significant at 1%

level

It is noted from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater than

the table value and the result is significant at 1 percent level. Hence, the hypothesis

“number of hours devoted of the respondents and the level of prospects towards


182

concluded that there is a close significant relationship between the number of hours

devoted of the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

BUSINESS TYPE AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

An attempt has been made to know the business type of the respondents and their

level of prospects towards entrepreneurship, it has been classified into three categories

viz., wholesale, retail and both. The sample consists of 158 (29.6%) respondents are

engaging in wholesale business, 169 (31.6%) respondents are engaging in retail business

and 207 (38.8%) respondents are engaging in both wholesale and retail business. The

distribution of sample respondents according to business type of the respondents and their

level of prospects towards entrepreneurship is shown in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.98


ENTREPRENEURSHIP

S.No. Business Type No. of


Range S.DMin Max

1. Wholesale 158 29.6 3.66 2.86 4.38 0.312. Retail 169 31.6 3.59 2.81 4.33 0.313. Both 207 38.8 3.55 2.52 4.29 0.29

Total 534 100.0It could be identified from the above table that the level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship among the respondents who engaged wholesale business ranged


entrepreneurship among the respondents who engaged retail business ranged between


entrepreneurship among the respondents who engaged both wholesale and retail business



who engaged wholesale business.

183

With a view to find the degree of association between business type of the



TABLE NO. 4.99



S.No. Business Type Level of Prospects TotalLow Medium High

1. Wholesale 37(23.4%)

53(33.5%)

68(43.0%) 158

2. Retail 30(17.8%)

76(45.0%)

63(37.3%) 169

3. Both 41(19.8%)

63(30.4%)

103(49.8%) 207

Total 108 192 234 534



engaged both wholesale and retail business and the same was the lowest (37.3%) among

the respondents who engaged retail business. The percentage of medium level of


engaged retail business and the same was the lowest (30.4%) among the respondents who

engaged both wholesale and retail business. On the other hand, the percentage of low

level of prospects towards entrepreneurship was the highest (23.4%) among the

respondents who engaged wholesale business and the same was the lowest (17.8%)

among the respondents who engaged retail business.

In order to find the relationship between the business type of the respondents and



H0 : There is no significant relationship between business type of the


184

H1 : There is a close significant relationship between business type of the


TABLE NO. 4.100



Factor Calculated 2


BusinessType 10.494 9.488 4 Significant at 5%

level

It is surmised from the above table that the calculated chi-square value is greater


“business type of the respondents and the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship are


close significant relationship between the business type of the respondents and their level


DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENTVARIABLES AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP– CORRELATION ANALYSIS

An attempt has been made to examine the relationship between the selected

independent variables and the dependent variable level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship has been found by using correlation analysis. The result of the

correlation between the independent and dependent variables is discussed in the

following table.

TABLE NO. 4.101


VARIABLES AND LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

– CORRELATION ANALYSIS

No. Independent variables ‘r’ value ‘p’ value1. Age 0.006 0.893NS

2. Educational Qualification 0.453 0.000*

185

No. Independent variables ‘r’ value ‘p’ value3. Family Size -0.230 0.000*4. Family Monthly Income -0.074 0.089 NS

5. Size of the firm 0.086 0.048**6. Life span of establishment -0.376 0.000*7. Number of hours devoted 0.123 0.004*8. Annual turnover of the company 0.253 0.000*

Note : * - Significant at 1% level; ** - Significant at 5% level; NS – Not Significant.

It is identified from the above table that how the selected independent variables

affect the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship. It is observed that among the eight

selected independent factors, four factors viz. educational qualification, size of the firm,

number of hours devoted and annual turnover of the company are having positive

correlation with the level of prospects towards entrepreneurship in the study area. The

variables family size and life span of establishment are having negative association. On

the other hand, the variables age and family monthly income are not associated with the

level of prospects towards entrepreneurship in the study area. It is found that whenever

the educational qualification, size of the firm, number of hours devoted and annual

turnover of the company increases their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship also

positively increases. Further, whenever the family size and life span of establishment

increases their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship decreases.

LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP – MULTIPLE

REGRESSION ANALYSIS

The relationship between the selected independent variables and the dependent

variable level of prospects towards entrepreneurship has been found by using multiple

regression analysis. The result of the regression between the independent and dependent

variables is discussed in the following table.

186

TABLE NO. 4.102

LEVEL OF PROSPECTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP – MULTIPLE

REGRESSION ANALYSIS

No. Variables Coefficient SE ‘t’ value ‘p’ value(Constant) 3.815

1. Age 0.001 0.019 0.055 0.956NS

2. Educational Qualification 0.053 0.010 5.300 0.000*3. Family Size 0.087 0.018 4.833 0.000*4. Family Monthly Income 0.130 0.017 7.647 0.000*5. Size of the firm 0.124 0.017 7.294 0.000*6. Life span of establishment 0.064 0.014 4.571 0.000*7. Number of hours devoted 0.054 0.017 3.092 0.002*8. Annual turnover of the company 0.018 0.013 1.334 0.183NS

R Value 0.899R2 Value 0.808F Value 28.716*

Note : * - Significant at 1% level; NS – Not Significant

The resulted equation is formulated as follows :

Level of prospects towards entrepreneurship

= 3.815

+ 0.001 (Age)

+ 0.053 (Educational Qualification)

+ 0.087 (Family size)

+ 0.130 (Family Monthly Income)

+ 0.124 (Size of the firm)

+ 0.064 (Life span of establishment)

+ 0.054 (Number of hours devoted)

+ 0.018 (Annual turnover of the company)

The multiple linear regression co-efficient is found to be statistically fit as R2 is

0.808 for level of satisfaction towards entrepreneurship. It shows that the independent

variables contribute about 80.8 percent of the variation in the level of prospects towards

187

entrepreneurship and this is statistically significant at 1 percent level. It is found from the

analysis that the educational qualification, family size, family monthly income, size of the

firm, life span of establishment and number of hours devoted are having positive

association.

The resulted equation shows that level of prospects towards entrepreneurship is

predicted by the 0.001 unit increase of age, 0.053 unit increase of educational

qualification, 0.087 unit increase of family size, 0.130 unit increase of family monthly

income, 0.124 unit increase of size of the firm, 0.064 unit increase of life span of

establishment, 0.054 unit increase of number of hours devoted and 0.018 unit increase of

annual turnover of the company.

GROUPING THE WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS BASED ON THEIRPROSPECTS THROUGH FACTOR ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE

The prospects among the selected rural women entrepreneurs towards their

entrepreneurship in the study area is analysed through factor analysis model. A ‘factor’ is

an underlying dimension that accounts for several observed variables. There can be one

or more factors, depending upon the nature of the study and the number of variables

involved in it. ‘Factor-loadings are those values which explain how closely the variables

are related to each one of the factors discovered. ‘Communality’, symbolized as h2,

shows how much of each variable is accounted for by the underlying factor taken

together. A high value of communality means that not much of the variable is left over

after whatever the factors represent is taken into consideration. It is worked out in respect

of each variable as under :

h2 of the ith variable = (ith factor loading of factor A)

+ (ith factor loading of factor B) + …

When the sum of squared values of factor loadings relating to a factor is taken,

then such sum is referred to as ‘Eigen Value’ or latent root. Eigen value indicates the

relative importance of each factor in accounting for the particular set of variables being

analysed.

188

When Eigen values of all factors are totalled, the resulting value is termed as the

total sum of squares. This value, when divided by the number of variables, results in an

index that shows how the particular solution accounts for what all the variables taken

together represent.

‘Rotation’, in the context of factor analysis, is something like staining a

microscope slide. Just as different stains on it reveal different structures in the tissue,

different rotations reveal different structures in the data. Though different rotations give

results that appear to be entirely different, but from a statistical point of view, all results

are taken as equal, none superior or inferior to others. However, from the standpoint of

making sense of the results of factor analysis, one must select the right rotation. If the

factors are independent, orthogonal rotation is done and if the factors are correlated, an

oblique rotation is made. Communality for each variable will remain undisturbed

regardless of rotation but the Eigen values will change as a result of rotation.

‘Factor score’ represents the degree to which each respondents gets high on the

group of items that load high on each factor. Factor scores can help to explain what the

factors mean. With such scores, several other multivariate analyses can be performed.

Principal-Component Method of Factor Analysis:

Principal-components method of factor analysis, developed by H. Hotelling, seeks

to maximize the sum of squared loadings of each factor extracted in turn. Accordingly

principal component factor explains more variance than the loadings would obtain from

any other method of factoring. The aim of the principal-components method is the

construction out of a given set of variables Xj’s (j = 1, 2, …, k), of new variables (pi),

called principal components which are linear combinations of the Xs.

p1 = a11X1 + a12X2 + … + a1kXk

p2 = a21X1 + a22X2 + … + a2kXk

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

pk = ak1X1 + ak2X2 + … + akkXk

189

The method is being applied mostly by using the standardized variables, i.e., zj =

(Xj- X j)2 / σj. The σij’s are called loadings and are worked out in such a way that the

extracted principal components satisfy two conditions: (i) principal components are

uncorrelated (orthogonal) and (ii) the first principal component (p1) has the maximum

variance, the second principal component (p2) has the next maximum variance and so on.

‘Communality’, symbolized as h2, shows how much of each variable is accounted

for by the underlying factor taken together. A high value of communality means that not

much of the variable is left over after whatever the factors represent is taken into

consideration. It is worked out in respect of each variable as under:

h2 of the ith variable = (ith factor loading of factor A)

+ (ith factor loading of factor B) + …

By using the above formula, communalities have been extracted from the

available variables by using principal-component method with the help of normalizing

factor. The following table shows the variables with the corresponding extraction

communality factor value.

In this table, where,

Variable 1 - Economic Independence

Variable 2 - Employees support

Variable 3 - Sourcing of Finance

Variable 4 - Government assistance

Variable 5 - Availability of Infrastructural facilities

Variable 6 - Market potential

Variable 7 - Social status

Variable 8 - Availability of income sources

Variable 9 - Support from family

Variable 10 - Gaining respect from others for my skills and talent

Variable 11 - Seeking challenging business venture

190

Variable 12 - Support from friends

Variable 13 - Gaining control on my business

Variable 14 - Get better life after entrepreneurship

Variable 15 - Getting of electricity power

Variable 16 - Self esteem

Variable 17 - Working Environment

Variable 18 - Support from banking finance

Variable 19 - Entrepreneurial Training

Variable 20 - Support to family financially

Variable 21 - Advance myself

TABLE NO. 4.103

VARIABLE WITH EXTRACTED COMMUNALITY

FACTOR VALUE – LEVEL OF PROSPECTS

Variables Initial Extraction

Variable 1 1.000 0.960

Variable 2 1.000 0.854

Variable 3 1.000 0.895

Variable 4 1.000 0.574

Variable 5 1.000 0.712

Variable 6 1.000 0.709

Variable 7 1.000 0.994

Variable 8 1.000 0.623

Variable 9 1.000 0.534

Variable 10 1.000 0.994

Variable 11 1.000 0.646

Variable 12 1.000 0.633

Variable 13 1.000 0.780

Variable 14 1.000 0.877

Variable 15 1.000 0.936

Variable 16 1.000 0.904

191

Variables Initial Extraction

Variable 17 1.000 0.895

Variable 18 1.000 0.639

Variable 19 1.000 0.877

Variable 20 1.000 0.936

Variable 21 1.000 0.904Extraction method : Principal Component method

From the above table it could be noted that all the 21 variables are having high

communality and permit to use further analysis of factor analysis tool. So, all the 21

factors given in the questionnaire related to prospects were selected for factor analysis by

using principle component extraction with an orthogonal (Varimax) rotation. For the sake

of convergent validity, 0.50 was used as a factor loading cut-off point. The researcher

rotated the components 11 times to get the significant variables under 5 factors.

Table No. 4.104 shows the reliability statistics and proves the data could support

89.1% reliable to do this analysis. Table No. 4.105 indicates that the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin

(KMO) measures of sampling adequacy in the study is 0.915. This is good result, as it

exceeds 0.5 Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity which is 0.000, meaning that factors that form

the variables are adequate.

TABLE NO. 4.104

RELIABILITY STATISTICS

Cronbach's Alpha No. of Items

0.899 21

TABLE NO. 4.105

KMO AND BARTLETT’S TEST

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy 0.884

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 5790.82

DF 210

Sig. 0.000

192

TOTAL VARIANCE EXPLAINED

The table revealed that the extraction has been undertaken by using principal-

component method and the initial Eigen values are formulated from the communalities

table and the same has been developed as extraction sums of squared loadings with

percentage of variance and the relative cumulative percentage. From the initial Eigen

values and the extraction sums of squared loadings values, the rotation sums of squared

loadings has been formulated and shown in the following table.

The following table depicts the total variance explained. The Eigen values for

factor 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are 5.752, 2.267, 1.750, 1.452 and 1.162 respectively. Percentage

of variance for factors 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are 14.681, 13.624, 13.068, 11.189 and 9.358

respectively. It indicates that five factors extract from 21 factors have cumulative

percentage upto 61.920% of the total variance.

From the analysis, it is inferred that the factor analysis has been supported upto

61.920% in this study. This is an excellent result and made the study reliable to the

analysis.

Rotated Component Matrix

The table 4.106 has been formulated by using ‘principal-component method’ for

extraction of variables into components and Varimax with Kaiser Normalization has been

undergone by using ‘rotation method’. All the twenty one variables have been grouped

into five components and each component consists of sets of factors and the analysis has

been made to identify the influence of one variable over another. All the 5 new factors

have given appropriate names on the basis of the variable represented in each case.

193

TABLE NO.4.106

TOTAL VARIANCE EXPLAINED

Compo-nent

Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of SquaredLoadings

Rotation Sums of SquaredLoadings

Total % ofVariance

Cumulative%

Total % ofVariance

Cumulative%

Total % ofVariance

Cumulative%

1 5.752 28.760 28.760 5.752 28.760 28.760 2.936 14.681 14.6812 2.267 11.337 40.097 2.267 11.337 40.097 2.725 13.624 28.3053 1.750 8.751 48.847 1.750 8.751 48.847 2.614 13.068 41.3734 1.452 7.261 56.108 1.452 7.261 56.108 2.238 11.189 52.5625 1.162 5.812 61.920 1.162 5.812 61.920 1.872 9.358 61.9206 0.981 4.903 66.8237 0.895 4.476 71.2998 0.744 3.721 75.0209 0.722 3.611 78.630

10 0.625 3.123 81.75411 0.559 2.795 84.54912 0.505 2.524 87.07313 0.457 2.285 89.35814 0.413 2.063 91.42115 0.378 1.889 93.31016 0.335 1.675 94.98517 0.318 1.588 96.57218 0.290 1.450 98.02219 0.223 1.117 99.14020 0.172 0.860 100.00021 0.000 0.000 100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

194

TABLE NO. 4.107

ROTATED COMPONENT MATRIX

S.No. Factors

ComponentF1 F2 F3 F4 F5

1 Government assistance (V4) 0.8192 Entrepreneurial Training (V19) 0.8003 Getting of electricity power (V15) 0.7614 Availability of infrastructure (V5) 0.6725 Employee Support (V2) 0.6356 Support from Family (V9) 0.6297 Working Environment (V17) 0.6288 Support from friends (V12) 0.5969 Economic Independence (V1) 0.817

10 Getting respect from others for my skillsand talent (V10) 0.704

11 Social status (V7) 0.68712 Advance Myself (V21) 0.53413 Self Esteem (V16) 0.52114 Support from banking finance (V18) 0.75715 Sources of finance (V3) 0.71616 Availability of income sources (V8) 0.56017 Support to family financially (V20) 0.50318 Market potential (V6) 0.87919 Seeking problems business venture (V11) 0.75420 Getting control on my business (V13) 0.63721 Get better life after entrepreneurship (V14) 0.572

The above table shows the rotated component matrix, in which the extracted

factors are assigning a new naming related together. From the above table it is noted that

all the loading factors which are having the loading value less than 0.5 and single variable

factors are rejected from the analysis and so no variables and factors are removed from

the analysis.

195

a) Factor 1 is the most important factor which explained 14.681% of the variation

which consist three variables. The variables are government assistance (v4-0.819),

entrepreneurial training (v19-0.800) and getting of electricity power (v15-0.761)

are highly correlated with each other. These statements indicated that the selected

sample respondents are satisfied towards Government support for their

entrepreneurship. Hence, the researcher names this segment of the entrepreneurs

is satisfied through ‘Government support’ and motivated in their business. The

Cronbach Alpha value is 0.972.

b) The second factors explained 13.624% of the variances. In this segment, the

researcher took the five important variables such as availability of infrastructure

(v5-0.672), employee support (v2-0.635), support from family (v9-0.629),

working environment (v17-0.628) and support from friends (v12-0.596) and these

statements are having high correlation among together. These statements inferred

that the selected entrepreneurs are satisfied through support of proximities like

employees, family, friends, working environment. Hence, the researcher names

this segment of the entrepreneurs is satisfied in related to the ‘Proximities

support’ for their business development. The Cronbach Alpha value is 0.950.

c) The third factors explained 13.068% of the variances. In this segment, the

researcher took the five important variables such as economic independence (v1-

0.817), getting respect from others for my skills and talent (v10-0.704), social

status (v7-0.687), advance myself (v21-0.534) and self esteem (v16-0.521) and

these variables are having high correlation among them. These variables shows

the self development activities of the women entrepreneurs. Hence, the researcher

names this segment of the entrepreneurs are satisfied with the ‘Self Identify’

through their business. The Cronbach Alpha value is 0.939.

d) The fourth kind of factors explained 11.189% of the variances. In this segment,

the researcher took the four important statements such as support from banking

finance (v18-0.757), sources of finance (v3-0.716), availability of income sources

(v8-0.560) and support to family financially (v20-0.503) and these variables are

having highly correlated together. These statements noticed that the prospects of

the women entrepreneurs towards financial support for their business activities.

196

Hence, the researcher names this segment of the entrepreneurs are satisfied about

the ‘Financial support’. The Cronbach Alpha value is 0.925.

e) The fifth factors explained 9.358% of the variances. In this segment, the

researcher took four important variables such as market potential (v6-0.879),

seeking problems business venture (v11-0.754), getting control on my business

(v13-0.637) and get better life after entrepreneurship (v14) which are having

highly correlated together. These variables are indicated that the business

development activities of the women entrepreneurs. Hence, the researchers

expressed this segment of the entrepreneurs are satisfied through ‘Business

development activities’ and motivated in their business. The Cronbach Alpha

value is 0.901.

The present study has divided the rural women entrepreneurs’ prospects towards

their entrepreneurship into five categories. The rural women entrepreneurs were grouped

into five categories like ‘Government support’, ‘Proximities Support’, ‘Self identity’,

‘Financial support’ and ‘Business development activities’.

The above analysis shows the total composition of each factor that provides

information regarding the items that constituted these five factors with their factor

loadings and eigen values and the variance explained by each factor. The five-factor

solution accounted for 61.920% of the explained variance which is higher than 50%. The

five-factor solution might be suggested for the rural women entrepreneurs influence

towards their entrepreneurship in the study area Salem district. All the dimensions are

named on the basis of the contents of final items making up each of the five dimensions.

The commonly used procedure of Varimax Orthogonal Rotation for the factors whose

eigen values are greater than 1.0, is employed in the analysis. The factors so generated

have the eigen values between 1.162 and 5.752. All the items are found highly loaded

under these five factors, which indicate that the employees are highly satisfied about their

job.

197

Regression Analysis

To assess the overall effect of the instrument on rural women entrepreneurs’

prospects towards entrepreneurship and to determine the relative importance of the

individual dimension of the generated scale, Multiple Regression Analysis is performed.

For regression analysis, the study adopts the use of a single-item direct measures of

overall prospects towards entrepreneurship in the study area is excellent at five-point

Likert scale. The regression model considers the five dimensions as the independent

variables and the overall influencing factors as the dependent variable. The adjusted R2 of

0.962 (p=0.000) indicates that 96.2% of variance in overall women entrepreneurs’

prospects is predicted. Further, the results also indicate that all the five variables like

‘Government support’, ‘Proximities Support’, ‘Self identity’, ‘Financial support’ and

‘Business development activities’ appear to be the significant predictors (p< 0.001) of

overall women entrepreneurs’ prospects. Further, VIF values score from 1.115 to 1.754

indicates that multi-collinearity among the independent variables is not a problem.

TABLE NO. 4.108

EFFECT SIZE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL

DIMENSIONS – MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS

S.

No.Factors

Standardized

Coefficient ()t Value Sig. VIF

Constant 10.458

1 Government support 0.224 11.542 0.000 1.115

2 Proximities support 0.416 17.658 0.000 1.239

3 Self identity 0.762 10.444 0.000 1.754

4 Financial support 0.268 9.264 0.000 1.556

5 Business development

activities0.412 8.650 0.000 1.495

R-ValueR2 –

Value

Degree of

freedom – V1

Degree of

freedom – V2F Value Significance

0.981 0.962 5 528 659.44 1% Level

198

The resulted equation is

Rural Women Entrepreneurs’ Prospects

= 10.458

+ 0.224 (Government support)

+ 0.416 (Proximities support)

+ 0.762 (Self identity)

+ 0.268 (Financial support)

+ 0.412 (Business development activities)

It is found that one unit increase of rural women entrepreneurs’ prospects is

predicted from 0.224 unit increases of government support, 0.416 unit increase of

proximities support, 0.762 unit increases of self identify, 0.268 unit increases of financial

support and 0.412 unit increases of business development activities. The above five

measured variables are conferred more effort for one unit increase of rural women

entrepreneurs’ prospects towards entrepreneurship. From the above result of regression

analysis, obviously says that the rural women entrepreneurs should give more

concentration towards the financial support.

Conclusion

The factor analysis results of the present study depict a very different structure.

Due to some additions and deletions in the proposed instrument, items are redefined and

then relocated under five different factors. The 5-factor structure model has been

constructed (consisting 21 factors) representing ‘Government support’, ‘Proximities

Support’, ‘Self identity’, ‘Financial support’ and ‘Business development activities’ and

these five factors are having significant impact on the overall rural women entrepreneurs’

towards entrepreneurship in the study area. Further, the five factor solution accounted for

61.920% of the explained variance and it has been representing the one unit increase of

rural women entrepreneurs’ prospects is predicted from 0.224 unit increases of

government support, 0.416 unit increase of proximities support, 0.762 unit increases of

self identify, 0.268 unit increases of financial support and 0.412 unit increases of business

development activities.

199

4.6 SECTION 5 : EXAMINE THE EXPECTATION OF THE WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS

LEVEL OF EXPECTATION FROM THE SOCIETY

From the analysis, it has been discussed about the level of expectation from the

society of the respondents. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into five

categories viz., equal treatment and respect, improvement in mentality, change in attitude

towards female, respect the profession and provide security. The details are furnished in

the following table. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.109

LEVEL OF EXPECTATION FROM THE SOCIETY

No. Factors SA A N DA SDA

1 Equal treatment andrespect

237(44.4%)

108(20.2%)

67(12.5%)

54(10.1%)

68(12.7%)

2 Improvement inmentality

162(30.3%)

171(32.0%)

89(16.7%)

65(12.2%)

47(8.8%)

3 Change in attitudetowards female

205(38.4%)

145(27.2%)

63(11.8%)

39(7.3%)

82(15.4%)

4 Respect theprofession

252(47.2%)

142(26.6%)

61(11.4%)

46(8.6%)

33(6.2%)

5 Provide security 181(33.9%)

114(21.3%)

125(23.4%)

65(12.2%)

49(9.2%)

It is stated from the above table that the respondents strongly agreed towards

expectation from the society like ‘equal treatment and respect, change in attitude towards

female, respect the profession and provide security’ as 44.4, 38.4, 47.2 and 33.9 percent

respectively. On the other hand, 32.0 percent of the respondents agreed towards

expectation from the society like ‘improvement in mentality’. It is found from the

analysis that majority (47.2%) of the respondents strongly agreed towards expectation

from the society as ‘respect the profession’.

200

EXPECTATION FROM THE SOCIETY

An attempt has been made to know the level of expectation from the society of

the respondents. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.110

EXPECTATION FROM THE SOCIETY

No. Factors Meanscore Rank

1 Equal treatment and respect 3.73 II

2 Improvement in mentality 3.63 IV

3 Change in attitude towards female 3.66 III

4 Respect the profession 4.00 I

5 Provide security 3.59 V

It is stated from the above table that the expectation from the society as ‘respect

the profession’ which is ranked first with the mean score of 4.00. It is followed by the

second and third ranks are assigned to ‘equal treatment and respect and change in attitude

towards female’ with the mean score of 3.73 and 3.66 respectively. The fourth and fifth

ranks are assigned to ‘improvement in mentality and provide security’ with the mean

score of 3.63 and 3.59 respectively. It is found from the analysis that majority of the

respondents are expected from the society ‘respect the profession and equal treatment &

respect’.

LEVEL OF EXPECTATION FROM THE FAMILY

From the analysis, it has been discussed about the level of expectation from the

family of the respondents. In order to find out the level of expectation from the family, it

has been classified into five categories viz., help in business operations, help for

maintaining work life balance, provide motivation, respect profession and financial help.

The details are furnished in the following table.

201

TABLE NO. 4.111



1 Help in Businessoperations

179(33.5%)

123(23.0%)

132(24.7%)

59(11.0%)

41(7.7%)

2 Help for maintainingWork Life Balance

268(50.2%)

117(21.9%)

99(18.5%)

31(5.8%)

19(3.6%)

3 Provide motivation 239(44.8%)

128(24.0%)

84(15.7%)

37(6.9%)

46(8.6%)

4 Respect myprofession

293(54.9%)

115(21.5%)

66(12.4%)

28(5.2%)

32(6.0%)

5 Financial help 208(39.0%)

141(26.4%)

95(17.8%)

39(7.3%)

51(9.6%)

It is discussed from the above table that the respondents strongly agreed towards

expectation from the family like ‘help in business operations, help for maintaining work

life balance, provide motivation, respect profession and financial help’ as 33.5, 50.2,

44.8, 54.9 and 39.0 percent respectively. It is found from the analysis that majority

(54.9%) of the respondents strongly agreed towards expectation from the family as

‘respect the profession’.


An analysis has been prepared to identify the level of expectation from the family

of the respondents. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.112



1 Help in Business operations 3.64 V

2 Help for maintaining Work Life Balance 4.09 II

3 Provide motivation 3.89 III

4 Respect profession 4.14 I

5 Financial help 3.78 IV

202

It is observed from the above table that the expectation from the family as ‘respect

profession’ which is ranked first with the mean score of 4.14. It is followed by the

second and third ranks are assigned to ‘help for maintaining work life balance and

provide motivation’ with the mean score of 4.09 and 3.89 respectively. The fourth and

fifth ranks are assigned to ‘financial help and help in business operations’ with the mean

score of 3.78 and 3.64 respectively. It is found from the analysis that majority of the

respondents are expected from the family ‘respect profession and help for maintaining

work life balance’.

LEVEL OF EXPECTATION FROM THE GOVERNMENT

The following analysis has been discussed about the level of expectation from the

government of the respondents. For the purpose of this study, it has been classified into

ten categories viz., maximum availability of loans, low rate of interest on loan,

availability of training facilities, reduced octrai, guidance for license procedure, special

grants, incentives and subsidies, reduced corruption, easy to understand policies, should

check whether needy women are getting benefits of various schemes and help to grow

market beyond the district. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.113



1 Maximum availability of loans 117(21.9%)

122(22.8%)

151(28.3%)

75(14.0%)

69(12.9%)

2 Low rate of interest on loan 125(23.4%)

159(29.8%)

132(24.7%)

83(15.5%)

35(6.6%)

3 Availability of trainingfacilities

195(36.5%)

128(24.0%)

89(16.7%)

74(13.9%)

48(9.0%)

4 Reduced Octrai 158(29.6%)

112(21.0%)

178(33.3%)

55(10.3%)

31(5.8%)

5 Guidance for licenseprocedure

172 126 165 42 29(32.2%) (23.6%) (30.9%) (7.9%) (5.4%)

6 Special grants, incentives andsubsidies

134(25.1%)

167(31.3%)

109(20.4%)

61(11.4%)

63(11.8%)

7 Reduced corruption 176 131 118 67 42(33.0%) (24.5%) (22.1%) (12.5%) (7.9%)

203


8 Easy to understand policies 263(49.3%)

116(21.7%)

78(14.6%)

41(7.7%)

36(6.7%)

9Should check whether needywomen are getting benefits ofvarious schemes

256(47.9%)

109(20.4%)

82(15.4%)

54(10.1%)

33(6.2%)

10 Help to grow market beyondthe district

198(37.1%)

145(27.2%)

112(21.0%)

43(8.1%)

36(6.7%)

It is stated from the above table that the respondents strongly agreed towards

expectation from the government like ‘availability of training facilities, guidance for

license procedure, reduced corruption, easy to understand policies, should check whether

needy women are getting benefits of various schemes and help to grow market beyond

the district’ as 36.5, 32.2, 33.0, 49.3, 47.9 and 37.1 percent respectively. The respondents

agreed towards ‘low rate of interest on loan and special grants, incentives and subsidies

as 29.8 and 31.3 percent respectively. On the other hand, the respondents neutrally agreed

towards ‘maximum availability of loans and reduced Octrai as 28.3 and 33.3 percent

respectively. It is found from the analysis that majority (49.3%) of the respondents

strongly agreed towards expectation from the government as ‘easy to understand

policies’.


The following analysis has been discussed about the level of expectation from the

government of the respondents. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.114



1 Maximum availability of loans 3.27 X

2 Low rate of interest on loan 3.48 VIII

3 Availability of training facilities 3.65 V

4 Reduced Octrai 3.58 VII

5 Guidance for license procedure 3.69 IV

204


6 Special grants, incentives and subsidies 3.46 IX

7 Reduced corruption 3.62 VI

8 Easy to understand policies 3.99 I

9 Should check whether needy women aregetting benefits of various schemes 3.94 II

10 Help to grow market beyond the district 3.80 III

It is obtained from the above table that the expectation from the government as

‘easy to understand policies’ which is ranked first with the mean score of 3.99. It is

followed by the second and third ranks are assigned to ‘should check whether needy

women are getting benefits of various schemes and help to grow market beyond the

district’ with the mean score of 3.94 and 3.80 respectively. The fourth and fifth ranks are

assigned to ‘guidance for license procedure and availability of training facilities’ with the

mean score of 3.69 and 3.65 respectively. The sixth and seventh ranks are assigned to

‘reduced corruption and reduced octrai’ with the mean score of 3.62 and 3.58

respectively. The eighth and ninth ranks are assigned to ‘low rate of interest on loan and

special grants, incentives and subsidies’ with the mean score of 3.48 and 3.46

respectively. The last rank is assigned to ‘maximum availability of loans’ with the mean

score of 3.27. It is found from the analysis that majority of the respondents are expected

from the government ‘easy to understand policies and should check whether needy

women are getting benefits of various schemes’.

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR

GROWTH OF ENTERPRISE

Growth potential is an organization’s future ability to generate larger profits,

expand its workforce and increase production. In the business sense, an organization’s

growth potential depends heavily upon its leadership’s expectations for success and the

quantitative and qualitative measures used to determine expansion readiness. This

analysis has been made to know the opinion of the respondents towards future prospects

for growth of enterprise. The details are furnished in the following table.

205

TABLE NO. 4.115

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS FUTURE PROSPECTS

FOR GROWTH OF ENTERPRISE


1. Yes 506 94.82. No 28 5.2

Total 534 100.0

It is observed from the above table that 94.8 percent of the respondents opined

that future prospects for growth of enterprise and 5.2 percent of the respondents opined

that not future prospects for growth of enterprise. It is found from the analysis that the

majority (94.8%) of the respondents opined that future prospects for growth of enterprise.

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS CONTINUE

ENTREPRENEURIAL LINE INSPITE OF SOME PROBLEMS

Starting up a small business is exhilarating and often rewarding, but is also

notoriously risky. The following analysis has been discussed about the opinion of the

respondents towards like to continue entrepreneurial line inspite of some problems. The


TABLE NO. 4.116

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS CONTINUE

ENTREPRENEURIAL LINE INSPITE OF SOME PROBLEMS


1. Yes 429 80.32. No 105 19.7

Total 534 100.0

It is explored from the above table that 80.3 percent of the respondents opined

that like to continue this entrepreneurial line inspite of some problems and 19.7 percent

of the respondents opined that not like to continue this entrepreneurial line inspite of

some problems. It is found from the analysis that the majority (80.3%) of the respondents

opined that like to continue this entrepreneurial line inspite of some problems.

206

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGE

RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS BY GIVING ASSISTANCE IN

DIFFERENT WAYS

Empowering women, giving women enough opportunities to show their worth, is

the major concern of the government right now. The Government has also taken a few

steps to encourage that women are properly educated and got entrepreneurship. An

attempt has been made to find out the opinion of the respondents towards government

encourage rural women entrepreneurs by giving assistance in different ways. The details

are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.117

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGE

RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS BY GIVING ASSISTANCE IN

DIFFERENT WAYS


1. Yes 438 82.02. No 96 18.0

Total 534 100.0

It is inferred from the above table that 82.0 percent of the respondents opined that

government encourage rural women entrepreneurs by giving assistance in different ways

and 18.0 percent of the respondents opined that government not encourage rural women

entrepreneurs by giving assistance in different ways. It is found from the analysis that the

majority (82.0%) of the respondents opined that government encourage rural women

entrepreneurs by giving assistance in different ways.

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS FINDING PROBLEMSIN BUSINESS

An analysis has been prepared to identify the opinion of the respondents towards

finding problems in recruiting employees, raising finance, procuring raw materials and

supplying finished goods to the big companies. The details are furnished in the following

table.

207

TABLE NO. 4.118

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS FINDING PROBLEMS

IN BUSINESS


1. Yes 475 89.02. No 59 11.0

Total 534 100.0

It is examined from the above table that 89.0 percent of the respondents opined

that finding problems in recruiting employees, raising finance, procuring raw materials

and supplying finished goods to the big companies and 11.0 percent of the respondents

opined that not finding problems in recruiting employees, raising finance, procuring raw

materials and supplying finished goods to the big companies. It is found from the analysis

that the majority (89.0%) of the respondents opined finding problems in recruiting

employees, raising finance, procuring raw materials and supplying finished goods to the

big companies.

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEUR

Rather than working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a small business and

assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, idea or service offered for

sale. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a business leader and innovator of new ideas

and business processes. The following analysis has been discussed about the opinion of

the respondents towards entrepreneur. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.119

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEUR


1. High successful 149 27.92. Moderately successful 104 19.53. Successful 161 30.14. Moderately unsuccessful 64 12.05. Highly unsuccessful 56 10.5

Total 534 100.0

208

It is noted from the above table that 27.9 percent of the respondents opined that

high successful in business, 19.5 percent of the respondents opined that moderately

successful, 30.1 percent of the respondents opined that successful, 12.0 percent of the

respondents opined that moderately unsuccessful and 10.5 percent of the respondents

opined that highly unsuccessful. It is found from the analysis that the majority (30.1%) of

the respondents opined that successful in business.

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURIALPARTICIPATION BY WOMEN AS ADEQUATE

Women Entrepreneurs of India has its own pool of fearless and talent women

entrepreneurs who have made a mark for themselves in India. An attempt has been made

to know the opinion of the respondents towards entrepreneurial participation by women

as adequate. The details are furnished in the following table.

TABLE NO. 4.120

OPINION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURIAL

PARTICIPATION BY WOMEN AS ADEQUATE


1. Yes 353 66.12. No 181 33.9

Total 534 100.0

It is divulged from the above table that 66.1 percent of the respondents opined

that entrepreneurial participation by women as adequate and 33.9 percent of the

respondents opined that entrepreneurial participation by women as not adequate. It is

found from the analysis that the majority (66.1%) of the respondents opined that

entrepreneurial participation by women as adequate.

209

4.7 SECTION 6 : DEVELOP A MODEL THAT MAPPING OF THE WOMEN

ENTREPRENEUR’ PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Understanding the way of statistical significance is described requires

understanding the terminology of the model itself. The structural equation model has

graphical display which has boxes and arrows. Boxes denote observed data and the

arrows signify assumed causation. In the structural equation model the variable that

receives a one-way directional influence from some other variable in the system is termed

“endogenous”, or is dependent. A variable that does not receive a directional influence

from any other variable in the system is termed as “exogenous” or is independent. When

interpreting structural equation model the values attached to one way arrows (or

directional effect) are regression coefficient, whereas two way arrows (non directional

relationship) are correlation coefficient; Regression coefficients and correlation comprise

the “parameters” of the model. The regression coefficient and correlations measure the

strength of the relationship between the variable. The regression coefficient of 0.70 or

higher indicates a very strong relationship, 0.50–0.69 indicates a substantial relationship,

0.30-0.49 indicates a moderate relationship, 0.10-0.29 indicates a low relationship, 0.01-

0.09 indicates a negligible relationship and the value of 0 indicates no relationship.

Besides regression coefficients and correlations, structural equation model also

tests the overall fit of the model. The narrative analyses use three measures of model fit

to determine the overall quality of fit of the model. Another way of describing the model

fit is to view this as the test of model significance, thus, when the values of significance

are met for the tests, all relationships within the model are significant, and it is their

relative strength which decides if there is a relationship or not. Besides testing for model

fit, SEMs also provides a measure of multi-colinearity. In some cases, the model fits the

data well, even though none of the independent variables has a statistically significant

impact on the dependent variables.

210

1. Research model and hypothesis formulation

An attempt was made to find the problems and prospects level of the selected

sample rural women entrepreneurs in Salem district. The challenging behavior of rural

women entrepreneurs is tested based on the following constructed model. Even though,

various number of factors are available for finding the rural women entrepreneurs in

earlier studies, no studies are involved in the relationship between firm’s details viz.,

location of the firm, income level, nature of the firm, form of the firm, first generation

entrepreneur, number of employees working in the firm, life span of the firm, working

hours, business type, problems and level of prospects in various dimensions viz.,

government support, proximities support, self identity, financial support and business

development activities. The details of the manifest and latent variables are presented in

the Table No. 4.121.

TABLE NO. 4.121

MANIFEST VARIABLES AND LATENT VARIABLES OF PROBLEMS AND

PROSPECTS OF RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR

No. Manifest Variables Latent Variables

1 Location of the firm

1. Problems

2. Level of Prospects

2 Monthly Income level

3 Nature of the firm

4 Form of the firm

5 First Generation entrepreneur

6 Number of employees

7 Life span of the firm

8 Working hours

211

Figure No. 4.1 : Hypotheses Formulated Model – Problems and Prospects of Rural Women Entrepreneur

Level of Prospects

212

Testing a measurement model is underlying a full structural model first. If the fit

of the measurement model is found acceptable, then one should proceed to test the

structural model. The structural equation model was conducted to assess the construct

validity by using the maximum likelihood method. The confirmatory test result showed

good fit as shown in the following model fit summary table.

TABLE NO. 4.122

MODEL FIT SUMMARY – PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF RURALWOMEN ENTREPRENEUR

No. Test Factor Value Criteria* Result

1 Chi-Square 214.776 p>0.05 1% level

2 Chi-Square / df (91) 2.360 2.0–5.0 Good Fit

3 GFI (Goodness-of-fit index) 0.950 >0.90 Good Fit

4 AGFI (Adjusted goodness-of-fit index) 0.935 >0.90 Good Fit

5 CFI (Comparative fit index) 0.951 >0.90 Good Fit

6 NFI (Normed fit index) 0.905 >0.90 Good Fit

7 TLI (Tucker-Lewis index) 0.935 >0.90 Good Fit

8RMSEA (Root mean square error of

approximation)0.051 <0.07 Good Fit

* Criteria recommended by Schumacker & Lomax (2004)89, Hu and Bentler(1999)90, and Hair et al., (1998)91

A model is said to fulfil the criteria of goodness of fit, if it satisfies certain values

which are given by the above table. Based on these values, estimated value for the model

is 2.360 which satisfy the required condition. Similarly, the required value of root mean

square error of approximation (RMSEA) should be less than 0.07. Against this value, the

estimated model value is 0.051 which highly validates the result. Similarly, model fit

indices (GFI-0.950, AGFI-0.935, CFI-0.951, NFI-0.905 and TLI-0.935) for this model

89 Schumacker & Lomax (2004), A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling, 2nd Edition,New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

90 Hu, L.T. and Bentler, P.M. (1999), Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structural analysis:Conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Structural Equation Model, 6: 1-55.

91 Hair, J.F. Jr, Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C. (1998), Multivariate Data Analysis,5th ed., Prentice-Hall International, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

213

indicates that the model fits well. Regression weights between items and factors variables

are shown in the following path diagram.

Research Hypothesis

The research hypotheses have been defined on the basis of the factors of problems

that have an impact on level of prospects among the rural women entrepreneurs of Salem

district.

H1-H9 : There is no significant association between location of the firm, nature of

the firm, form of the firm, first generation entrepreneur, number of

employees, life span of the firm, number of hours working, annual

turnover of the firm, business type and problems faced by the rural women

entrepreneurs.

H10-14 : There is no significant association between problems faced and 5

dimensions of prospects level of the rural women entrepreneurs viz.,

government support, proximities support, self identity, financial support

and business development activities.

To test the hypothesis Structural Equation Model was used and the output in the

form of path diagram is given below.

214

Figure No. 4.2: Resulted Hypothesis Model – Problems and Prospects of Rural Women Entrepreneur

Level of Prospects

215

TABLE NO. 4.123

REGRESSION WEIGHTS – PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF RURAL

WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR

HypothesisNo.

MeasuredVariable

LatentVariable Estimate S.E. C.R. Result

H1Location of

the Firm Problems

Faced 0.055 0.018 3.056 0.000*

H2Nature of the

Firm Problems

Faced -0.022 0.005 -4.400 0.000*

H3Form of the

Firm Problems

Faced 0.056 0.016 3.500 0.000*

H4First

Generation Problems

Faced -0.248 0.029 -8.552 0.000*

H5Number ofEmployees

ProblemsFaced 0.005 0.040 0.125 0.897NS

H6Life Span of

the Firm Problems

Faced -0.048 0.011 -4.364 0.000*

H7

Number ofhours

working

ProblemsFaced -0.111 0.013 -

8.538 0.000*

H8

AnnualTurnover of

the Firm

ProblemsFaced 0.038 0.011 3.455 0.000*

H9Business

Type Problems

Faced -0.286 0.067 -4.269 0.000*

H10Problems

Faced Government

Support 0.079 0.011 7.182 0.000*

H11Problems

Faced Proximities

Support 0.098 0.024 4.083 0.000*

H12Problems

Faced Self Identity 0.188 0.045 4.178 0.000*

H13Problems

Faced FinancialSupport 0.013 0.005 2.600 0.011**

H14Problems

Faced BusinessGrowth

Activities0.087 0.041 2.122 0.037**

216

In the relationship between manifest and latent variables problems faced by the

selected rural women entrepreneurs, the regression coefficient values of manifest

variables Location of the Firm, Nature of the Firm, Form of the Firm, First Generation,

Number of Employees, Life Span of the Firm, Number of hours working, Annual

Turnover of the Firm and Business Type as 0.055, -0.022, 0.056, -0.248, 0.005, -0.048, -

0.111, 0.038 and -0.286 respectively. Among the selected nine manifest variables, four

variables viz., location of the firm, form of the firm, number of employees, annual

turnover of the firm are having positive association and five variables viz., nature of the

firm, first generation entrepreneurs, life span of the firm, number of hours working in

their company and business type are having negative association.

From the analysis, the hypotheses 1,2,3,4,6,7,8 and 9 are rejected and the

hypothesis 5 is accepted. It indicates there is a close significant association of problems

faced with the variables Location of the Firm, Nature of the Firm, Form of the Firm, First

Generation, Life Span of the Firm, Number of hours working, Annual Turnover of the

Firm and Business Type.

On the other hand, the hypotheses 10 to 11 are rejected and hence there is a close

significant association of problems faced with the five dimensions of prospects factors

viz., government support, proximities support, self identity, financial support and

business growth activities.

Inference :

It is found from the analysis that there is a close significant association of location

of the firm, nature of the firm, form of the firm, first generation, life span of the firm,

number of hours working, annual turnover of the firm, business type with problems faced

by the rural women entrepreneurs in Salem district. Further, there is a close positive

significant association of problems faced by the rural women entrepreneurs with the five

dimensions of the prospects factors viz., government support, proximities support, self

identity, financial support and business growth activities.

217

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.1 FINDINGS

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AND

THEIR FIRM PROFILE IN SALEM DISTRICT

1. It is inferred from the analysis that the majority (35.4%) of the respondents are

locating in Salem Revenue Division.

2. It is evaluated from the analysis that the majority (49.6%) of the respondents

belong to 31-40 years age category.

3. It is noted from the analysis that the majority (25.9%) of the respondents are

qualified with graduate.

4. It is inferred from the analysis that the majority (35.0%) of the respondents’

parents are private employee.

5. It is explored from the analysis that the majority (83.3%) of the respondents are

married.

6. It is determined from the analysis that the majority (44.4%) of the respondents are

having 4-5 members in their family.

7. It is examined from the analysis that the majority (73.6%) of the respondents

belong to nuclear family.

8. It is divulged from the analysis that the majority (35.8%) of the respondents

belong to BC category.

9. It is explored from the analysis that the majority (38.8%) of the respondents’

family monthly income as Rs.10001 to 20000.

10. It is observed from the analysis that the majority (35.4%) of the respondents’ firm

are located in Salem Revenue Division.

11. It is identified from the analysis that the majority (44.6%) of the respondents are

performing retailing business.

218

12. It is discussed from the analysis that the majority (46.1%) of the respondents are

running the firm as sole proprietorship.

13. It is noted from the analysis that the majority (76.0%) of the respondents opined

that first generation entrepreneur.

14. It is evaluated from the analysis that the majority (19.7%) of the respondents are

having 31-40 employees in their firm.

15. It is inferred from the analysis that the majority (36.3%) of the respondents’ firm

having 6-10 years life span.

16. It is stated from the analysis that the majority (47.9%) of the respondents are

spending above 8 hours for their business.

17. It is inferred from the analysis that the majority (34.8%) of the respondents’

company annual turnover as Rs.10 to 20 lakhs.

18. It is obtained from the analysis that the majority (21.5%) of the respondents are

getting loans from bankers for their business.


dealing about foods and beverages.

20. It is examined from the analysis that the majority (38.8%) of the respondents are

doing wholesale and retail business.

21. It is divulged from the analysis that the majority (41.0%) of the respondents are

getting raw material within the state for their business.


marketing their products in local.

23. It is inferred from the analysis that the majority (27.9%) of the respondents are

marketing their products both direct and intermediary.

24. It is evaluated from the analysis that the majority (30.9%) of the respondents are

having direct consumers for marketing their products.

25. It is discussed from the analysis that the majority (41.4%) of the respondents are

selling their products both cash and credit modes.

26. It is obtained from the analysis that the majority (81.6%) of the respondents

opined that not find frequent changes in the target market.

219

27. It is found from the analysis that the majority (32.8%) of the respondents are

spending business income for their personal savings.

28. It is identified from the analysis that the majority (90.4%) percent of the

respondents opined that checking the quality of their products.

29. It is divulged from the analysis that the majority (62.5%) percent of the

respondents are checking the quality of product by internally.

30. It is determined from the analysis that the majority (37.1%) percent of the

respondents are utilizing 51% to 75% in their business.

PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS UNITS OF THE WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

31. It is inferred from the analysis that majority (51.5%) of the respondents agreed

towards problems faced in running the business units as ‘lack of proper training’.

Anova Analysis

32. It is noted from the analysis that among the four categories of location of the

respondents, who are locating in Attur Revenue Division are having maximum

level problems in their business. It is divulged from the F test analysis that all the

selected respondents are not having equal level problems in their business.

33. It is inferred from the analysis that among the three categories of age of the

respondents, who belong to 31-40 years age group are having maximum level

problems in their business. From the Anova analysis proved that all the selected

respondents are not having equal level problems in their business.

34. It is explored from the analysis that among the five categories of educational

qualification of the respondents, who completed secondary level education are

having maximum level problems in their business. It is examined from the F test

analysis that all the selected respondents are not having equal level problems in

their business.

35. It is found from the analysis that among the two categories of marital status of the

respondents, married respondents are having maximum level problems in their

business. From the F test analysis confirmed that all the selected respondents are

not having equal level problems in their business.

220

36. It is observed from the analysis that among the three categories of family size of

the respondents, with upto 3 members in their family are having maximum level

problems in their business. It is inferred from the F test analysis that all the

selected respondents are having equal level problems in their business.

37. It is divulged from the analysis that among the two categories of family status of

the respondents, who belong to nuclear family are having maximum level

problems in their business. It is found from the F test analysis that all the selected

respondents are having equal level problems in their business.

38. It is determined from the analysis that among the four categories of community of

the respondents, who belong to BC category are having maximum level problems

in their business. From the Anova analysis resulted that all the selected


39. It is obtained from the analysis that among the three categories of family monthly

income of the respondents, who have Rs.10001 to 20000 as their family monthly

income are having maximum level problems in their business. It is found from the

F test analysis that all the selected respondents are not having equal level


40. It is evaluated from the analysis that among the three categories of nature of the

firm of the respondents, who engaged in retailing business are having maximum

level problems in their business. It is inferred from the F test analysis that all the


41. It is stated from the analysis that among the three categories of form of the firm of

the respondents, who performing with partnership are having maximum level

problems in their business. From the F test analysis proved that all the selected


42. It is explored from the analysis that among the selected respondents, first

generation entrepreneur are facing maximum problems in their business. It is

observed from the F test analysis that all the selected respondents are not having

equal level problems in their business.

43. It is divulged from the analysis that among the three categories of size of the firm

of the respondents, who have medium size firm (21-40 employees) are having

221

maximum level problems in their business. It is divulged from the Anova analysis

that all the selected respondents are not having equal level problems in their

business.

44. It is found from the analysis that among the four categories of life span of

establishment of the respondents, who established for 6-10 years in their business

are having maximum level problems in their business. It is identified from the F

test analysis that all the selected respondents are not having equal level problems

in their business.

45. It is evaluated from the analysis that among the three categories of number of

hours devoted of the respondents, who devoting 5-8 hours for their business are

having maximum level problems in their business. From the Anova analysis

confirmed that all the selected respondents are not having equal level problems in

their business.

46. It is noted from the analysis that among the three categories of business type of

the respondents, who engaged in wholesale business are having maximum level

problems in their business. It is inferred from the F test analysis that all the


47. It is stated from the correlation analysis that age, educational qualification, size of

the firm, life span of establishment, number of hours devoted and annual turnover

of the company increases their problems in business also positively increases.

Further, whenever the family monthly income increases their problems in

business decreases.

48. It is evaluated from the multiple regression analysis that the age, size of the firm,

life span of establishment, number of hours devoted and annual turnover of the

company are having positive association. The problems in business is predicted

by the 0.119 unit increase of age, 0.039 unit decrease of educational qualification,

0.005 unit increase of family size, 0.069 unit decrease of family monthly income,

0.084 unit increase of size of the firm, 0.032 unit increase of life span of

establishment, 0.093 unit increase of number of hours devoted and 0.051 unit

increase of annual turnover of the company.

222

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN SALEM

DISTRICT

HENRY GARRATT RANKING TECHNIQUE

49. It is discussed from the analysis that majority of the respondents opined that main

motivational factors to become an entrepreneur as ‘self identity’ and ‘traditional

business’.

50. It is examined from the analysis that majority of the respondents opined that main

problems in setting up business unit as ‘non-availability of finance’ and ‘problems

of availing raw materials’.

51. It is evaluated from the analysis that majority of the respondents opined that main

personal and social problems as ‘work life imbalance’ and ‘role conflict’.

52. It is found from the analysis that majority of the respondents opined that main

entrepreneurial and business problems as ‘problems in maintaining cordial

interpersonal relations’ and ‘management of the workforce’.

53. It is divulged from the analysis that majority of the respondents opined that main

marketing problems as ‘local competition’ and ‘credit sales’.

54. It is discussed from the analysis that majority of the respondents opined that main

marketing problems as ‘stress in decision making’ and ‘competing in male

entrepreneur’.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES OF THE

SAMPLE RESPONDENTS AND THE WOMEN’S PROSPECTS TOWARDS

BUSINESS

55. It is inferred from the analysis that majority (48.1%) of the respondents highly

satisfied towards entrepreneurship as ‘working environment’.

Chi-Square Analysis Results

56. It is discussed from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who living in Attur Revenue

223

Division. From the chi-square analysis, it is found that there is a close significant

relationship between the location of the respondents and their level of prospects


57. It is explored from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who belong to the age group of

upto 30 years. It is inferred from the chi-square analysis that there is a close

significant relationship between the age of the respondents and their level of


58. It is found from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who educated higher secondary

level. From the chi-square analysis resulted that there is no significant relationship

between the educational qualification of the respondents and their level of


59. It is stated from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by married respondents. It is discussed from the chi-

square analysis that there is a close significant relationship between the marital

status of the respondents and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

60. It is explored from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who have 4-5 members in their

family. It is inferred from the chi-square analysis that there is no significant

relationship between the family size of the respondents and their level of


61. It is examined from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who belong to nuclear family. It is

evaluated from the chi-square analysis that there is no significant relationship

between the family status of the respondents and their level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship.

62. It is noted from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who belong to BC category. From

the chi-square analysis, it is divulged that there is a close significant relationship

224

between the community of the respondents and their level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship.

63. It is determined from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who earned Rs.10001 to 20000. It

is observed from the chi-square analysis that there is a close significant

relationship between the family monthly income of the respondents and their level


64. It is evaluated from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who engaged in retailing firm. It is

found from the chi-square analysis that there is a close significant relationship

between the nature of the firm of the respondents and their level of prospects


65. It is discussed from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who performed with partnership.

From the chi-square analysis proved that there is a close significant relationship

between the form of the firm of the respondents and their level of prospects



entrepreneurship perceived by first generation entrepreneur. From the chi-square

analysis, it is found that there is a close significant relationship between the first

generation entrepreneur and their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship.

67. It is examined from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who have medium size firm. It is

explored from the chi-square analysis that there is a close significant relationship

between the size of the firm of the respondents and their level of prospects



entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who established for 6-10 years.

From the Chi-square analysis, it is inferred that there is a close significant

relationship between the life span of establishment of the respondents and their


225

69. It is evaluated from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who devoting for 5-8 hours in their

business. From the chi-square analysis confirmed that there is a close significant

relationship between the number of hours devoted of the respondents and their


70. It is identified from the analysis that maximum level of prospects towards

entrepreneurship perceived by the respondents who engaged wholesale business.

It is stated from the chi-square analysis that there is a close significant

relationship between the business type of the respondents and their level of


71. It is discussed from the correlation analysis that the educational qualification, size

of the firm, number of hours devoted and annual turnover of the company

increases their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship also positively

increases. Further, whenever the family size and life span of establishment

increases their level of prospects towards entrepreneurship decreases.

72. It is examined from the multiple regression analysis that the educational

qualification, family size, family monthly income, size of the firm, life span of

establishment and number of hours devoted are having positive association. The

level of prospects towards entrepreneurship is predicted by the 0.001 unit increase

of age, 0.053 unit increase of educational qualification, 0.087 unit increase of

family size, 0.130 unit increase of family monthly income, 0.124 unit increase of

size of the firm, 0.064 unit increase of life span of establishment, 0.054 unit

increase of number of hours devoted and 0.018 unit increase of annual turnover of

the company.

73. Factor Analysis Technique found that five factors representing ‘Government

support’, ‘Proximities Support’, ‘Self identity’, ‘Financial support’ and ‘Business

development activities’ and these five factors are having significant impact on the

overall rural women entrepreneurs’ prospects towards entrepreneurship in the

study area. Further, the five factor solution accounted for 61.920% of the

explained variance and it has been representing the one unit increase of rural

women entrepreneurs’ prospects is predicted from 0.224 unit increases of

226

government support, 0.416 unit increase of proximities support, 0.762 unit

increases of self identify, 0.268 unit increases of financial support and 0.412 unit

increases of business development activities.

EXPECTATION OF THE WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

74. It is obtained from the analysis that majority (47.2%) of the respondents strongly

agreed towards expectation from the society as ‘respect the profession’.

75. It is examined from the analysis that majority of the respondents are expected

from the society ‘respect the profession and equal treatment & respect’.

76. It is determined from the analysis that majority (54.9%) of the respondents

strongly agreed towards expectation from the family as ‘respect the profession’.

77. It is divulged from the analysis that majority of the respondents are expected from

the family ‘respect profession and help for maintaining work life balance’.

78. It is evaluated from the analysis that majority (49.3%) of the respondents strongly

agreed towards expectation from the government as ‘easy to understand policies’.

79. It is obtained from the analysis that majority of the respondents are expected from

the government ‘easy to understand policies and should check whether needy

women are getting benefits of various schemes’.

80. It is observed from the analysis that the majority (94.8%) of the respondents

opined that future prospects for growth of enterprise.

81. It is inferred from the analysis that the majority (80.3%) of the respondents opined

that like to continue this entrepreneurial line in spite of some problems.

82. It is stated from the analysis that the majority (82.0%) of the respondents opined

that government encourage rural women entrepreneurs by giving assistance in

different ways.

83. It is discussed from the analysis that the majority (89.0%) of the respondents

opined finding problems in recruiting employees, raising finance, procuring raw

materials and supplying finished goods to the big companies.


that successful in business.

227


that entrepreneurial participation by women as adequate.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR (SEM

ANALYSIS)

86. It is found from the Structural Equation Modeling analysis that there is a close

significant association of location of the firm, nature of the firm, form of the firm,

first generation, life span of the firm, number of hours working, annual turnover

of the firm, business type with problems faced by the rural women entrepreneurs

in Salem district. Further, there is a close positive significant association of

problems faced by the rural women entrepreneurs with the five dimensions of the

prospects factors viz., government support, proximities support, self identity,

financial support and business growth activities.

5.2 SUGGESTIONS

On the basis of the above mentioned findings faced by rural women entrepreneurs

and various other problems too, there is a provision of a number of solution measures to

overcome the aforesaid problems. Such solutions or remedies can be well understood as

under:

1. Most of the rural women entrepreneurs are of the opinion that due of lack of

training; they are not able to survive in the market. Hence, the government should

conduct frequent training programmes with regard to new production techniques,

sales techniques, etc; this training should be made compulsory for women

entrepreneurs.

2. The government may provide sufficient periodical training to the women

entrepreneurs who are in first generation facing problems in entrepreneurial

aspects.

3. In order to motivate the rural women entrepreneurs, the government may provide

interest free loans, more subsidies for avoiding financial crisis and promote

228

entrepreneurial interest in rural area of our nation. It may help to reduce

unemployment and poverty in rural areas.

4. Parents of unmarried potential women entrepreneurs may be encouraged in

spending money on setting up business rather than giving preference to their early

marriage.

5. Rural women entrepreneurs should be encouraged to start their entrepreneurs as

joint stock companies rather than as a sole trade and partnership concerns to avail

the advantages of large scale operation.

6. Rural women entrepreneurs should be encouraged to start their entrepreneurs as

joint stock companies rather than as a sole trade and partnership concerns to avail

the advantages of large scale operation.

7. Marketing product is one of the main problems for rural women entrepreneurs.

Here, women co-operative societies can be started to procure the products from

rural women entrepreneurs. They will help them in selling their products at a

reasonable price.

8. Improper location and inadequate infrastructure facilities are the hurdles in the

way of development of rural women entrepreneurship. Hence, separate industrial

estates may be set up exclusively for rural women entrepreneurs to reduce the

initial investment and to create a special environment.

9. Central and State governments should assist rural woman entrepreneurs to

participate in international trade fair, exhibition and conferences. It should create

more awareness about their business activities international level and encourage

them in their business.

10. There should be a continuous attempt to inspire, encourage, motivate and co-

operate rural women entrepreneurs.

11. Attempts should be there to enhance the standards of education of rural women in

general as well making provisions for their training, practical experience and

personality development programmes, to improvise their over-all personality

standards including communication skills. There is need in attempting to establish

proper training institutes for enhancing their level of work-knowledge, skills, risk-

taking abilities, enhancing their capabilities.

229

12. Attempts to bring about a society attitude change, generation of awareness and

consciousness on the policy of self-development of rural women entrepreneurs.

13. Attempts by various NGO’s and government organizations to spread information

about policies, plans and strategies on the development of rural women in the

field of industry, trade and commerce.

14. Establishing various policies to offer easy finance schemes for economically

strengthening the position of rural women.

15. Forming a cooperative association of rural women entrepreneurs to mobilize

resources and pooling capital funds, in order to help the rural women in the field

of industry, trade and commerce.

16. Offering seed capital, up-liftment schemes, rural women entrepreneurs fund etc.

to encourage them economically.

17. To extend concessional rates facilities and schemes for rural women entrepreneurs

to prosper in the field of enterprise.

18. To establish all India forum to discuss the problems, grievances, issues, and filing

complaints against constraints or shortcomings towards the economic progress

path.

230

5.3 CONCLUSION

The Indian society is shifting from conservative attitude to progressive attitude

towards entrepreneurship. The study is mainly focused on problems faced by the rural

women entrepreneurship in Salem district. In India, women’s entrepreneurial ability has

not been properly utilized due to the gender status of women in the society. In the modern

globalised era, irrespective of gender, women are more willing to do business equivalent

to men to growth of the Indian economy. The Government should concentrate the rural

women development by properly implementing and monitoring the existing

entrepreneurial schemes and programs for the betterment of nation’s economic activities.

Rural women should be encouraged to take the benefits of policy measures introduced by

the Government to promote the status and level of rural women entrepreneurs in the

country by providing free interest loans, increase of subsidy, adequate entrepreneurship

training to rural women entrepreneurs. Rural women entrepreneurs also require more

support from their family members and society for succession of their entrepreneurial

career and improve the wealth of the nation.

231

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241

APPENDIX

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES

1. Name of the Entrepreneur :

2. Location of the Entrepreneur :

a) Salem Revenue Division b) Attur Revenue Division c) Sankari Revenue Division d) Mettur Revenue Division

3. Age :

a) Upto 30 years b) 31 – 40 years c) Above 40 years

4. Educational Qualification :

a) No formal education b) Primary Level c) Secondary level d) Higher secondary e) Graduate

5. Parental Occupation :

a) Government employee b) Agriculture c) Private employee d) Industry

6. Marital Status

a) Single b) Married

7. Family size

a) Upto 3 members b) 4 – 5 members c) Above 5 members

8. Family Status

a) Nuclear b) Joint

9. Community

a) OC b) BC c) MBC d) SC / ST

10. Family monthly income level

a) Upto Rs.10000 b) Rs.10001 to 20000 c) Above Rs.20000

242

II. FIRM PROFILE :

11. Name & address of the Firm :

12. Location of the Firm:

a) Salem Revenue Division b) Attur Revenue Division c) Sankari Revenue Division d) Mettur Revenue Division

13. Nature of the Firm

a) Manufacturing b) Retailing c) Service

14. Form of the Firm

a) Sole proprietorship b) Partnership c) Private limited company

15. Are you the first generation entrepreneur ?

a) Yes b) No

16. Number of employee working in your firm

a) Upto 10 employees b) 11-20 employees c) 21-30 employees d) 31-40 employees e) 41-50 employees f) Above 50 employees

17. Life Span of your establishment

a) Upto 5 Years b) 6 – 10 Years c) 11 – 15 Years d) Above 15 Years

18. Number of hours devoted for your business

a) Upto 4 hours b) 5-8 hours c) Above 8 hours

19. What are the factors that motivate you to become an Entrepreneur (Please rank as1, 2, 3…. in the appropriate boxes)

S.No. Motivational Factors Rank1 Self identity2 Threat of losing my job3 Demand for the product in the market4 Traditional Business5 Employment generation6 New problems and opportunities `7 Support from Government

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20. Annual Turnover of the company

a) Below Rs.5 lakhs b) Rs.5 to 10 lakhs c) Rs.10 to 20 lakhs d) Above Rs. 20 lakhs

21. Source of Finance

a) Personal b) Friend & Relatives c) Financial institution d) Loans from non-bankers e) Loans from bankers f) Government

22. What type of products are you dealing now ?

a) Foods and Beverages b) IT products c) Health products d) Telecom products e) Textile materials f) Automobile products g) Construction materials h) Handicrafts i) Energy products j) Money lending

23. Business type

a) Wholesale b) Retail c) Both

24. Where do you get your raw materials ?

a) Local b) Within the state c) Outside the state but within the country d) Outside the country

25. Where do you market your products ?

a) Local b) Within the state c) Outside the state but within the country d) Outside the country

26. What are the channels have you used for market your products ?

a) Direct Marketing b) Through Intermediary c) Own retail shop d) Dealers / Distributors e) Both Direct & Intermediary

27. Who are the consumers of your products ?

a) Large scale industries b) Direct consumers c) Agricultural sector d) Household sector e) Small Scale industries f) Government Organization

28. Mode of selling ?

a) Cash b) Credit c) Both Cash & Credit

29. Do you find any frequent changes in the target market ?

a) Yes b) No

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30. For what purpose you spend your business income ?

a) Family expenses b) Personal savings c) Other sources d) Re-Investment in their business

31. Do you check the quality of the product ?

a) Yes b) No

32. If yes, please specify how do you do it ?

a). Internally b). Externally

33. What is the capacity utilization of your business ?

a) Below 25% b) 25% to 50% c) 51% to 75% d) 76% to 100%

III. PROBLEMS

34. What are the major problems faced by you in running your business units. (Pleasetick in the relevant boxes)

SA – Strongly Agree A – Agree N – Neutral DA – Disagree SDA – Strongly Disagree

S.No. Problems SA A N DA SDA1 Less confidence about strength and competence2 Non-availability of finance3 Socio-cultural disturbance4 Lack of managerial skills5 Stiff competition6 Production problems7 Lack of knowledge of availability of raw materials8 Problems of availing raw materials9 Lack of education and awareness

10 Low level of risk taking attitude11 Mobility constraints12 Non-awareness of Government schemes13 Lack of proper training14 Lack of systematic planning and working15 Health Problems16 Lack of technological updation17 Higher rate of interest18 Poor credit worthiness19 Inadequate investment in technology

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IV. PROBLEMS

35. Specify the major problems in setting up your business unit (Please rank as1,2,3,…)

No. Problems Rank1 Less confidence about strength and competence2 Non-availability of finance3 Socio-cultural disturbance4 Lack of managerial skills5 Production problems6 Problems of availing raw materials7 Low level of risk taking attitude

36. Personal and Social Problems (Please Rank 1,2,3….)

No. Problems Rank1. Role conflict2. Lack of leadership qualities3. Gender base discrimination4. Lack of related field experience5. Lack of family support6. Lack of Community / Society support7. Work Life imbalance8. Fear of failure and criticism

37. Entrepreneurial and Business Problems (Please Rank 1,2,3….)

No. Problems Rank1 Understanding govt. rules and regulations2 Management of the workforce3 Lack of latest technology4 Lack of managerial education5 Problems in maintaining cordial interpersonal relations6 Understanding legal compliance7 Shortage of Working Capital8 Frequent arguments with labours9 Time management

38. Marketing Problems (Please Rank 1,2,3….)

No. Problems Rank1 Local competition2 Unfavorable market behavior

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No. Problems Rank3 Lack of Negotiating skills4 Transportation5 Credit Sales6 Exploitation of middle man7 Exploitation of marketing people8 Distribution

39. General Problems faced by you (Please Rank 1,2,3….)

No. Factors Rank1 Change in lifestyle2 Stress in decision making3 Competing in male entrepreneur4 Lack of training in my work area5 Reserve attitude of society6 Lack of government support7 Lack of awareness about new trends in business

V. LEVEL OF PROSPECTS

40. State your level of Prospects towards being an entrepreneurship

HS – Highly Satisfied; S – Satisfied; N – Neutral; DS – Dissatisfied; HDS – Highly Dissatisfied

No. Factors HS S N DS HDS1 Economic Independence2 Employees support3 Sourcing of Finance4 Government Assistance5 Availability of Infrastructural facilities6 Market potential7 Social status8 Availability of income sources9 Support from family

10 Gaining respect from others for my skills andtalent

11 Seeking challenging business venture12 Family members support13 Gaining control on my life14 Get better life after entrepreneurship15 Getting of electricity power16 Self esteem17 Working Environment18 Support from banking finance

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No. Factors HS S N DS HDS19 Entrepreneurial Training20 Support to family financially21 Advance myself

VI. EXPECTATIONS

41. Please specify your level of expectation from the Society


No. Factors SA A N DA SDA1 Equal treatment and respect2 Improvement in mentality3 Change in attitude towards female4 Respect the profession5 Provide security

42. Please specify your level of expectation from the Family


No. Factors SA A N DA SDA1 Help in Business operations2 Help for maintaining Work Life Balance3 Provide motivation4 Respect my profession5 Financial help.

43. Please specify your level of expectation from the Government


No. Factors SA A N DA SDA1 Maximum availability of loans2 Low rate of interest on loan3 Availability of training facilities4 Reduced Octrai5 Guidance for license procedure6 Special grants, incentives and subsidies7 Reduced corruption8 Easy to understand policies9 Should check whether needy women are

getting benefits of various schemes

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No. Factors SA A N DA SDA10 Help to grow market beyond the district

44. Do you see future prospectus for your growth for your enterprise?

a) Yes b) No

45. Would you like to continue this entrepreneurial line in spite of some problems?

a) Yes b) No

46. Does the government encourage rural women entrepreneurs by giving assistancein different ways?

a) Yes b) No

47. Do you find problems in recruiting employees, raising finance, procuring rawmaterials and supplying finished goods to the big companies?

a) Yes b) No

48. How do you feel yourself as an entrepreneur ?

a) High successful b) Moderately successful c) Successful d) Moderately unsuccessful e) Highly unsuccessful

49. Do you consider entrepreneurial participation by women is adequate?

a) Yes b) No

50. Please give your valuable suggestions to rural women entrepreneurs to developtheir business activities :

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thank you

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF RURAL WOMEN ...PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR Thesis...

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