Probing sound and meaning with corpus data in Czech: A ... · PDF fileProbing sound and...
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Probingsoundandmeaning
withcorpusdatainCzech:Apilotstudy
NINJALInterna>onalSymposium2016Mime>csinJapaneseandOtherLanguagesoftheWorld(Dec17-18,2016)
MasakoU.FidlerBrownUniversity
Outline1. AshortoverviewofCzech2. Defini>onofCzechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)3. SomesamplesofCzechOpEs4. Onomatopoeia/Ideophones/mime>csandthe“rest”
ofthelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5. Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6. OpEsvs.gramma>calizedformsofOpEsinCzech
texts(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7. Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in
Czech8. Interimobserva>ons9. Anoffshoot:selec>onprocessexistsoneverylevel:
fromOpEtoOpE-basedgramma>calforms,OpEsanddiscoursefunc>on!RethinkingSaussure’sview
Outline1. AshortoverviewofCzech2. Defini>onofCzechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)3. SomesamplesofCzechOpEs4. Onomatopoeia/Ideophones/mime>csandthe“rest”of
thelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5. Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6. OpEsvs.gramma>calizedformsofOpEsinCzechtexts
(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7. Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in
Czech8. Interimobserva>ons9. Offshoots:selec>onprocessexistsoneverylevel:from
OpEtoOpE-basedgramma>calforms,OpEsanddiscoursefunc>on!RethinkingdeSaussure’sview
AshortoverviewofCzech
hbps://www.online.muni.cz/tema/2972-nareci-nenavratne-mizi
Bohemiandialects
Moraviandialects
Czechphonologicalinventory:vowels
Czechphonologicalinventory:consonants
Orthography• Orthographylargelyreflectssound.• Short:i/y,u,e,o,a• Long:í/ý,ú/ů,é,ó,á• Bi-labialandlabio-dental:p,b,f,v,m• Apico-dental:t,d,n• Apico-alveolar:s,z,c,ř,r,l• Apico-alveo-palatal:š,ž,č,• Lamino-palatal:ť,ď,ň,j• Dorso-velar:k,g,ch• Global:h
Morphologicalproper>es(aroughoutline)Nominalinflec>on
• 7gramma>calcases(sg.andpl.)(standardgramma>calpresenta>on)
• Modifiersagreewiththeheadnouningramma>calgender(masc,fem,neut),animacy(inmasc),andgramma>calnumber
JandaandTownsend(22)hbp://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_czech.pdf
Morphologicalproper>es(aroughoutline):Verbs
• Verbalaspect:perfec>vevs.imperfec>ve• Tense:non-pastvs.past
– Agreementwith1-3person&numberinthenon-past– Agreementwithnumber,&gender/animacy(syntac>callywith1-
person)inthepasttense• Mood:indica>ve,condi>onal(present&(past))&impera>ve• (Verbaladverbs,verbaladjec>ves)
Být‘tobe’(JandaandTownsend33)
Outline1. AshortoverviewofCzech2. Defini>onofCzechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)3. SomesamplesofCzechOpEs4. Onomatopoeia/Ideophones/mime>csandthe“rest”of
thelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5. Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6. OpEsvs.gramma>calizedformsofOpEsinCzechtexts
(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7. Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in
Czech8. Interimobserva>ons9. Offshoots:selec>onprocessexistsoneverylevel:from
OpEtoOpE-basedgramma>calforms,OpEsanddiscoursefunc>on!RethinkingdeSaussure’sview
Defini>on:Czechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)
• Closesttothedescrip>onoftheimita>vesoundsymbolismandsynesthe>csoundsymbolisminHintonetal.(1994:2-3)
• Non-idiosyncra>c(=conven>onalized)expressions
• Coversound,mo>on,andemo>on(butnotexple>vesbasedonnon-sound/mo>onrelatedexpressions,e.g.ježíšimarijá,hergot)
• Uninflected• Understudied
Outline1. AshortoverviewofCzech2. Defini>onofCzechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)3. SomesamplesofCzechOpEs4. Onomatopoeia/Ideophones/mime>csandthe“rest”of
thelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5. Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6. OpEsvs.gramma>calizedformsofOpEsinCzechtexts
(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7. Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in
Czech8. Interimobserva>ons9. Offshoots:selec>onprocessexistsoneverylevel:from
OpEtoOpE-basedgramma>calforms,OpEsanddiscoursefunc>on!RethinkingdeSaussure’sview
CzechOpEsindica>ngsound:samples• Source
– madebyaphysicalapparatusofananimateen>ty• e.g.bé‘sheep’sblur>ng,aloudcryofachild’
– madebyananimateen>tythatmanipulatesaninanimateen>ty• e.g.brnk‘asoundmadewhenafingerplucksastring’
– madedirectlybyaninanimateen>ty• e.g.cvak‘ashortclickingsoundofahardobjectincontactwithanotherhardobject’.
• Size• bum(hi}ngwith/fallingofalargeen>ty,e.g.ahumanbody)vs.pum(hi}ngwithabullet)
CzechOpEsindica>ngmo>on• typeofmovingen>ty(e.g.liquidkáp,smallsoliden>tycup)• Pathandspeed(e.g.roundabouti>nerary,houp(y)(vs.hop),
fastšup)• typeofcontact(e.g.movingobjectshaberedoncontact
křách,bouncingobjectoncontactpink)• landingsite(e.g.anen>tyhi}ngaliquidsurfacežbluňk,
steppingonahardsurfacedup).• OpEsindica>ngmo>oncansimultaneouslyrepresentsound:
– e.g.hrk‘asuddenmovementorinterrup>onandthesoundposs.accompanyingthemo>on,’kec‘liquiddroppingonaplace(whereitisnotsupposedto)orafastandclumsyfall.’
CzechOpEsexpressingemo>on
Thespeaker’semo>onalstate,e.g.• reac>ontopain(e.g.jau),astonishment(e.g.jé),joy(e.g.juch).
• canalsosimultaneouslyrepresentsound:e.g.che‘expressionofcontemptandthesoundofcondescendingjeer.’
Outline1. AshortoverviewofCzech2. Defini>onofCzechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)3. SomesamplesofCzechOpEs4. Onomatopoeia/Ideophones/mime>csandthe“rest”of
thelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5. Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6. OpEsvs.gramma>calizedformsofOpEsinCzechtexts
(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7. Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in
Czech8. Interimobserva>ons9. Offshoots:selec>onprocessexistsoneverylevel:from
OpEtoOpE-basedgramma>calforms,OpEsanddiscoursefunc>on!RethinkingdeSaussure’sview
Adividebetweenideophones/mime>c/onomatopoeicexpressionsand“therest”ofthelanguage
• Ideophones:“atotallydifferentkindoflinguis>canimal”(Diffloth1976)
• Ideophones:“anen>relydifferentrealmfromthefamiliarnouns,verbs,andpar>cles,andfromboundmorphemes"(Alpher1994).
• Primi>ve/naïve(Kořínek1934andimplicitlyinFónagy1999).
• ThecontrastbetweenOpEsandtherestofthelanguage:absenceofinflec>on
Outline1. AshortoverviewofCzech2. Defini>onofCzechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)3. SomesamplesofCzechOpEs4. Onomatopoeia/Ideophones/mime>csandthe“rest”of
thelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5. Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6. OpEsvs.gramma>calizedformsofOpEsinCzechtexts
(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7. Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in
Czech8. Interimobserva>ons9. Offshoots:selec>onprocessexistsoneverylevel:from
OpEtoOpE-basedgramma>calforms,OpEsanddiscoursefunc>on!RethinkingdeSaussure’sview
Ques>onWhatistheposi>onofOpEsinCzech?IfOpEsareuninflected,– DoesitmeanthatOpEsarenotpartofthe“system”,
adisorganizedgroupofwordforms?– WhatarethedifferencesbetweenOpEsandOpE-basedpartsofspeech(OpE-basedverbs)?
– Whatarethefunc>onsofOpEsindiscourse?CzechOpEsasanintegralpartoflanguageWouldstudyingOpEshelpusrethinkthearbitrarinessprinciplebySaussure?
Outline1. AshortoverviewofCzech2. Defini>onofCzechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)3. SomesamplesofCzechOpEs4. Onomatopoeia/Ideophones/mime>csandthe“rest”of
thelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5. Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6. DivisionoflaborbetweenOpEsvs.gramma>calizedforms
ofOpEsinCzechtexts(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7. Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in
Czech8. Interimobserva>ons9. Offshoots:selec>onprocessexistsoneverylevel:from
OpEtoOpE-basedgramma>calforms,OpEsanddiscoursefunc>on!RethinkingdeSaussure’sview
ApilotstudyOpEsvs.OpE-basedverbs(sample:cvakvs.cvaknout)
colliga>onInstrumentalranked2outof7casesforOpE-basedcvaknoutvs.6outof7forOpEcvak! How(bymeansofwhat)somethingisdone,whathappens‘Richiefelloutof[her]bedandcvak-edontheswitchinst[lit.clickedwiththeswitch]onherstereo.’=turnedontheswitchvs.whatthesoundislike‘ThenIleanedforwardandhitit[thebubon]withaheadinstr.Cvak!Thedoorlocksunlocked.
CollocatesforOpEsvs.OpE-basedverbsNounsreferringtosoundsourceamong20topcollocates*
OpEcvak
4collocates• trigger/(camera)shuber
(ranked6)• heel(8)• lock(12)• door(15)
Verbcvaknout15collocates• switch(ranked1)• ratchet(2)• firingpin(3)• trigger,(camera)shuber(4)• cigarebelighter(5)• pen(6)• ball-pointpen(9)• doorhandle(10)• lock(12)• beak(13)• lightswitch(15)• heel(16)• scissors(17)• camera(18)• tooth(20)
*withinthecontextof(-3,+3)Cvrček2013
Collocatescvak(OpE)vs.cvaknout(con>nued)
cvak cvaknout
Verbs-Adverbsinvain(8),drily(11),quietly(19)Punctua>on-
Verbsclickpf(cvaknout)(3)hanguppf(7)do/makepf(17)(cf.Hamano1998,-suru)Adverbssuddenly(14)Punctua>on!(16)
Qualita>veexamplesCVAK• Markerforasurprisalmomentin
discourse(!,suddenly)• Typeofsounditselfa) Hereachedoutforthedoor.Cvak!Thevoicesdisappeared.Asthoughhecutoffthemusic.b) Withoutraisinghishead,he
observeshowapoliceofficerlightsupacigarebewithaDupontlighter,cvak,andreturnsitto[his]pocket.
c) [I]threwit[apieceoftar]on
thechimney.Itfellonthemetalroof,didcvakandflewawayintothedark.
CVAKNOUT• Whathappens,howithappensd) Afewhourslaterthedoor
opened,theswitchcvak-ed[turnedon],andtherewaslightinthebathroom.
e) Theycvak-ed[validated]the
>cketsandsatonthelastemptyseats.
f) Hefinallyunderstoodit.[lit.Itfinallycvak-edfor/onhim]
Outline1. AshortoverviewofCzech2. Defini>onofCzechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)3. SomesamplesofCzechOpEs4. Onomatopoeia/Ideophones/mime>csandthe“rest”of
thelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5. Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6. DivisionoflaborbetweenOpEsvs.gramma>calizedforms
ofOpEsinCzechtexts(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7. Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in
Czech8. Interimobserva>ons9. Offshoots:selec>onprocessexistsoneverylevel:from
OpEtoOpE-basedgramma>calforms,OpEsanddiscoursefunc>on!RethinkingdeSaussure’sview
Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs
1. Discourseboundarymarking(surprisalmomentindiscourse–“cli�angermoment”)
2. Repor>ngthatthesitua>onhasimpact(“dummyobjects”)(Fidler2014)
3. Contribu>ngtoamul>-layereddiscoursestructure(Fidler2014)
Keywords(KWs)Wordformsobtainedsta>s>callybycontras>ngwordfrequenciesofatextwithwordfrequenciesofaReferenceCorpus– Significancemeasuredbychi-square,log-likelihoodtests– RankingofKWsbyeffectsize-DifferenceIndex(DIN,FidlerandCvrček2015)=measuresprominenceofKWs
– hbps://kwords.korpus.cz/• wordformsthatoccurinatextmorefrequentlythanexpectedby
chancealone• o�encloselyconnectedtotheoverarchingthemesandgenreofa
textorsetoftexts.(ScobandTribble2006,BakerandEllece2011).• HighlyrankedKWsareexpectedtobelongtothemoststriking
partsofthediscourse
Prominence:AsamplefromKarelČapek’sWaterSprite’sTale
Croakingsoundsoffrogs:kvak,kva,kvá• KWranking• Co-occurrencewithkeyedfiniteverbforms(presumablypartof“complica>ngac>ons”(Labov1972))
TheWaterSprite’sTale(KarelČapek)OpEsrepresen>ngcroakingsounds
(outof99KWs)
ranking keywords Significance(LL) DIN(prominence)
6kvak 111.804 99.99537kvá 36.519 99.99412kva 98.456 99.9819
LL,min.2,siglevel.5allsignificantKWs,RefCorpusSYN2015
--OpEsareveryprominentinthetext
Placeofac>onintextandOpEs(WaterSprite’sTale)
OpEs Finiteac>onverbforms(excluding“tobe”andverbs)ofspeechandasking)
StorylineBeginning end
Themostcri>calmomentinthelastsegmentofthetext
kvakkvákvalamentedimpf
(into)air(mo>on)
(he)didpf
Inmoredetail:discoursefunc>on
“Itwaslikethis.Kvakvakvokoaxfellinlove.HesawPrincessKuakuakunka,andhisheartwasaflame,kvak.Kuakuakunkawasbeau>ful.[…]suchabeauty.”“[….]Kuakuakunkawasbeau>fulandproud.Shejustpuffedupandsaidkvak.Kvakvakvokoaxwasmad[withdesire].Ifyoumarryme,hesaidtoher,Iwillbringandgiveyouwhatyouwishfor.Andsoshesaid:Thenbringmetheblueofthesky,kvak.””Whatdidhedothen??"askedZelinka.”Well,whatcouldhehavedone?Hesatunderthewaterandlamented:Kvakvakvakvá,kvakvakvakvá.Andthenhewantedtotakehisownlife.Thereforehejumpedfromthewaterintotheair,sohewoulddrowninit,kvak.”
Anothersample:TheSHngyBárka(JanWerich)
andOpEbác(aloudhi}ngsound)
Bác–(loudhi}ngsound):ranked1(DIN=100)Hecaughtthethiefwithashovelinhand,how[dare]hetriestorobtheneedy!youbugger!Youvillain!AndKubáttookthefrailandBÁC,BÁC,BÁC!Thethieffell.“Don’tevenmove!”Ofcourse,hedidn’tmove.Thatis,shedidn’tmove.Kubátrecognized,onlywhenhestruckamatchthatitwasnota(male)thief,butafemalethief,anditwasBárkafromtheParish.
OpE,usedasadiscourseboundarymarker
• Theywereinagoodmood,itwasjusthahahaandallofasuddenbácandtheywereroaring:“Nowyouwillspeak!”
• Onceshewasonherwayhomeandprásk,hewasthere.
Outline1. AshortoverviewofCzech2. Defini>onofCzechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)3. SomesamplesofCzechOpEs4. Onomatopoeia/Ideophones/mime>csandthe“rest”of
thelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5. Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6. DivisionoflaborbetweenOpEsvs.gramma>calizedforms
ofOpEsinCzechtexts(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7. Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in
Czech8. Interimobserva>ons9. Offshoots:selec>onprocessexistsoneverylevel:from
OpEtoOpE-basedgramma>calforms,OpEsanddiscoursefunc>on!RethinkingdeSaussure’sview
Interimobserva>ons• Asopposedtogramma>calized(inflected)OpE-basedforms:– OpEsrepresentwhatthesound-mo>on-emo>onislike(vs.whathappens,bymeansofwhatithappens)
• OpEshavediscoursefunc>ons:– Markingprominentpartsoftext– Markingdiscoursechunks(canalsoindicateimpact,createlayersintext)
• OpEsinCzechhavetheirownfunc>onsinlanguage(notrandom,disorganizedformsthatdonotbelongtothelanguagebecausetheydon’tseemtobelongtotheinflec>onalsystem)
Returningto:Cvakvs.cvaknoutOpEsusedasdiscoursemarkers
• Clickingsoundofalock,acamerashuber,clickingheels,turningonaswitch
• Thesearedifferentnaturallyoccurringsounds
--OpEcvakischosentorepresentdifferentsoundsbywayofsharedselectedproper>es;OpEsresembledirectquota>on,which“demonstrates”ratherthandescribes(ClarkandGerrig1990)byhighligh>ngsomespecific(andlimited)aspectsoftheoriginaluberance.
• Turningonalight,photographing,valida>nga>cket,comingtounderstandingsomething
• Differentac>ons,withsoundorwithoutsound
• --alsoalevelofselec>on:cvaknoutischosentorepresentdifferentac>ons(looselyconnectedwiththeclickingsound)
Outline1. AshortoverviewofCzech2. Defini>onofCzechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)3. SomesamplesofCzechOpEs4. Onomatopoeia/Ideophones/mime>csandthe“rest”of
thelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5. Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6. DivisionoflaborbetweenOpEsvs.gramma>calizedforms
ofOpEsinCzechtexts(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7. Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in
Czech8. Interimobserva>ons9. Offshoots:selec>onprocessexistsoneverylevel:from
OpEtoOpE-basedgramma>calforms,OpEsanddiscoursefunc>on!RethinkingdeSaussure’sview
Itispossiblethataselec>onprocessismadeateverystep
• MatchingoftheselectedaspectsofsoundsegmentsofanOpEandnaturallyoccurringsounds-mo>ons-emo>ons
• MatchingofOpE-basedformsandevents• Theseprocessesallseemtoinvolveaselec>onprocess(pickingsharedfeaturesandmatchingwithoneform)
• Suchrepeatedselec>onprocessesarecommensuratewiththe“termite’snest”conceptoftheevolu>onoflanguage– Apabernoflanguageevolu>onakinto“atermite'snest”withouta“masterplan”aslinguis>cformsarerepeatedlyusedincontexts.(Bybee2001)
Soundandmeaningmaybedeeplyembedded
• Saussure’sarbitrarinessofsound-meaningmaybeseenasasnapshot.Itmaysimplyreflectaresultofmul>plyrepeatedselec>onprocesses
Instead,therela>onshipbetweensoundandmeaningmightbeinfactdeeplyembeddedinlanguagebutwedon’tseeitifwetakeasta>csnapshotofthemajorityoflinguis>cforms.• Basicrela>onshipsbetweensoundandmeaning-cf.RecentfindingsbyBlasi,DE.etal.2016poin>nginthisdirec>on:“Sound–meaningassocia>onbiasesevidencedacrossthousandsoflanguages”
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Thankyou!