Emerging Trends in Probiotics Research For Human HealthHariom Yadav and Shalini Jain

Animal Biochemistry DivisionNational Dairy Research InstituteKarnal-132001 (Haryana)INDIA

Probiotics conceptProbiotics are living microorganisms which upon ingestion in sufficient numbers, exert health benefits beyond basic nutrition.Intensive research area in the world..

Probiotics health benefitsElimination of lactose intolerance

Anti-diarrheal

Immunomodulatory

Antidiabetic

Anticarcinogenic

Hypocholesterolemic

Antihypertensive

Probiotics microorganisms Lactic acid producing bacteria Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium Yeast OthersCommercially available products may contain pure and combined cultures of: Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium Streptococcus Pedicococcus Aspergillus BacillusProbitocs consist specific microbial cultures and/ or ingredients that stimulate gut micro flora capable of modifying the gastrointestinal environment which keeps the host healthy

Probiotics attributes Acid tolerance Bile tolerance Cell surface hydrophobicity Protoplast regeneration Antimicrobial activity Cholesterol removal and bile salt deconjugation Gut colonization Lactose removal Protease and aminopeptidase activity

Improvements for survival of probiotics Microincapsulation :Entrapment of micro-organisms with artificial/ biological membranes/ supports/ coverings Prebiotics :Addition of prebiotics such as inulin, fructo-oligosacchrides etc. Other food supplements :Addition of other food additives such as fibres, vitamins etc.Heat from pelleting and long storage of products may render the non viability of the product. For improving the survival of probiotic cultures following practices has been applied.

PrebioticsPrebiotics are non-digestible but fermentable oligosaccharides that are specifically designed to change the composition and activity of the intestinal microbiota with prospect to promote the health of the host.

SynbioticsA synbiotics is a combination of one or more probiotics and prebiotics.

Purported mechanisms of actionBacteriocinBioactive peptidesShort chain fatty acidsNeutralization of dietary carcinogensFree amino acidsOrganic acids-Galactosidase activityOligosaccharidesCholesterol assimilationSurvival and adhesion competitions with pathogenic bacteriaAntioxidantImmunostimulatoryProbiotics

LAPCIgATumorsTh0Th1BIL-2 IFN- Th2Antibody mediated responseCell mediated responseVirusesTGF-IL-4 IL-10 +IL-2 IFN- TNF- IFN- Natural killer cells Macrophages Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes LLLImmune ResponseMIntestinal EpitheliumMicroorganismsBIgG IgM IgE Non-adhesiveAdhesiveM = M cells of intestinal epitheliumL = LymphocytesAPC = Antigen presenting cellsTh = T-helper cellsIL = InterleukinesTGF = Tumour growth factorIFN = InterferonTNF = Tumour necrosis factorIg = Immunoglobulin

Current trends Anticarcinogenic: Colon, breast and others Antidiabetic Anti-allergic Anti-inflammatory Diseases: IBD, Ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, Pouchitis and Post- operative complications Genetically modified probiotics Oral vaccine development

Future perspectives Elucidate the physiological role and mechanism of action probiotics Extent of influence of probiotics in human health using human feeding studies Studies on human populations for colon cancer or cancer recurrence Validate markers used for assessing probiotic function. Testing of predictions based on biomarker studies with actual results in human clinical evaluation is needed. Biomarker validated in the areas of immune system, cancer and gut microbiology is especially important. Once validated biomarkers will be useful tools to assess the dose dependence and strain specific responses. Assess effects of probiotics on populations and activity of gut microbes. The application of gene based methods holds much promise in this field. Improve reliability and ease of taxonomic classification of probiotic bacteria. Improve strain performance and activity.

Institutes Engaged for Probiotics Research in IndiaCentral Food Technology and Research Institute, Mysore

National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal

Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh

National Dairy Development Board, Anand

Nestle Pvt Ltd, Panipat

Eat Probiotics foods, live healthy lifeSo..Eat the good bugs every day.Invite them in..You will find they make very friendly houseguests.