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PRIVATE INVESTIGATOR COURSE

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LESSON EXAMPLE

As you read the following lesson, be prepared to answer these questions:

Question l: Explain in detail why planning is critical in a surveillance assignment

Question 2: Explain the value of information gathering from as many people and vehicles as you can, who might be in contact with the subject during a surveillance operation.

Question 3: Describe what is meant by ‘progressive surveillance’

Question 4: Be able to explain what to do if the subject is suspected of being involved in criminal activity. For instance, if you say “I will call the Police" they will usually back off.

Question 5: Describe the steps you would take if, when following a subject, they enter a lift to an upper level

Question 6: Describe what you would do if, when following a vehicle, the driver turns into a cul-de-sac and stops.

Question 7: Be able to describe how you would dress for surveillance in an industrial area

Question 8: Be able to identify circumstances in a surveillance that would be against the law and unacceptable to do as a Private Investigator

Question 9: In at least 50 words, be able to explain the necessity for secrecy at the conclusion of an assignment

Question 10: Be able to describe the key qualities of a good surveillance operator

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SURVEILLANCE & SURVEILLANCE VEHICLES Your surveillance vehicle is important. Cars and trucks are preferable to vans (because people expect Private Investigators to use vans) and preparing your car or truck properly makes all the difference. Besides getting window tinting, there are other tricks, such as placing a curtain rod behind the seat and obtain a cloth matching the color of your interior, cutting it into two sections so they can be pushed to the sides when not in use. A cardboard sun visor can be used when the vehicle is stationary to deflect light, so that a person can cup their hands over their face against a window and still not see in.

Specialised surveillance vehicles are known variously as 'Mobile Surveillance Platforms' and 'Technical Surveillance Vehicles'. More than likely your activities will be limited to visual surveillance and perhaps electronic tracking. If you do accept surveillance assignments you will quickly discover that taking pictures covertly from any vehicle, van or otherwise is not a particularly simple task. You will find summer temperatures in an enclosed vehicle will quickly become uncomfortable and winter brings with it chilling cold and fogged up windows. Even on a pleasant' day just sitting in an enclosed vehicle for several hours at a time presents its own problems as far as personal comfort is concerned. In addition to planning the operational aspects of an extended surveillance operation it is also important for you to think about your personal comfort needs.

For further reference:

SURVEILLANCE FOR PRIVATE INVESTIGATORS (Video Training Course) By Bill Dear

SECRETS OF SURVEILLANCE A Professional's Guide to Tailing Subject by Vehicle, Foot, Airplane & Public Transportation By: ACM IV Security Services

TACTICAL SURVEILLANCE THE INVESTIGATOR'S BIBLE By Douglas J. Hangmann

PROFESSIONAL'S GUIDE TO CONDUCTING THE SURVEILLANCE By Ralph Thomas

CHOOSING A SURVEILLANCE VEHICLE

1. Choose a Comfortable Vehicle Choose a comfortable vehicle. This is important now more than ever, especially when the trend in the insurance fraud industry is to work more hours for less money. However, DON’T purchase a vehicle on the comfort factor alone.

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2. Select the Right Colour Obviously no flashy colors on your vehicle when conducting surveillance. Landscape colors (brown, tan, green) blend well. Silver is also a good color to consider for a vehicle as well.

TIP: Remove all stickers and license plate frames from the vehicle. Repair any identifiable marks on the vehicle (dents, paint smudges). The idea is to have nothing that some can focus on to identify your vehicle from another vehicle.

3. Choose the Right Size Mid-size vehicles blend in and are easy to maneuver. If you go with a vehicle that is too large (in most cases), you are likely to stand out much more. Another thing to consider is that the larger the vehicle is, the more difficult it will be to park or maneuver during the course of a surveillance.

4. Tinting Windows A 5% tint on all windows provides more flexibility to remain in the front seat of the vehicle while conducting surveillance. Technically, you don’t need any tint on your windows to conduct surveillance. There are two quick ways to black out your windows without spending too much money on tint.

o Buy tape and thin foam padding from a fabric store. Cut the then foam to the size of your window and tape it.

o Buying black construction paper is another quick way to black out your windows. Again just cut it out and tape it.

TIP: It can be tough for some investigators to drive without being able to see out the back windows.

5. Gas Mileage Now more than ever gas mileage is a major factor for Private Investigators around the country. Consider an economical vehicle when possible.

NEW VEHICLES – A new vehicle gives you peace of mind that nothing mechanically is going to happen to the vehicle in the near future; the body and paint of the vehicle will be in excellent condition and it might even get better gas mileage then your previous vehicle. A downside of a new vehicle is the car payment. Additionally after only a few months surveillance the vehicle is depreciated quite a bit due to the miles you place on the vehicle in such a short amount of time.

USED VEHICLES – Many Private Investigators drive around with used vehicles. They are paid off quickly. Downsides are potential problems with the vehicle that are unexpected. Used cars have more of a chance of having paint smudges or small dents on the body that are identifiable. Also avoid purchasing a vehicle that resembles a police car. If you decide on a used vehicle make sure to check consumer reports on the vehicle. Checking reviews on vehicles in new condition can give you some ideas as what is expected in the future with an older used vehicle.

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TYPES OF VEHICLES DELIVERY VANS

As a mobile platform for surveillance, delivery vans are probably the most versatile and effective of all vehicle types as they can be used in a wider variety of situations. Magnetic signs which are readily obtainable at reasonable cost are excellent for 'dressing up' a van and a couple of sets displaying fictitious business names such as 'Does Electrical Service' or 'Mikes Garden Service' should prove useful.

Signs

Computer generated adhesive vinyl lettering (instant signs) can be applied to the rear and side windows of a van. Choose white or bright colours for the letters because light reflecting from the writing makes it that much harder for a curious person to see into the van's interior. Always bear in mind that adhesive vinyl letters are semi-permanent and you should therefore choose the wording carefully. Make sure to leave adequate clear areas in the signs for taking pictures with your camera. Consider ordering the signs with the writing produced in reverse so that the adhesive is on the 'face' side of the letters. This will enable you to apply the sign to the inside of the windows where they will be out of the weather and will not hold drops of rain which could affect your photographs.

A Low Cost “Hide” for a Van

As a beginner in the field of investigation you will almost certainly not have the volume of work to justify the cost of a purpose built surveillance vehicle. There is however much you can do yourself, to construct a low cost 'hide' which can be adapted to fit in just about any vehicle. A collection of small, empty electrical component boxes which can be obtained from an electrical contractor or wholesaler can be glued together and placed in the windows of a van. One centrally located box is purposely left 'unglued' so that it may be removed for visual surveillance or photography. Add a roof rack to the vehicle with a ladder on top and the vehicle will look very like an electrician's work van and not be worth a second glance.

A Packing Case “Hide”

Another approach is to construct a packing case 'hide' which may be transported in the rear of a (hired) utility. The utility with the 'hide' in the rear, can be driven to the target location and left parked with the surveillance operative inside. Such a hide is relatively easy to put together and to store when not in use. This hide has the following features: Reasonably comfortable plastic garden chair for seating, fully lined with cheap carpet to insulate against noise. 12VDC electrical system (car battery) for lighting.

o A red vehicle tail lamp for low level interior lighting.

o A very quiet 'Squirrel Cage' fan mounted under the seat. This fan

draws cool air from under the outside of the packing case. It passes though the interior and is expelled through a small concealed opening on the top of the packing case.

o 4 litre plastic container of drinking water. o 4 litre plastic container for urination. o Holder for mobile phone. o Viewing ports on each of the four sides for photography. o External miniature microphone linked to a small amplifier and

speaker I headphones option.

NOTE: The microphone is not intended for bugging! Its sole purpose is to provide the operator who is somewhat isolated inside the box with some idea of what is happening in the immediate vicinity of the surveillance position.

WORKING FROM A CAR

Urgent Assignments

Working from a car can be very difficult. When taking surveillance photographs you should sit low in the seat (preferably the rear seat). Raise the head rests on the front seats and lower the sun visors. Work with a zoom lens so that you are able to stay as far away from the subject as possible. Use a 'bean bag' or some solid camera support. Watch for and avoid reflections from the windscreen and windows which may otherwise appear on your digital cameras. Wear dark clothing and ensure that your position is not 'back lit' otherwise you may provide the target with a silhouetted view of yourself.

A travel rug or similar bulky item placed on the rear window ledge is useful for blocking light coming in through the rear window and keep a set of the dark coloured, perforated, window shades handy to stick on the windows, (available from any car accessory outlet.) If cost and circumstances permit, work with an investigator of the opposite sex.

Working with a Partner

A couple sitting in a car is likely to arouse less suspicion than one person, especially a male sitting by himself, and one can drive while the other takes photographs if necessary. When sitting in a parked car keep your movements to an absolute minimum because movement can be noticed over a long distance and may draw attention to your position. Consider seeking permission from a resident of a suitably located house, to park in the driveway, if you are sure you will not 'blow' your cover by asking for assistance.

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A Cardboard Box 'Hide' for a Motor Vehicle

Find the largest cardboard box that you are able to squeeze into the rear of the vehicle, a television set carton would be ideal. Cut a 'door' in one side using a trimming knife and cut a three sided flap just large enough for your camera lens in the side which will face the target. Cut a very large hole, in the top of the box where it will not be seen, for ventilation. Crawl, squeeze or whatever your way into the box and take your photographs.

GATHER INFORMATION BY SURVEILLANCE

Surveillance is the systematic observation of persons or places or things to gather information. Surveillance for the purpose of this Lesson is carried out without the knowledge of those under surveillance and is more frequently than not primarily concerned with people. Surveillance can be either Mobile or Static. Mobile surveillance may be conducted on foot or by vehicle depending on the particular circumstances. Static surveillance can be something as simple as sitting in a public place watching 'comings and goings' or as complex as

renting an office or room for a long term surveillance. Surveillance could also involve watching a client's property to apprehend a thief or vandal or being employed in a department store to apprehend a known or suspected 'shoplifter'. While not every private investigator will make a good surveillance operator it is important for the surveillance operator to be a competent investigator. Surveillance work is stressful, complex and frequently involves long hours of duty which can place pressure on relationships with family and friends. It follows therefore that some people are better disposed towards work of this nature than others. Successful surveillance requires the following:

o Careful planning. o Coordination. o Strict adherence to procedures. o Dedication to the task. o Precise timing. o Immense patience. o And sometimes a lot of luck!

A breakdown in any one of these components can mean failure for the entire operation!

QUALITIES OF A GOOD SURVEILLANCE OPERATOR The good surveillance operator will possess the ability to stick to a plan but be able to adapt to quickly changing circumstances, a person who notes all details and remembers them. He/she will never take anything for granted, and will be a competent defensive driver. The good operator is the investigator who

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is patient, able to cope with stress and act positively and effectively even after long hours of inactivity and boredom.

DEFINITIONS OPERATOR - The Private Investigator involved in the surveillance operation. (In police parlance ‘Surveillance operators' are called 'Dogs'). SUBJECT - The subject or target of the surveillance operation. CONTACT- Any person who makes contact with the subject. BURNED - The operator has been discovered by the subject. STATIC/FIXED - Surveillance from a fixed position; includes observation from a room or parked vehicle. MOBILE - Surveillance conducted on foot or by vehicle.

TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE

1. Mobile surveillance may be conducted on foot or by vehicle, or it may be a combination of the two, invariably depending on the subject's movements, over which you will have no control, and the subject will therefore always 'call the tune' in this regard.

2. Static surveillance is used when it is

reasonably certain that the subject will be located at a particular place, or when all the necessary information can be gathered at a single location.

PLANNING FACTORS AND PREPARATION

Good planning is absolutely essential for any surveillance operation. Surveillance planning will cover the many variables and contingencies over which the operator will have little or no control. Careful planning will ensure that all anticipated contingencies have been considered and resolved PRIOR to the commencement of the surveillance operation. The plan should be developed by carefully considering instructions and information from the client, your own background inquiries, and reconnaissance.

It is important for the surveillance operator to plan an alternate course of action based on 'what if questions to facilitate a smooth response to unexpected action on the part of the subject or other contingencies over which the operator has little or no control.

INFORMATION ON THE SUBJECT Upon acceptance of a surveillance assignment, all available information on the subject should be gathered. The first step in planning the assignment is thorough research. The investigator / surveillance operator must endeavour to develop an intimate knowledge of the subject and the nature of the

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operation before the actual surveillance operation commences. Compile detailed information on the following:

The Person

What kind of person is the subject? Is he/she confident or nervous? Careful or careless, sharp or slow. Will he/she be expecting surveillance? Has he/she been the subject of a previous surveillance operation? It is important to obtain answers to these questions because knowing as much as possible about the subject's personal attitudes and responses will assist in anticipating his or her moves and behaviour.

Photographs

Obtain as many photographs of the subject as possible. Wherever possible the surveillance operator/s should try to have a look at the subject in person. An opportunity to view the subject can often be achieved by watching his/her place of employment at opening or closing times. Your client may be able to provide this sort of information.

o Vehicle and full details of the subject's vehicle/s. o Friends and Associates

Full details of the subject's friends and associates, their vehicles etc. Should a particular friend or associate be expected to appear with the subject during surveillance every effort should be made to have a look at him/her in person.

The Place

Where the subject is a place or thing rather than a person there is specific research and planning which must be undertaken. Examples of surveillance of a place by investigators are as follows: When engaged by a town planning authority to report on the impact of the proposed establishment of a controversial type of business in respect to vehicle and pedestrian movements. To report on overcrowding at an entertainment venue or to investigate reports of underage persons frequenting an adult establishment.

Kind of Place

What kind of place is it? All features of the place must be considered. Entrances and exits. Infrequently used fire escape and side doors, 'staff only' doors. Obtain floor plans if available. Vantage points for surveillance should be identified and arranged.

Locality

It may be necessary to obtain details of surrounding streets, one way streets, bus stops, nearby arcades and lanes, and the variation in traffic conditions at certain times of the day and night. In a business or residential area? Located near a school, shopping centre etc?

The General Atmosphere of the Locality

If the operator is to follow the subject on foot it will be important to understand the nature of area in which he/she will be working. The operator must be able to 'blend' in with the people who live and work in the area. Every effort should be made to learn about the type of people who frequent the locality.

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Timing

When is the surveillance assignment to be conducted? Usually timing is critical to the success of the operation.

ACTION PLAN CHECK LIST Surveillance Type

o Mobile. o Foot. o Static, from pre-arranged vantage point. o Observation only. o Photographic. o Video.

Subject, Target or Place

o Full description and details of subject or place. o Subject's temperament, habits and routines. o Address details. o Telephone numbers: - Subject. (Work, home, other, mobile, pager). o Telephone numbers: - Special friend or associate.

Action Plan

o Briefing for all persons involved in the operation. o Time and place of surveillance. o Information relating to the operation as provided by client. o Photographs, plans, sketches. o Pre-planning outcomes. o Alternative plans of action. o Radio call signs. o Telephone Numbers of team members. Key the numbers into your mobile telephone. o Hand Signals and Codes for close quarter communication. o Client's contact details. (Obtain ALL methods of contact for the client).

CONDUCTING RECONNAISSANCE Prior to commencing the surveillance operation background inquiries are conducted based on the information provided by the client. A thorough ('low key' and cautious) reconnaissance is conducted of the area in which the surveillance will be conducted to determine any local factors that may affect the operation. In particular notes and observations will be made on the following:

o The type and character of the neighbourhood or place where the subject resides or frequents.

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o Location and number of entrances/exits to subject's place where they are expected to be found. o Surveillance vantage points.

Team Members

When the surveillance is a team operation it is important to encourage open and frank discussion during the planning process. Discussion of this nature assists in clarifying points in the plan to the benefit of all concerned. The overall plan will be enhanced considerably through the contributions offered by team members as they share their experience, ideas and concerns, with other members of the group. In team situations, communication between members is vital and enables a coordinated surveillance effort. All members of the surveillance effort

should be kept informed of events as regularly and frequently.

SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT CHECK LIST There are no set equipment requirements for a surveillance operation and the equipment list will be developed to suit the particular operation. The following checklist will assist in planning the operation:-

Communications

o Mobile Phones, charger and spare batteries. o Portable 2 way radios (consider hiring) charger and spare batteries.

Locality

o Current Street Directory. o Special area considerations: 1 way streets, parking availability, restrictions etc. o Building Plans, sketches showing doorways. o Lighting and other considerations.

Record Keeping

o Notebook/smartphone/tablet o Tape recorder and spare batteries. o Video-recorder

Equipment

o Surveillance Vehicle. o Surveillance 'Hide'. o Static observation point (room, doorway, inside shop window etc.). o Camera equipment and spare batteries. o Video Camera and spare batteries. o Binoculars. o Watch. o 2 x Torches with spare bulbs and batteries.

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Equipment Check

It is important to check and recheck your equipment BEFORE commencing the operation. Ensure that digital cameras is loaded correctly and is winding through the camera. Make certain that all battery operated devices are working properly and that you have plenty of spares. Ensure vehicle fuel tanks have been filled, and the batteries for battery operated equipment are new (if dry batteries), or fully charged. Never commence an operation with partly used dry cell OR unreliable NiCad batteries.

PERSONAL REQUIREMENT CHECK LIST Adequate cash to cover expenses must be considered during the planning stage. Surveillance operators should always carry enough loose change to pay for a cab, bus, and tram or train fare.

o Cash and credit cards o Driver's License. o Private Investigator's Licence. o Business Cards and ‘generic’ business cards o Emergency contact information, (in the event of injuries). o Cover Identification in accordance with 'Cover story'. o Newspaper or magazine to read as cover when close to the subject. o Snack foods, sandwiches, water or other beverage (not alcohol). o Toiletries including comfort eye drops and sunscreen. o Water and empty plastic container for urination.

Clothing for Surveillance

o Clothing as generally worn in area. o Change of clothing (totally different to above). o Jacket. (Reversible to change appearance). o Change of clothing. (For restaurant or hotel etc.). o Cap or hat. o Sunglasses. o Overcoat or raincoat and/or umbrella o 'Tourist' style accessories. o Cotton blanket. (It can get very cold sitting in a car or other

places for long periods of time!).

Note: Avoid conspicuous jewellery, watches etc. The item may be noticed and remembered by the subject even if the operator changes clothes to alter appearance.

SURVEILLANCE METHODS Four basic methods are used in surveillance: • Loose. • Close. • Combination of loose and close. • Progressive.

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Loose Surveillance

During a loose surveillance, the subject is not kept under constant observation. This method is used when the information sought can be obtained from a particular facet of the subject's activities, for example, by leaving their place of employment at the close of business and going to a particular place.

Close Surveillance

Close surveillance is employed when there is no information available on the subject’s movements and constant surveillance is the only way to conduct the assignment.

Combination of Loose and Close Surveillance

Under certain circumstances, operators may find cause to move from a loose to a close surveillance and vice-versa, as a result of an act or a contact by the subject.

Progressive Surveillance

The subject is observed during a particular phase in his daily routine, or for a specific period of time on one day and cut-off point recorded. The next day, the surveillance is picked up at the previous day’s cut-off point. This process is repeated until the subject's activity has been thoroughly covered and is

particularly useful where it is suspected that the subject will be anticipating surveillance and may be taking positive steps to avoid being followed.

SURVEILLANCE PROCEDURES Following a person can be a very difficult procedure. Generally speaking, for any surveillance operation, the greater the number of operators involved the greater the chance of success. It is an unfortunate fact of life that surveillance costs money and the private investigator will rarely work in an operation with more than one other surveillant, unless the operation is of considerable importance and the client is prepared to fund a more extensive operation.

Foot Surveillance Using a Single Operator

Conducting foot surveillance with only one operator involves a 'one on one' situation between the operator and the subject. This type following can be a difficult task and the risk of detection or failure is high. Wherever possible the single operator approach should be avoided unless the subject is expected to remain in one place for an extended period of time. When the single operator situation is unavoidable, the following procedures will prove helpful:

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o Street and pedestrian traffic should determine whether or not the operator walks on the same

side of the street as the subject. o If the subject turns a corner, the operator on the same side of the street can continue across the

intersection and take up a position on the opposite footpath. o If the operator is already on the opposite side, he can cross at the intersection to the same side

as the subject. The important factor in these situations is to keep close enough to observe and be able to react to any sudden moves by the subject without drawing attention.

Foot Surveillance Using Two Operators

Two operators following one subject permits much greater flexibility and lessens considerably the risk of losing the subject or being burned. While pedestrian traffic in the immediate vicinity will dictate the manner in which the operators work, the following procedures are standard for a two operator operation:

o One operator should stay close to and behind the subject while the other lags somewhat further behind or walks on the opposite footpath. The operator who is further away is also responsible for detecting counter-surveillance efforts.

o If both operators trail behind the subject they should alternate their positions frequently to break up the following routine.

o If the subject turns a corner, the nearest operator should continue across the intersection while the second operator moves up behind the subject. This manoeuvre applies whether the second operator is already on the same side of the street as the subject or not.

Foot Surveillance Using Three Operators

Three operators following one subject offers even greater flexibility and insurance against detection. There is the added advantage that if one of the operators must drop out, for whatever reason, there are still two operators in place. Under normal pedestrian traffic conditions, two of the operators should walk one by one behind the subject while another walks slightly ahead on the opposite footpath. This third operator can anticipate corners and intersections and act accordingly before the subject even reaches them. Some basic moves for the three operator team are as follows:

o The three operators should exchange positions frequently. o When turning corners the first operator should cross the intersection while the second operator

moves up to take his place and the third operator moves to fall behind the second operator.

The key to the success of these movements are surveillance operators who know what to do, who can anticipate the subject's movements, who have practised these tactics beforehand, and who are in constant communication with each other. Of course, while operators are engaged in their tactics, the subject will probably have a few of his or her own as counter-measures. If the subject is naturally suspicious or has reason to expect surveillance, he/she may try a few evasive tactics in an effort to 'shake off any surveillance operator who may be following.

COUNTER-SURVEILLANCE ACTION An operator should always be prepared for the subject to suddenly take some form of evasive action or counter-surveillance measure. The following are techniques used to counter surveillance. The subject may:

o Simply look around. o Stop at shop windows to study the reflections of people behind him. o Employ erratic walking patterns (slow / speed up / stop / speed up etc.) in an endeavour to

catch-out a person trying to keep pace with him or her. o Turn around a corner at the last moment and then stop to see who follows. o Suddenly board a bus and get off at the next stop or board a bus and then step off again at the

last moment. o Take a taxi, drive around the block and return to the pickup point. o Enter a building, then leave immediately through another exit, or turn and leave by the entry. o Enter a building and stand just inside the doorway to see who follows. o Enter a lift and quickly alight as the door is closing. o Ride up an escalator backwards. o Accidentally drop a piece of note paper then watch to see if someone picks it up. o Stop and talk to a total stranger and then watch to see if anyone else subsequently talks to the

person.

COUNTERING EVASIVE TACTICS BY THE SUBJECT The following are some suggested countermeasures which can be taken by the surveillance operator for special situations:

Small Shops

The subject suddenly enters a small shop such as a news agency or delicatessen: The operators should not follow but rather take up positions where they are least noticeable and have a view of the entrance.

Shopping Centre

The subject enters a shopping centre, department store or larger building with many exits: The team should follow, changing positions as they go. If the building is so large that the subject could be easily lost, one operator should remain at ground floor level to cover as many exits as possible.

Lifts / Elevators

The subject enters a lift: One operator should follow the subject into the lift and if possible indicate the subject's floor number to the second operator who waits for another lift and proceeds to that floor, while the third operator stays in the lobby as a lookout. The first operator should press the next higher floor button to the subject's floor if there is another level and then return to the subjects level by the stairs or the lift. (Be careful when choosing to use the stairs. Due to fire regulations it is always possible to enter the stairwell and proceed to ground level but it is not always possible to enter another floor above ground level from the stair well, or even re-enter the floor you have just left. With the door held open check the handle on the stairwell side. If it retracts the bolt on that door possibly all doors will be configured in the same way). If the chance of detection

is too great, the operator may decide not to enter the same lift as the subject and the moves described will have to be modified to fit the situation.

Restaurants

Public Transport

The subject enters a restaurant: One of the operators should follow, with the others taking up discrete positions nearby. The operator who enters the restaurant should select a table out of the subject's view. The operator should order only a small quantity of food or drink, something that will be served quickly, like a coffee and a piece of cake and pay the waiter while at the table, or alternatively sort out the exact payment and be ready to pay the bill immediately should the subject suddenly leave the restaurant.

The subject boards a bus, train etc: This is a situation where vehicle and foot procedures can and should be combined. If possible, a vehicle should be ready in anticipation of such a move. A knowledge of routes and timetables would be helpful. One should try to board the bus with the subject and take a seat further down the aisle.

Taxis

Entertainment

The subject takes a taxi: Unless there is a vehicle or another taxi available the subject may get away. The operator should make a note of the Taxi Company, the fleet and registration number of the taxi, and the time and place of the pick up for a later (discrete) inquiry at the taxi company.

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The subject enters a crowded entertainment venue: (picture theatre, sports oval, hotel) all operators should follow, noting exits and anticipating the subject's moves. Operators should be prepared to pay the price of admission. Avoid alcohol if possible while working (There will of course be occasions where there will be no alternative but to have a drink). A glass of dry ginger ale will pass for a beer and will keep your head clear for the surveillance operation. Otherwise keep to low alcohol beer.

Hotels / Motels

Should the subject book into a hotel, an operator should follow the subject to the registration desk and by watching and listening to proceedings, endeavour to ascertain the subject's room allocation. Make a general inquiry about the hotel, you could ask the receptionist about 'special weekend packages' or similar so that you have a reason to be at reception. As an alternative, take the lift with the subject and

endeavour to note his or her room number. It is likely in the circumstances that the subject may meet with a friend or associate and the operator should compile descriptions of any contacts (with photographs, if possible), times and dates, and if a meeting takes place in a bar or other public area of the hotel, a description of what occurred if possible. Only a well-coordinated surveillance team can react to these moves without being detected. A subject who is very concerned about being followed may not bother with any of these strategies. He/she may arrange for a friend or associate to follow him or her on foot or by vehicle to ascertain if anyone is following. The subject may ask friendly neighbours to let him or her know if someone asks questions or if they notice any unusual activities.

BEING DISCOVERED OR 'BURNED' BY THE SUBJECT It WILL happen, even in an operation having access to all necessary resources, that a surveillance operator will be 'burned'. If the operator has followed all plans and contingencies, it is important not to dwell on mistakes and misfortunes, as there are so many variables in a following operation that failure is inevitable from time to time.

Don't make the mistake of automatically assuming you have been burned just because the subject looks at you or appears to be looking in your direction. You will discover, particularly when using a zoom lens or binoculars, that a subject may appear to be looking directly at you, or

towards your position, when in actual fact you have not even been noticed. In these situations act normally and carefully monitor the subject’s movements. There will usually be subtle changes in the subject's composure or other indications which will help you to decide whether or not you have been discovered.

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WHEN CONFRONTED BY THE SUBJECT In the event of a confrontation the operator should respond as follows:

o Remain calm and admit nothing.

Display surprise and innocence and stick to the pre-arranged cover story. It could well be that the subject is bluffing and is 'testing you'. The subject may not really be certain that he/she was being followed. If the situation appears to be escalating, maintain your innocent act, calmly tell the subject to stop annoying you and slowly walk away in the direction that you were proceeding. Use words like:

o 'I have never seen you before in my life and I certainly haven't been following you'. o 'I don't know you, or anything about you'. o 'I'm too busy to play silly games'. o 'If you don't stop annoying me I will call the police'.

o If accosted by the subject the operator should still take his or her time in leaving the area. Don't

look guilty and hurry away. o If the subject becomes really persistent call the police. This action is usually quite effective for

stopping the subject from bothering you further. o If threatened with, or in fear of physical harm, remain in or head towards a well-populated area.

If the situation is very serious attract the attention of passersby. o If positively burned the operator should NOT contact other team members. He/she should stick

to a prearranged signal to let other team members know that he/she has been burned and leave it at that.

o If safe to do so continue in the same direction as before and leave the area as though you are in no hurry to go anywhere.

o Upon leaving the area the operator should not immediately return to the office or go home. The subject or a friend might be following.

MOBILE SURVEILLANCE

Foot surveillance and mobile surveillance have several things in common. They are both types of moving surveillance, they both demand alertness to sudden moves by the subject, good timing and coordination. Vehicular surveillance does have its own set of problems, however. There is less room to manoeuvre, problems with traffic, and a greater risk of detection. Wherever possible, surveillance operators should be familiar with the target area. Being familiar with the area will permit accurate assessment

of the way the surveillance will be conducted, the number and kinds of vehicles or persons to be used.

Operators should dress so as to 'fit in' with the surroundings and vehicles should be 'ordinary' and free from distinctive markings. Good, reliable communications are essential. The number of operatives, or vehicles used should be determined on a case by case basis and clients must be made aware that for a surveillance operation to be successful more than one operative may well be required. A reasonable rule to follow is that in city and suburban areas a minimum of two or more operators and vehicles may be required in small and in outer or country areas one or more. The first step therefore in the execution of a mobile surveillance is in the preparation of the vehicle to be used and the following important aspects

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must be considered: o It must be in good running order and completely reliable. o Currently licensed and insured. o Free of any defect which would bring it to the notice of police. o The fuel tank full. o The driver 1 operator must be fully acquainted with the vehicle, its capabilities and response. o It should not stand out from other similar 'ordinary' vehicles on the road. o It should be fitted out with all items necessary for the operation as per the check list. It should

contain all the necessary surveillance equipment plus those personal items which will add to the comfort and convenience of the operators.

Older Vehicles in Surveillance Operations

An older vehicle used for mobile surveillance is less likely to be noticed by the subject than a new European model. Many cities have rental companies hiring out older cars, in good mechanical condition. Some used car dealers are quite happy to rent a car or van from the sales yard for a short period of time. Hire charges for older vehicles are usually a lot less than for late model vehicles.

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Street Directories, Maps and Sketches

The next step is to become familiar with Google Maps on your smartphone or tablet. Another method of accessing maps is using a portable GPS system that plugs into to your vehicle. Before you key in the location, have the following information at hand:

o Street names in the likely area of operation. o Any special specific traffic regulations applicable to the area. o Directions of travel. Access ways to bridges and freeways (nearest on and off ramps).

o Peak traffic hours. o Parking availability. o Temporary detours and road works. o Dead ends and cul-de-sacs. o One way streets. o Short cuts. o Laneways etc.

The Subject's Vehicle

The final phase of preparation deals with the subject's vehicle. Operators should learn as much as possible about the subject's vehicle and about the subject as a driver including the way he/she manages a vehicle. They should be well acquainted with the make of the vehicle, its colour and full description, right down to dents and scratches which assist in identifying it. Particular attention should be paid to the following:

o Do the head, rear, brake, registration plate, and indicator lamps all operate correctly? (A faulty rear lamp can make the vehicle easier to follow at night).

o Vehicle qualities. Is it powerful, responsive, sluggish, noisy, smoky etc? o Usual parking place/s (At work, at hotels, when visiting friends. Important to assist in re-locating

the vehicle if lost during surveillance) As with foot surveillance, the multiple vehicle approach is preferred over a single vehicle. Wherever possible each vehicle should carry two operators, one to drive while the other observes, and where there are two or more vehicles involved, to handle communications, and to conduct foot surveillance if necessary.

MOBILE VEHICULAR SURVEILLANCE TECHNIQUES While there are a number of different ways to conduct a mobile surveillance, one of the best which is sometimes called the 'stacked' method utilises two or more vehicles or persons who follow behind the subject. This system allows for greater flexibility and continuous observations as compared to the 'parallel' version. A description of the various techniques follows:

One Surveillance Vehicle Routine

The following procedures are useful when there is only one surveillance vehicle in operation:

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o The surveillance vehicle should remain behind the subject vehicle at all times. The density of

traffic, appearance of the vehicle, and the ability to anticipate or read the subject's moves will determine the best operating distance to maintain.

o Where there are two operators in the vehicle the passenger should sit low down in the rear seat or lie on the seat, so that it will appear to the subject that there is only one person in the vehicle. (Two men in a car are frequently mistaken for police officers by other drivers).

o Wherever possible operators should not permit more than two vehicles to come between themselves and the subject vehicle.

o To minimise the possibility of detection the operator should drive to the left rear of the subject. o Headlights on low beam at night. o In low density traffic, on deserted streets or country roads the operator should let the subject run

a reasonable distance ahead. o Knowledge of or anticipating the subject's likely destination will be most helpful when letting the

subject run ahead. o Should the subject stop and leave the vehicle, the passenger operator should be dropped off to

follow on foot. Unless the operators can stop without drawing attention they should move past the subject to a point where they can initiate the foot surveillance.

o A pick up point should be established for the operator on foot so that no time is lost when the subject drives away.

Two Surveillance Vehicles Routine

There are three techniques which can be taken when two surveillance vehicles are utilised:

1. Two Vehicles Following

Both cars follow and 'stack up' behind the subject, one behind the other. The second car should be ready to move up and take over the lead should the first one have to stop, or if it is obstructed for any reason. To minimise detection both vehicles should engage in frequent changes of the lead position. There must not be any acknowledgment, contact or connection between the two operators which could be noticed by the subject.

2. Running Parallel Technique

This technique which requires operators to have good local knowledge is most effective in light traffic. One vehicle closely follows the subject while the other runs on a parallel street, slightly ahead, to anticipate the subject's moves through intersections. Since the surveillance cars cannot see each other, radio or mobile phone communications are essential. The surveillance vehicles should swap positions as frequently as possible. Where streets are not laid out on a parallel 'grid' system this technique can be very difficult to manage.

3. 'One Forward and One Behind' Technique

Also known as the sandwich'. The subject is allowed to run between the two surveillance cars, one in front and the other behind. This method is useful in heavy traffic situations. The following vehicle keeps the lead car informed of the subject's road position, speed etc. The surveillance vehicles should change places occasionally when possible to do so.

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Three Surveillance Vehicle Routine.

o Two Vehicles Following and One Parallel - In this method two vehicles follow the subject while

the third runs on a parallel street. o One Vehicle Following and Two parallel - Two vehicles run on parallel streets on either side of

the subject while the third one follows. o One Forward and Two Behind - One vehicle runs on the same street in front of the subject while

the other two vehicles follow.

EVASIVE 'COUNTER-SURVEILLANCE' ACTION BY A SUBJECT DRIVING A VEHICLE Operators should always be prepared for the subject who suddenly takes some form of evasive or counter-surveillance action. The following are common techniques employed. The subject may without warning:

o Turn into a laneway or a No Through road. o Proceed through an amber or red light at an

intersection. o Drive into a car park, then leave immediately, or

park for a short time. o Make a sudden U-turn. o Use a driver who will drop the subject off at a blind corner. o Simply pull over and park to see what action other drivers take. o Leave the motorway and then rejoin it at the next 'On ramp'. o Proceed at maximum permitted speed along a motorway or faster and then come to a sudden

stop just past an 'off ramp'. The subject will then reverse back to the 'off ramp' and leave the freeway.

o Park in a shopping centre car park, enter a shop and leave by another door, continuing to his or her destination on foot or by taxi or other vehicle (the subject may have arranged to meet someone at the shopping centre with the view of going to another location together using one vehicle).

o Reverse against the flow of traffic along a one way street. Suddenly pull into the driveway of a randomly selected house to see what action following drivers take. Such strategies can be countered to a certain degree by operators who are alert, know the area well, and are able anticipate the subject's moves.

There is one final point to be made about avoiding counter-surveillance measures in a vehicular operation. Nothing is more vulnerable to detection than a surveillance vehicle that is parked. Nothing is more obvious than two persons sitting in a parked car for hours without apparent purpose. In such situations one of the operators should leave the car and take up a position where He/she can quickly move back to the vehicle when necessary. On quiet and deserted streets, surveillance vehicles should be moved from the immediate area while a static point operator keeps them in touch with what is happening.

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Should the subject make an illegal move, such as driving through a red light or make an illegal 'U' turn, do not do the same. On no account break the law. No matter how much you are being paid for the assignment it is not worth losing your driver's licence. Should an accident occur where a person is hurt or property is damaged because of unlawful actions on your part, you will almost certainly be charged with an offence, and could also be liable for costly damages. Another consideration is that your action will be apparent to the subject and raise his or her level of suspicion. If you lose the subject in these circumstances do your best to relocate him or drop surveillance for the day.

FIXED OR STATIC SURVEILLANCE In a static surveillance, it is the subject person, place or thing that remains stationary. While the operator may find it necessary to occasionally move for better observations, he/she should endeavour to find a position from which as many angles as possible can be covered and at the same time maintain continuous surveillance. For this reason, it may be necessary for the operator to assume a role that will not attract undue attention. The use of disguised vans and trucks as observation or communication posts should be considered and in extended periods of surveillance, arrangements should also be made to provide relief for the operators. Reliable communications are vital.

The decision to set up a static point surveillance can arise from several types of situations. There may be need to watch a client's premises because of an anticipated unlawful entry. There may be need to observe a building which has been connected to suspected insurance fraud; or the residence of a subject or target. As always, the operation begins with careful planning and preparation.

Fixed or Static surveillance doesn't necessarily mean conducting observation from a room or building. It can just as easily be observations from a parked van or other vehicle. Static point operators preparing for an assignment should acquaint themselves with the following points:

o The subject area, buildings and landmarks. o The people who live or work in the area, usual visitors, and tradesmen, etc. o Specifics about the location, its entrances, and its access to other buildings and to the street. o Best vantage points from which to view the area.

CONCLUSION OF THE SURVEILLANCE OPERATION The primary purpose of the surveillance was to gather information in accordance with the client's instructions or requirements and if everything has gone according to plan the results will have accomplished this objective. Once in a while a surveillance operation will produce results far above expectations which will delight both you and your client! Regardless of the results of the operation, there are certain 'wind-up' procedures which the

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surveillance operator or team should be aware of and adhere to.

Even if the operation is a failure, with nothing achieved, the following procedures are important:

1. Maintain Your Cover Story

The conclusion of the surveillance operation is no place for show and tell' to someone who has assisted the operation by permitting you to park a surveillance vehicle in a certain place, etc., no matter how appreciative you are, or friendly you have become, with that person. For reasons of personal safety, and to protect future surveillance efforts, all operators should maintain their cover until they leave the surveillance location.

2. Observe Secrecy

Protect the secrecy of information sources or assistance which have been provided to you. Even long after the surveillance has been concluded, your sources may continue to live or work in the area. To expose these sources carelessly or needlessly at the end of an operation not only endangers them personally, but also compromises the effectiveness of the team on future surveillance jobs. You may find that a 'door' which was freely opened to you is now 'closed' forever.

3. Keep the Subject in The Dark

Whether or not surveillance operator or team has achieved the objective, the subject of a surveillance should know nothing about the operation. This is critical for long range efforts as well as for future operations which might involve the same subject.

4. Observe Proper Timing In Closing Down The Operation.

Operators should move out as quickly as possible to minimise the danger of being discovered. Street operators, especially those closest to the subject, should leave first.

5. Leave As You Came.

Surveillance teams should take the same care in leaving an area as they used in entering it. Static surveillance operators should remove equipment in the same way as they brought it in, undercover!

6. Leave No Loose Ends.

Operators who have taken on jobs should give notice and excuses consistent with their cover stories.

7. Pay the Rent

Rent or leases should be paid and nothing incriminating should be left behind!

8. Clean Up Your Rubbish!

Take way unwanted notes, food wrappers, drink containers, cigarette butts etc. When conducting surveillance in the street don't empty an ashtray in the gutter outside someone's home. Your Tutor knows of one important surveillance operation which was brought horribly undone by the operator who littered the roadway outside a house with numerous cigarette butts and was severely taken to task by the housewife!

9. Conduct a Debriefing Session

At the completion of the assignment all members of the team including non 'field' participants should hold a debriefing session where all aspects of the operation are reviewed. This is the time for frankness, honesty and constructive criticism, where mistakes are aired and analysed. Questions such as 'what if we had tried this (different) approach?' are raised and discussed. Never underestimate the value of a debriefing session and the potentially good influence that it will have on future operations. Even if you are a single operator, take the time to sit down quietly and review the assignment from beginning to end.

Debriefing questions:

o What could have been done a different or better way? o Did the subject become aware of the surveillance effort?

§ How did this occur? § How could this have been avoided?

o Should I have sought the assistance of another investigator? o Was the equipment adequate to cover the operation? o Did any equipment fail because of inadequate preparation? o Should additional items be obtained for the next assignment? o Should I have hired a certain item of equipment? o Did I have the right / adequate digital cameras for the job? o Was it a mistake to seek assistance/not to seek assistance from someone? (Place to park, etc) o Was planning and preparation adequate for the assignment? o Were we adequately informed about the assignment? o Did we know enough about the subject and the subject’s vehicle? o Were communications adequate? o Were personal comfort preparations adequate?

INTELLIGENCE Another word for the information that you have obtained is 'intelligence' Intelligence is the life blood for the Private Investigator and needs to be as accurate as possible so that the Private Investigator can successfully 'solve the case'. Intelligence is graded as to its reliability. The higher the grade then the more accurate the intelligence will be. There are a number of processes that the information goes through before it becomes 'reliable intelligence'. The analysis of intelligence is a complicated art and is a big part in many National Police Departments.

Some of the processes are:

o Gathered o Graded o Collate o Analysed o Disseminated

REPORTING THE RESULTS The final part of the operation involves the careful collation of information from notes; processing evidential digital photos; preparing working copies of video tapes, transcribing any tape recorded (oral) notes and report preparation.

All evidence and documents are collated in an orderly manner. o Photographic exhibits are prepared. o Working copies of video tapes are prepared. o The client is advised of the result of the investigation in accordance with your initial instructions

and contract with the client. o An assessment is made of the requirement and process for notifying authorities of pertinent

findings to comply with legal obligations. Is there a statutory requirement for you to inform an authority? If for example you have discovered that a crime has been committed there will almost certainly be an obligation for you to inform the police.

o A report is prepared in accordance with the client's instructions, together with a covering letter.

Submit an account for services rendered.