Privacy and social intelligibility
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Contemporary Research in Human
Computer Interaction
Winter 2010
Privacy and Social Intelligibility
Dr. Eran Toch
Second Workshop on Intelligibility and Control in Pervasive Computing
June 2012
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Social Intelligibility
In social intelligibility, the application provides intelligible context to the user’s social relations.
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‣ Let’s introduce Careless Contexts.
‣ A hypothetical social contexts applications.
‣ It is intelligible,
‣ But somewhat careless.
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‣ Clicking on “Why?”, explains the availability with:
‣ Location
‣ Sound activity
‣ Sharing rules
‣ Motion
‣ Schedule4
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Agenda
1. Properties of social intelligibility
2. Privacy tensions
3. Conclusions
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(1) Properties of social intelligibility
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Intelligibility in Social Context
‣ Many situations in social applications are uncertain:
‣ Is it a good time to call someone? To email?
‣ Did a friend received my message?
‣ Does a Facebook friend sees my status in her feed?
‣ Technically, social intelligibility can reduce this uncertainty in these situations. 7
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Social Intelligibility
Explanations about the primary user are provided to the secondary users, regarding:
‣ Sensor information (e.g., context, messages)
‣ Inference processes (e.g., certainty, algorithms)
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Unrestricted Driving
9Janne Lindqvist and Jason Hong. Undistracted Driving: A Mobile Phone that Doesn’t Distract, in HotMobile 2011
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(2) Privacy tensions in Social
Intelligibility
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Theoretical Framework
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Utility• Uncertai
nty reduction
• Signaling theory
Privacy• Boundar
y regulation
• Contextual integrity
Insights from a qualitative study (n=10)
B. Lim, E. Toch, O. Rave, and A. Anind. Intelligibility vs. privacy: Investigating attitudes towards sharing intelligible contexts in a context-aware application (2012), Unpublished
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Reducing uncertainty will change the way applications are used.
P9: If everybody had this application, it would be great. I would not need to put my phone on silent and miss important calls.
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The process is dialectic. People’s expectations of other people will
change
P1: In a meeting without the [intelligibility] technology, I would not answer a call. But if my mother would call, and the technology is on, then surly there is a good reason, and I would answer.
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Intelligibility can be used as an honest signal to note and to
establish trust
P2: I have a boyfriend, for many years, and there is a lot of openness between us, I don't have anything to hide from him, and he does not have anything to hide from me, that’s why I want to share [these contexts]… I want to show him that.
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Boundary Regulation
Altman (1975): “privacy is a boundary regulation process whereby people optimize their accessibility along a spectrum of ‘openness’ and ‘closeness’ depending on context”
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I. Altman, The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, Crowding. Brooks/Cole, 1975.
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Can intelligibility provide effective control to users? Would
it enable them to lie?
P9: Its too much information to be shared. Its impossible to lie with that much information.
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Can intelligibility maintain users’ contextual integrity?
P10: I do not want other people to know how I filter the information. If I have two colleagues: one knows only that I am in a meeting, and the other knows in which meeting I was… I do not want this information to be transparent.
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(3) Conclusions
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Trust and Privacy
‣ Establishing trust is one of the unique qualities of intelligibility.
‣ Because intelligibility is automated, it is uniquely posed to establish trust between users.
‣ But as a by product of the automation, it is much more difficult for users to manage their boundary regulation.
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What do we need?
‣ User studies: to understand people’s concerns, approaches, and behaviors.
‣ New systems: to introduce new ideas and new challenges.
‣ Control mechanisms: to help users balance privacy and utility.
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Dr. Eran Toch
Thank you!
More info at:
http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~eran/
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Signaling Theory
Zahavi proposed the “Handicap Principle”: ...[F]or every message there is an optimal signal, which best amplifies the asymmetry between an honest signaller and a cheater. For example, wasting money is a reliable signal for wealth because a cheater, a poor individual claiming to be rich, does not have money to throw away;
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Zahavi, A. 1993b.The fallacy of conventional signalling. The Royal Society Philosophical Transaction B. 340. 227-230.
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Implementations
‣ Signaling in virtual communities
‣ JS Donath, Identity and deception in the virtual community, Communities in cyberspace, 1999
‣ Signaling in Online Social Networks
‣ Cliff A.C. Lampe, Nicole Ellison, and Charles Steinfield. 2007. A familiar face(book): profile elements as signals in an online social network, CHI’07
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Automating human-to-human interaction
P6: and I would be very happy if my little brother, who is texting all the time while driving, can use something that show other people that he is unavailable.
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Insights
‣ Taken from semi-structured interviews about privacy approaches and expected utility (n=11).
‣ The qualitative part of a combined quantitative/qualitative survey:
B. Lim, E. Toch, O. Rave, and A. Anind. Intelligibility vs. privacy: Investigating attitudes towards sharing intelligible contexts in a context-aware application (2012), Unpublished
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