PRISMA 2009 Flow Diagram - … · Web viewDaily tasks, unrelated word list, unfamiliar word pairs,...

Appendix A

Characteristics of the Randomized Controlled Studies Included in the Meta-analysis (n=27)

Study citation(author/year)

Participants�Age (mean age/range)�Gender (male/female)

Participants diagnosis Group type(E/C)

Intervention characterizationFormat /Frequency Outcome indicators and Measurement tool

Ball et al. (2002) � Total N: 1279 (2 group)� Complete N(E/C): 640/639� Mean age

Total: 73.6± 5.9 (65-94)E: 73.5± 6.0 (65-93)C: 74.1±6.1 (65-94)

� Gender(M/F,%)Total: 24.1/ 75.9%E: 23.6/76.4%C: 26.4/73.6%

� Criteria for diagnosis:Cognitive decline

� Dementia Severity:MMSE ≤ 22

Total 27.3±2(23-30)E:27.3 ±2.1 (23-30)C:27.3±2.0(23-30)

E: TrainingC: Passive

� E: Memory training� C: No contact control group

Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 60-75� days of week: 2-3� total weeks: 5 - 6� sessions: 10� total times: 600-750 min

Learning and Memory Function� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test� Auditory Verbal Learning Test� Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT)

Immediate RecallSummation of Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT), and the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) Paragraph Recall test immediate recall.

Bourgeois et al. (2001)

� Total N: 66� Complete N(E/C):33/33� Mean age

E: 85.73±5.21C: 84.27±6.61

� Gender(M/F)E: 12/88%C: 24/76%

� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia

� Dementia Severity:MMSE

E:11.85 ±6.90C:13.06±7.13

E: RehabilitationC: Passive

� E: Memory aids� C: Usual care

Format: IndividualFrequency:� total weeks: 2-4

Depression� Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)

Brunelle-Hamann et al. (2015)


E: 81.00±6.71C: 80.00±4.90

� Gender(M/F)E: 28.57/71.43%C: 25/75%



E:21.00±1.63C:22.13±2.36


� E: Errorless learning (ELL) and spaced retrieval (SR) memory techniques to re-learn an instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)

� C: Waiting-list control group

Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 45-60� days of week: 2� total weeks: 4� sessions: 8� total times: 360-480 min

Depression� The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-12) subscale-depression

Cahn-Weiner et al. (2003)

� Total N: 29� Complete N(E/C): 15/14� Mean age(E/C):

E: 77.8±6.9C: 76.0±7.7

� Gender(M/F):Total: 14/20E: 9/8C: 5/12


� Dementia Severity:MMSE:

E:24.3 ±2.2C:25.1±1.7

E: TrainingC: Active

� E: Memory training program(Modifications ACTIVE)

� C: Educational and supportprogram with no specificmemory instruction(Didactic presentation)

Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 45� days of week: 1� total weeks: 6� sessions: 6� total times: 270 min

Learning and Memory Function� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) Total learning� Brief Visual Spatial Memory Test- Revised (BVMT-R) Total learning

Delayed Recall� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) - Delayed Recall� Brief Visual Spatial Memory Test- Revised (BVMT-R)- Delayed Recall

Recognition� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R)-Recognition� Brief Visual Spatial Memory Test- Revised (BVMT-R)-Recognition

Carretti et al. (2013)


E:71.8 ±2.20C:70.6±2.63

� Gender(M/F): 10/10E: 6/4C: 4/6

� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment(According to Petersen and colleagues, 2004)

� Dementia Severity:MMSE(cut-off 24/30)

E:27.20 ±1.68C:27.10 ±1.19


� E: Verbal working memory training� C: Educational activities on memory

Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 30-40� days of week:3� total weeks: 2� sessions: 3� total times: 120 min

(only training)

Learning and Memory Function� Verbal WM task: categorization Work Memory Span test (CWMS)� Visuospatial WM task: Dot matrix task

Immediate Recall� Forward Digit Span and Backward Digit Span (DS)

Delayed Recall� Long-term memory: List recall

Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2015)


Total: 73.49±5.18E: 72.80±3.78C: 73.21±5.97

� Gender(M/F):Total: 27.3/72.7%E: 40/60%C: 28.6/71.4%

� Criteria for diagnosis: Cognitive decline

� Dementia Severity:MMSE(24 or above)

Total:28.50±1.32 (24-30)E1:27.93±1.82E2:28.67±1.05C:28.93±1.07


� E: Cognitive training (ACTIVE memory training)

� C: Participation-centered group


Learning and Memory Function� GCS domain-memory

Subjective Memory Performance� Self-report memory difficulties

Global Cognitive Function� Global Cognitive Score (GCS)

Diesfeldt and Smits (1991)


E:76.5±3.9C:84.0±7.0

� Gender(M/F):no report

� Criteria for diagnosis: Dementia

� Dementia Severity:Mental Status Questionnaire (CST)

E: 9.6±3.2 (4.5-13)C:10.0±2.8 (6-13)


� E: Face-name learning� C: Waiting-list control group


Learning and Memory Function� naamproduktie (production name)� gezicht naamproduktie (face-name products)

Eyre et al. (2016) � Total N: 25� Complete N(E/C):11/14� Mean age

E: 67.8±9.7C: 67.1±9.5

� Gender(M/F)E: 45/55%C: 57/43%

� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment


E:29.1±0.7C:28.7±1.3


� E: Memory enhancement training� C: Yoga intervention


Delayed Recall� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT): delayed recall� Rey-Osterrieth complex figure delayed recall

Depression� Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)

Finn and McDonald (2015)


E: 72.83±5.7C: 75.08±7.5

� Gender(M/F):Total: 22/9E: 8/4C: 9/3

� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment (Winblad et al., 2004)

� Dementia Severity:MMSE(>23):

E: 27.75±1.3C: 27.83 ±1.9


� E: Repetition-lag training� C: No contact control group

Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day:90� days of week:2� total weeks: 3� sessions: 6� total times:540 min

Learning and Memory Function� Symbol span

Immediate Recall� Verbal Paired Associates Test(VPA) - Immediate auditory recall:

Verbal paired associates 1 unrelated(VPA-I)

Delayed Recall� Verbal Paired Associates Test(VPA) - Delayed auditory recall: Verbal

paired associates 2 unrelated(VPA-II)

Global Cognitive Function� Cognitive failures questionnaire (CFQ)

Depression� Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21): Depression subscale

Fogarty et al. (2016)


E: 72.61±5.78C: 71.55±9.33

� Gender(M/F)E: 9/9C: 10/12



E: 27.88±1.05C: 28.33±1.39

MoCA (<26/30)E:24.83±2.04C:23.71±1.82

E: RehabilitationC: Active

� E: Memory intervention program (MIP)� C: MIP+Taoist Tai Chi(TTC)

Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 120� days of week: --� total weeks: --� sessions: 6 (only training)� total time: 720 min

Subjective Memory Performance� Multi-Factorial Memory Questionnaire(MMQ): use of memory

strategies� Strategy Toolbox: knowledge of memory strategies

Immediate Recall� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT)-Immediate

Delayed Recall� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT)-Delayed

*Insufficient statistics for effect size calculation data report:� Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT): everyday memory

functioning� the Memory Assessment Clinics Self-Rating Scale(MAC-SR): memory

abilities and frequency of memory slips

Huntley et al. (2016)


E: 79.40±6.19C: 80.13±5.19

� Gender(M/F)E: 9/6C: 9/6

� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia(according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria)


E:26.00±2.30C:25.93±2.09


� E: Adaptive working memory strategy training

� C: Perform 30 trials of a 2 span unstructured task

Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 30� days of week: 2-3� total weeks: 8� sessions: 18� total time: 540 min

Learning and Memory Function� Logical memory task 2

Immediate Recall� Digit span structured trial� Digit span random trial� Spatial span structured trial� Spatial span random trial

Global Cognitive Function� MMSE

Jean et al. (2010) � Total N: 22� Complete N(E/C): 11/11� Mean age(E/C):

E:68.55 ±9.16C:68.55±5.91

� Gender(M/F):E:36/64%C: 45/55%

� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment (according to Petersen, 2004)

� Dementia Severity:MMSE-30:

E: 29.45±0.82C: 29.55±0.52

Excluded: DSM-IV-TR/ NINCDS-ADRDA


� E: Learned face-name associations using a paradigm combining errorless(EL) learning and spaced retrieval (SR)

� C: Errorful(EF) learning paradigm

Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 45� days of week: 2� total weeks: 3� sessions: 6� total time: 270 min

Learning and Memory Function� Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT)-profile score� Dementia Rating Scale 2nd Edition (DRS-2)-Memory subscale

Subjective Memory Performance� Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire-contentment, ability, strategy

Immediate Recall� California Verbal Learning Test 2nd Edition (CVLT-II)-Immediate

recall

Delayed Recall� California Verbal Learning Test 2nd Edition (CVLT-II)- Delayed

free/cued recall

Recognition� California Verbal Learning Test 2nd Edition (CVLT-II)- Recognition

Global Cognitive Function� MMSE� Dementia Rating Scale 2nd Edition (DRS-2) total

Kinsella et al. (2009)

� Total N: 42� Complete N(E/C): 20/22� Mean age:

E:78.86 ±5.69C:74.73±6.10

� Gender(M/F):E:45.5/54.5%C: 41/59%

� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment(according to Petersen, Winblad, Grundman, et al.)


E:25.92±2.78C:26.82±1.82

E: Rehabilitation C: Passive

� E: Memory rehabilitation� C: Waitlist control group

(delay of several months)

Format:GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 90� days of week:1� total weeks: 5� sessions: 5� total time: 450 min

Learning and Memory Function� Prospective Memory Performance index

Subjective Memory Performance� Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ)-Ability, Strategy,

Contentment

Konsztowicz et al. (2013)

� Total N: 15� Complete N(E/C): 8 /7� Mean age:

E:79±8 (67-91)C:78±4 (73-83)

� Gender(M/F):E:4/4E2:3/4


� Dementia Severity:MMSE (≥24/30)

E1:27±3 (23-30)E2:27±2 (23-30)C:26±2 (23-27)

MoCA (<26/30)E1:20±5 (9-25)E2:21±2 (18-25)C:22±2 (19-24)


� E: Memory training� C: Memory compensation

Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 90 min� days of week:1� total weeks: 7� sessions: 7� total time: 360 min

Learning and Memory Function� Behavioral memory: Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT)� Digit Span (DS)-Backward

Subjective Memory Performance� Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) –Ability, Strategy use,

Contentment

Immediate Recall� Visual short stories, Word list-immediate, Face-name

Delayed Recall� Word list-delayed

Lalanne et al.(2015)

� Total N:33� Complete N(E /C):16/17� Mean age:

E: 71.44±8.81C: 73.06±6.90

� Gender(M/F): no report



E: 24.87±2.73C: 25.00±3.54


� E: REMau group (autobiographical cognitive training programme)

� C: Anther cognitive training programme (taget being general collective semantic memory)

autobiographical memory

Format: IndividualFrequency:

Learning and Memory Function� Personal semantic knowledge (SAM)� Autobiographical memories (EAM)

Depression� Geriatric Depression Scale

� min. a day: 60� days of week:1� total weeks: 6� sessions: 6� total time: 360 min

Latorre Postigo et al. (2010)

� Total N: 30� Complete N(E1/E2/C): 15/15� Mean age:

E:67.80±2.85C:67.40±2.99

� Gender(M/F)(%):E: 26.7/73.3%C: 33.3/66.7%


� Dementia Severity:Mini Examen Cognoscitivo (MEC) (score of 27 or less) E1:29.80 ±2.14E2:30.46±2.50C: 29.46±1.88


� E:Group memory training� C: Waiting-list control group

Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 90� days of week: 2� total weeks: 5� sessions: 10� total time: 900 min

Learning and Memory Function� Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT)

Subjective Memory Performance� Memory Failures in Everyday life questionnaire (MFE)

Lee et al. (2013) � Total N: 19� Complete N(E1/E2/C): 6/6/ 7� Mean age:

Total: 77.7±6.07 (68-91)� Gender(M/F): 6/13

E1: 14.3/85.7%E2: 50/50%C: 33.3/66.7%

� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia(according to International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition)

� Dementia Severity:CDR: score of 1MMSE:

E1:15.3±2.7E2:17.0±3.5C:17.6±4.7


� E1: Computerized errorless learning-based memory training program (CELP)

� E2: Therapist-led errorless learning program (TELP) group


Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day:30� days of week: 2� total weeks: 6� sessions: 12� total time: 360 min

Learning and Memory Function� Hong Kong List Learning Test (HKLLT)� Brief Assessment of Prospective Memory-Short Form (BAPM)

Global Cognitive Function� MMSE (30)� Chinese version of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (CDRS)

Depression� Geriatric Depression Scale(GDS)-Short Form (15)

Legault et al. (2011)

� Total N: 33� Complete N(E/C): 16/17� Mean age

E: 76.0±5.2C: 75.4±4.8

� Gender(M/F)E: 10/8(56/44%)C: 11/7(61/38%)


� Dementia Severity:3MSE (Modified Mini-Mental State Exam): 94.8(mean)

E1: 95.6±3.4E2:94.6±3.9E3: 94.6±4.3C: 94.3±2.4


� E: Cognitive training� C: Healthy aging education control

intervention

Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 40-48� days of week: 1-2� total weeks: 16� sessions: 24� total time:960 min

Learning and Memory Function� Logical Memory task(LM)-1: supplemental score-1st recall� Logical Memory task-2: recall total score (from the Wechsler

Memory Scale-III)

Immediate Recall� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT): immediate recall,

Delayed Recall� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT): delayed recall

Man et al. (2012) � Total N: 34� Complete N(E/C): 20/14� Mean age:

E:80.3 ±1.21C:80.28±1.31

� Gender(M/F):E: 3/17(15/85%)C: 2/22(8.4/91.6%)


� Dementia Severity:MMSE(30)

E:21.05±3.79C:23.00±3.96

CDR: 0.5


� E: Virtual reality(VR)‐based memory training

� C: Therapist‐led memory training group

Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 30� days of week: 2-3� total weeks: 4-5� sessions: 10� total time: 300 min

Learning and Memory Function� Fuld Object Memory Evaluation (FOME)-TE (total encoding) and TR

(total retrieval)

Subjective Memory Performance� the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ): Contentment,

Ability, Strategies.

Delayed Recall� Fuld Object Memory Evaluation (FOME)-delayed recall

Neely et al. (2009) � Total N: 20� Complete N(E/C): 10/10� Mean age

E:74.8±6.7C:77.0±6.6

� Gender(M/F)E:6/4C:6/4

� Criteria for diagnosis: Dementia(according to DSM-IV criteria)


E:22.9±4.15C:18.6±5.7


� E: Virtual reality(VR)‐based memory training

� C: Therapist‐led memory training group

Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 60� days of week: 1� total weeks: 8� sessions: 8� total time: 480 min

Immediate Recall� Recall of non- categorisable words/Recall of categorisable words

Olchik et al. (2013)

*This study has normal controls group, but not included in my analysis

� Total N: 30 (only Mild cognitive impairment)

� Complete N(E/C): 16/14� Mean age:

E:70.3 ±4.3C:70.2±5.7

� Gender(M/F):E: 4/12(25/75%)C: 2/12(14.3/85.7%)

� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment (according to Gauthier andTouchon’s criteria)

� Dementia Severity:MMSE(30):

E:28.3±0.9C:28.2±1.7

CDR: 0.5


� E: Memory training (MT) group� C: Control group (an abridged version of

the training after the post-test session)

Format: GroupsFrequency:� min. a day:90� days of week: 2� total weeks: 4� sessions: 8� total time: 720 min

Learning and Memory Function� Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) - Learning� Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) - Screening score

Immediate Recall� Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) - Immediate recall� Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) - Immediate story

Delayed Recall� Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) - Delayed recall� Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) - Delayed story

Optale et al. (2010) � Total N: 36� Complete N(E/C): 18/18� Mean age: (n=31)

E: 78.5±10.9C: 81.6±5

� Gender(M/F): 12/24E: 5/10(n=15)C:5/11(n=16)


� Dementia Severity:MMSE(30)(cutoff value 23.8):

E:22.9 ±5(9.7-29.3, n=15)C:20.99±4.75(13.1-29, n=16)


� E: Virtual reality memory training (VRMT)

� C: Music therapy

Format: IndividualFrequency (initial training phase):� min. a day: 30� days of week: 3� total weeks: 12� sessions: 36� total time: 1080 min

Immediate Recall� Digit Span (DS)

Delayed Recall� Verbal Story Recall (VSR)

Global Cognitive Function� MMSE� Mental Status in Neurology

Depression� Geriatric Depression Scale

Rapp et al. (2002) � Total N: 19� Complete N(E/C): 9/10� Mean age:

Total: 75.1±7.0E: 73.33±6.61C:75.10±7.03

� Gender(M/F):Total: 42 / 58%E: 11/89%C: 70/30%

� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment (According to Petersen, 1999)

� Dementia Severity:MMSE(all within the normal range>24)

E:28.0±1.5C:27.3±1.88


� E: Memory enhancement training� C: No-treatment control condition

Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 120� days of week: 3� total weeks: 2� sessions: 6� total time: 720 min

Subjective Memory Performance� Memory Controllability Inventory� Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ)

Immediate Recall� Four memory tasks, each with immediate recall parts

(a) Word list task(b) Shopping list task(c) Names and faces task(d) Paragraph recall task is

Delayed Recall� Four memory tasks, each with delayed recall parts

(a) Word list task(b) Shopping list task(c) Names and faces task(d) Paragraph recall task is

Silva et al.(2017) � Total N: 51� Complete N:17/17/17� Mean age:

E1: 71.71±5.15E2:75.41±5.26C: 73.82±5.74

� Gender(M/F): no report



E1:21.53±3.01E2: 21.88±3.33C:22.82±1.85

E1:TrainingE2:RehabilitationC: Passive

� E:1 Memo+(a paper and pencil memory training program)

� E2: SenseCam (passive external memory aid)

� C: Written diary

Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 60� days of week:2� total weeks: 5-6� sessions: 11� total time: 660 min

Depression� Geriatric Depression Scale(30)

Thivierge et al. (2014)

� Total N: 17� Complete N:9/8� Mean age:

E: 80.00±6.14C: 80.00±4.90

� Gender(M/F):E: 33.3/66.7%C: 25/75%


� Dementia Severity:MMSE (16-27):

E: 21.56±2.51C: 22.13±2.36


� E: Goal-oriented memory rehabilitation program (errorless learning (ELL) and spaced retrieval (SR)cognitive techniques)


Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 45-60� days of week:2� total weeks: 4� sessions: 8� total time: 360-480 min

Learning and Memory Function� Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT)

Global Cognitive Function� Dementia Rating Scale-second edition (DRS-2)

Voigt-Radloff et al. (2017)

� Total N:161� Complete N(E /C):81/80� Mean age:

E: 77.1±7.8C: 76.1±6.8

� Gender(M/F):E: 35/46(43/57%)C: 34/46(42/58%)



E: 19.7±3.2C: 19.8±3.3


� E: Errorless learning (EL)� C: Trial and error learning (TEL)

Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 60� days of week:1� total weeks: 8� sessions: 9� total time: 540 min

Global Cognitive Function� MMSE

Zarit et al. (1982) � Total N: 35� Complete N:14/10� Mean age:

E: 74.71C: 76.58

� Gender(M/F):no report


� Dementia Severity:Mental Status Questionnaire (MSQ)


� E: Didactic training� C: Waiting-list control group

Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 90� days of week: 2� total weeks: 3.5� sessions: 7� total time: 360 min

Recognition� Daily tasks, unrelated word list, unfamiliar word pairs, familiar word

pairs

N: Number of studies; M: Male; F: Female; E: Experimental group; C: Control group; MMSE: the Mini-mental state examination; CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating; MoCA: the Montreal Cognitive Assessment

Appendix BQuality assessment of the trials (risk of bias) (n=27)

Study citationRandom

Sequence generation

Allocation concealment

Blinding Incomplete outcome data

Selective report or other biasParticipants Personnel Assessors

Ball et al. (2002) LOW LOW -- -- YES LOW LOWBourgeois et al. (2001) Unclear Unclear -- -- -- HIGH

(final analysis size is unclear)

LOW

Brunelle-Hamann et al. (2015)

LOW Unclear -- -- YES LOW LOW

Cahn-Weiner et al. (2003) LOW Unclear YES YES YES HIGH(final analysis size is unclear)

LOW

Carretti et al. (2013) Unclear Unclear -- -- -- HIGH(final analysis size is unclear)

LOW

Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2015)

Unclear Unclear -- YES -- LOW LOW

Diesfeldt and Smits (1991)

Unclear Unclear -- -- -- LOW LOW

Eyre et al. (2016) LOW LOW YES YES YES LOW LOWFinn and McDonald (2015)

LOW LOW -- -- YES LOW LOW

Fogarty et al. (2016) Unclear Unclear -- -- -- LOW LOWHuntley et al. (2016) LOW Unclear -- -- -- LOW LOWJean et al. (2010) Unclear Unclear -- YES -- LOW LOWKinsella et al. (2009) LOW Unclear -- YES -- HIGH

(no correct using ITT analysis)

LOW

Konsztowicz et al. (2013) Unclear Unclear -- -- YES LOW LOWLalanne et al.(2015) Unclear Unclear -- -- YES LOW LOWLatorre Postigo et al. (2010)

LOW Unclear YES YES -- LOW LOW

Lee et al. (2013) Unclear Unclear -- -- YES LOW LOWLegault et al. (2011). Unclear Unclear -- -- YES HIGH


LOW

Man et al. (2012) LOW Unclear -- -- YES HIGH(final analysis size is unclear; CG sample size 2414)

LOW

Neely et al. (2009). Unclear Unclear -- -- -- LOW LOWOlchik et al. (2013) Unclear Unclear -- YES -- LOW LOWOptale et al. (2010) LOW Unclear -- YES -- LOW LOWRapp et al. (2002) Unclear Unclear -- YES -- LOW HIGH

(The CERAD neuropsychological battery & the Profile of Mood

States NO DATA)Silva et al.(2017) Unclear Unclear YES -- -- LOW LOWThivierge et al. (2014) LOW Unclear -- YES YES LOW LOWVoigt-Radloff et al. (2017) LOW LOW -- -- YES HIGH


LOW

Zarit et al. (1982) Unclear Unclear -- -- -- LOW LOW-- = No descriptionAppendix C

Forest plot of primary indicators (Learning and memory function)

Appendix D

Forest plot of primary indicators (Immediate recall, Delayed recall and Recognition)

Appendix E

Forest plot of secondary indicators

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