Prism Forum Wilbanks
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Transcript of Prism Forum Wilbanks
open pharma innovation and the commons
15 april 2008PRISM Forum workshop on open innovation
North Mymms, U.K.
property theory
the “digital commons”:
standard legal tools, accessible to non-lawyers, rendered in machine-readable
form, tilted towards sharing
the intersection of law and technology
c100,000,000 objects on the web
500+ peer-reviewed journalsuniprot.org
nature precedingsPLoS
"merck accounts for about 1% of biomedical research in the world...to tap into the remaining 99%, we must actively reach out...the cascade of knowledge flowing from biotechnology and the unraveling of the human genome...is far too complex for any one company to handle alone"
- merck annual report, 2000
why is it hard to capture value from all of this knowledge?
most of the useful knowledge is inaccessible
most of the useful knowledge is poorly formatted
traditional business models don’t support it
open innovation:
purposive inflows and outflows of knowledge to accelerate internal innovation
expand the capacity of the external market to generate internally useful knowledge
the business model is at the center of value creation and capture
requires both new behavior by R&D entities and the emergence of intermediaries
depends on the quantity, quality, legal
availability, and technical usability of
the knowledge
pharma deals with that complexity by limiting false positives
Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 7, 197-198 (March 2008)
pharma is already practicing open innovation.
the question is why it doesn’t more efficiently.
it’s a combination of formats and access
the problem:
knowledge access allows us to exploit technologies and accelerate the processes of scientific innovation
knowledge flow drives the processes by which we explore new areas of science
knowledge formats dictate our ability to exploit new technologies and
processes
1. access control restricts knowledge flow and blocks open innovation
IGFBP-5 plays a role in the regulation of cellular senescence via a p53-dependent pathway and in aging-associated vascular diseases
“papers”
IGFBP-5 plays a role in the regulation of cellular senescence via a p53-dependent pathway and in aging-associated vascular diseases
“networked knowledge”
http://orpheus-1.ucsd.edu/acq/license/cdlelsevier2004.pdf
using software to index articles: not allowed.
PubMedCentral ~ 1,000,000 articlespermissions granted: 50,000
(6% of PMC legal for transformative use)(.003 of all PubMed records)
databases as unique entities, instead of nodes in a network
license propagation: whatsoever you do to the least of the databases, you do to the integrated knowledgebase
(the most restrictive license wins)
http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/gkm1037/DC1/1
impossible.
what about tacit knowledge?
Science Commons materials project
academic > commercial research MTAone-click contract software (open source)harvest biobank catalogs for integration
standard funder policy for grants
Alzheimer’sDisease
Huntington’sDisease
MultipleSclerosis
Autism
distinct “silos” of funded research
Alzheimer’sDisease
Huntington’sDisease
MultipleSclerosis
Autism
bilateral contracts and deals
Alzheimer’sDisease
Huntington’sDisease
MultipleSclerosis
Autism
“one to many” offers / networks
Provider Lab
BRC
Recipient Lab
MTA
deposittracking
fulfillment
searching / ordering
key change: commercial is
defined by status of USE, not status
of USER
1. access control restricts knowledge flow and blocks open innovation
look for places to “flip the default switch” - and make sure the public folks do, too...
2. technical design choices restrict data integration and block open innovation
“read 189,000 papers” is not the
ideal answer.
NeuronDBBAMS
Literature
Homologene
SWAN
Entrez Gene
Gene Ontology
Mammalian Phenotype
PDSPki
BrainPharm
AlzGene
Antibodies
PubChem
MESH
Reactome
Allen Brain Atlas
credit: W3C HCLS
prefix go: <http://purl.org/obo/owl/GO#>prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>prefix mesh: <http://purl.org/commons/record/mesh/>
prefix sc: <http://purl.org/science/owl/sciencecommons/>prefix ro: <http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/ro.owl#>
select ?genename ?processnamewhere
{ graph <http://purl.org/commons/hcls/pubmesh> { ?paper ?p mesh:D017966 .
?article sc:identified_by_pmid ?paper. ?gene sc:describes_gene_or_gene_product_mentioned_by ?article.
} graph <http://purl.org/commons/hcls/goa>
{ ?protein rdfs:subClassOf ?res. ?res owl:onProperty ro:has_function.
?res owl:someValuesFrom ?res2. ?res2 owl:onProperty ro:realized_as.
?res2 owl:someValuesFrom ?process. graph <http://purl.org/commons/hcls/20070416/classrelations>
{{?process <http://purl.org/obo/owl/obo#part_of> go:GO_0007166} union
{?process rdfs:subClassOf go:GO_0007166 }} ?protein rdfs:subClassOf ?parent.
?parent owl:equivalentClass ?res3. ?res3 owl:hasValue ?gene.
} graph <http://purl.org/commons/hcls/gene>
{ ?gene rdfs:label ?genename } graph <http://purl.org/commons/hcls/20070416>
{ ?process rdfs:label ?processname}}
Mesh: Pyramidal Neurons
Pubmed: Journal Articles
Entrez Gene: Genes
GO: Signal Transduction
better answers through better formats:
DRD1, 1812 adenylate cyclase activationADRB2, 154 adenylate cyclase activationADRB2, 154 arrestin mediated desensitization of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayDRD1IP, 50632 dopamine receptor signaling pathwayDRD1, 1812 dopamine receptor, adenylate cyclase activating pathwayDRD2, 1813 dopamine receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathwayGRM7, 2917 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayGNG3, 2785 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayGNG12, 55970 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayDRD2, 1813 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayADRB2, 154 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayCALM3, 808 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayHTR2A, 3356 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayDRD1, 1812 G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerSSTR5, 6755 G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMTNR1A, 4543 G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerCNR2, 1269 G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerHTR6, 3362 G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerGRIK2, 2898 glutamate signaling pathwayGRIN1, 2902 glutamate signaling pathwayGRIN2A, 2903 glutamate signaling pathwayGRIN2B, 2904 glutamate signaling pathwayADAM10, 102 integrin-mediated signaling pathwayGRM7, 2917 negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activityLRP1, 4035 negative regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathwayADAM10, 102 Notch receptor processingASCL1, 429 Notch signaling pathwayHTR2A, 3356 serotonin receptor signaling pathwayADRB2, 154 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activation (dimerization)PTPRG, 5793 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathwayEPHA4, 2043 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathwayNRTN, 4902 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathwayCTNND1, 1500 Wnt receptor signaling pathway`
DRD1, 1812 adenylate cyclase activationADRB2, 154 adenylate cyclase activationADRB2, 154 arrestin mediated desensitization of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayDRD1IP, 50632 dopamine receptor signaling pathwayDRD1, 1812 dopamine receptor, adenylate cyclase activating pathwayDRD2, 1813 dopamine receptor, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathwayGRM7, 2917 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayGNG3, 2785 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayGNG12, 55970 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayDRD2, 1813 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayADRB2, 154 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayCALM3, 808 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayHTR2A, 3356 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathwayDRD1, 1812 G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerSSTR5, 6755 G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMTNR1A, 4543 G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerCNR2, 1269 G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerHTR6, 3362 G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerGRIK2, 2898 glutamate signaling pathwayGRIN1, 2902 glutamate signaling pathwayGRIN2A, 2903 glutamate signaling pathwayGRIN2B, 2904 glutamate signaling pathwayADAM10, 102 integrin-mediated signaling pathwayGRM7, 2917 negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activityLRP1, 4035 negative regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathwayADAM10, 102 Notch receptor processingASCL1, 429 Notch signaling pathwayHTR2A, 3356 serotonin receptor signaling pathwayADRB2, 154 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activation (dimerization)PTPRG, 5793 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathwayEPHA4, 2043 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathwayNRTN, 4902 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathwayCTNND1, 1500 Wnt receptor signaling pathway`
this query is probably prohibited in the presence of copyleft / non commercial licensing on the underlying databases
when “freedom” isn’t free:
http://hcls1.csail.mit.edu:8890/sparql/?query=prefix%20go%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fobo%2Fowl%2FGO%23%3E%0Aprefix%20rdfs%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2F01%2Frdf-schema%23%3E%0Aprefix%20owl%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2002%2F07%2Fowl%23%3E%0Aprefix%20mesh%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fcommons%2Frecord%2Fmesh%2F%3E%0Aprefix%20sc%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fscience%2Fowl%2Fsciencecommons%2F%3E%0Aprefix%20ro%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.obofoundry.org%2Fro%2Fro.owl%23%3E%0A%0Aselect%20%3Fgenename%20%3Fprocessname%0Awhere%0A%7B%20%20graph%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fcommons%2Fhcls%2Fpubmesh%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%3Fpaper%20%3Fp%20mesh%3AD017966%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Farticle%20sc%3Aidentified_by_pmid%20%3Fpaper.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fgene%20sc%3Adescribes_gene_or_gene_product_mentioned_by%20%3Farticle.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20graph%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fcommons%2Fhcls%2Fgoa%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%3Fprotein%20rdfs%3AsubClassOf%20%3Fres.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fres%20owl%3AonProperty%20ro%3Ahas_function.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fres%20owl%3AsomeValuesFrom%20%3Fres2.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fres2%20owl%3AonProperty%20ro%3Arealized_as.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fres2%20owl%3AsomeValuesFrom%20%3Fprocess.%0A%20%20%20graph%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fcommons%2Fhcls%2F20070416%2Fclassrelations%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%3Fprocess%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fobo%2Fowl%2Fobo%23part_of%3E%20go%3AGO_0007166%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20union%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%3Fprocess%20rdfs%3AsubClassOf%20go%3AGO_0007166%20%7D%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fprotein%20rdfs%3AsubClassOf%20%3Fparent.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fparent%20owl%3AequivalentClass%20%3Fres3.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fres3%20owl%3AhasValue%20%3Fgene.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20graph%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fcommons%2Fhcls%2Fgene%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%3Fgene%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3Fgenename%20%7D%0A%20%20%20graph%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fcommons%2Fhcls%2F20070416%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%3Fprocess%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3Fprocessname%7D%0A%7D&format=&maxrows=50
prefix go: <http://purl.org/obo/owl/GO#>prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>prefix mesh: <http://purl.org/commons/record/mesh/>
prefix sc: <http://purl.org/science/owl/sciencecommons/>prefix ro: <http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/ro.owl#>
select ?genename ?processnamewhere
{ graph <http://purl.org/commons/hcls/pubmesh>
{ ?paper ?p mesh:D009369 . ?article sc:identified_by_pmid ?paper.
?gene sc:describes_gene_or_gene_product_mentioned_by ?article. }
graph <http://purl.org/commons/hcls/goa> { ?protein rdfs:subClassOf ?res.
?res owl:onProperty ro:has_function. ?res owl:someValuesFrom ?res2.
?res2 owl:onProperty ro:realized_as. ?res2 owl:someValuesFrom ?process.
graph <http://purl.org/commons/hcls/20070416/classrelations> {{?process <http://purl.org/obo/owl/obo#part_of>
go:GO_0006610} union
{?process rdfs:subClassOf go:GO_0006610 }} ?protein rdfs:subClassOf ?parent. ?parent owl:equivalentClass ?res3.
?res3 owl:hasValue ?gene. }
graph <http://purl.org/commons/hcls/gene> { ?gene rdfs:label ?genename }
graph <http://purl.org/commons/hcls/20070416> { ?process rdfs:label ?processname}
}
“view source” effect: shared problem solving on information aggregation
permutation and recombination
information itself is part of the ICT infrastructurethus end-to-end principles need to apply as well...
collaborative innovation, based on good design, can defeat complexity
open innovation, based on strong technology design + increased access, can exploit complexity
2. technical design choices restrict data integration and block open innovation
invest in a well-formatted public domain
commonsacademics
pharma
free as in speech
free as in beer
free as in a puppy
3. business model designs affect the ability of business to exploit information flows and block
open innovation
if knowledge is going to flow, someone will claim rights on discoveries made with that knowledge.
business models must capture and share the value with minimal transaction costs - pre-negotiate.
Health Commons
“some rights reserved”
“rights to ramble” for research purposessafe harbors for NTD, orphan disease
pre-negotiated IP arrangementsescrow institutions
3. business model designs affect the ability of business to exploit information flows and block
open innovation
figure out how to share profitably.
1. how to see your internal information against the external information as well as possible?
2. how to figure out what information flows to create?
3. how to give/get credit for discoveries from information outflows?
4. how to get the biggest, most diverse crowd to work on those problems?
5. how to capture the value created?
challenges
call to action.
identify internal resources for outflowtest-drive collaborations and intermediaries
create networks between existing collaborationsinvest in public infrastructure
push policy makers to update the metaphors