absolute threshold afterimage

Adaptation amplitude

additive color mixing auditory nerve

aerial perspective autokinetic illusion

1a

sensory experience that occursafter a visual experience hasbeen removed; when eyesadjust to stimulation (or lackof) but they do not completelyadjust/adapt

minimal amount of energy requiredto produce any sensation; taste-1 gsalt and 500 L of water, smell-onedraw perfume in a three roomapartment, touch-wing of the bee at 1cm, hearing-pick of the watch 20 feetin a quiet room, vision-candle flame30 miles on a clear night

the magnitude of theway; combined with

frequency, itdetermines loudness;measured in decibels

process by which our senses adjustto different levels of stimulation; inaddition there are two types-lightand dark; the sensitivity of rods andcones change accord how muchlight is available

bundle of axons fromthe organ of Corti to the

brain

mixing light waves tocreate new hues privacy

colors)

illusion of apparentmovement; when astationary object isperceived to move

binocular cue; justdistance and death;

distant objects appearhazy and blurred

1b

basilar membrane bipolar cells

binaural cues blind spot

binocular cues brightness

binoculars cues brightness constancy

2a

specialize neuronlocated in the eye; asone dendrite and one

axon; connectsrods/cones to ganglion

cells

part of the inner ear; divides thecochlea lengthwise; stiff near theoval window but becomes flexibleby the other end; as the fluid in thecochlea begins to move, the basilarmembrane ripples in response

place on the retina out wherethe ganglion cells axons leadsthe eye; no receptors fantasyrods/cones) are located here

cues sound location thatrequires both ears

how bright or dark acolor is; based on the

strength of lightentering your eyes

visual messages/cuesthat only require one

eye

tendency to see anobject

visual messages/cuesthat require the use of

two eyes

2b

cochlea convergence

color constancy Cornea

colorblindness dark adaptation

Cones decibel (dB)

3a

binoculars cue; visualdepth cue; muscles

controlling eye movementas the eyes turned inwardto view a nearby stimulus

snail-shaped structure inthe inner ear; contains

fluid that vibrate; attachthe oval window and

basilar membrane

transparent protectivecoating over the front of

the eye

tendency to perceive familiarobjects as a color despite changes insensory information; example-blueunder fluorescent lights but not soblue and natural light--> it is stillblue

process by which rods and conesbecome more sensitive to light inlower levels of light; maximumsensitivity is achieved in 30minutes; in dark, there is notenough energy to see colors,therefore only see black, white, gray

inability to see certaincolor combinations:red-green or blue-

yellow; 10% are maleand 1% are female

unit of measurement;measures loudness

visual receptor cells; located inretina; 8 million in each eye;works best in bright light;chiefly responsible for viewingcolor; greatest density in thefovea

3b

dichromats figure/ground

difference threshold Fovea

elevation frequency

feature detectors ganglion cells

4a

a gestalt-like illusion; anillusion where a figure of

merges from thebackground (ground)using perceptual cues

people who only see twoof the three primarycolors; blind to read-green or blue-yellow;colorblind individuals

located on retina, directlybehind lens; is a depressedspot; Center a visual field;images are sharpest here;contains mostly cones

Just Noticeable Difference (JND);the smallest change in stimulationthat you can detect 50% of the time;differs from one person to the other(and from moment to moment);tells us the flexibility of sensorysystems

the number of cycles persecond in a soundwaves;the primary determinant

of page; expressed inhertz (Hz) unit

suggestion of depthbecause one object is

appreciatively smaller;vestibular

neurons that connect the bipolarcells to the optic nerve; aninterneuron; one million in eacheye; summarizes and organizes datafrom rods/cones and sends it to thebrain

specialized brain cells thatrespond to particular elementssuch as movement or lines;discovered by David Hubeland Torsten Weisel

4b

gate control theory hue

golgi tendon organs Iris

Hammer, anvil, andstirrup

kinesthetic senses

Hertz (Hz) Lens

5a

color, or aspects ofcolors; most people can

name 150

theory of pain sensitivity; suggestthat there is a "neurological gate" inspinal cord that controlstransmission of pain impulses to thebrain; individual differences varythe control of the gate

the color part of the eye; madeof muscle thatcontracts/relaxes to controlthe size of the people allowinglight to enter the eye

works with kinesthetic senses;specialized nerve endingsattached to tendon (attachesmuscles and bones) and sensemovement

sense of muscle movement,posture, and strain onmuscles/joints; providesinformation on speed anddirection of movement; workswith vestibular sense

middle ear; free tiniest bonesin the body; quivering ofeardrum causes these boundsto hate in sequence and carryvibrations to the oval window

transparent part of the eye behindthe iris; focuses light on the retina;change shape to focus on objects;-ifobject is closed, muscles attach tothe land contract to make lensaround,-if object is far away, themuscles pull to flatten the lens

unit that measuresfrequency a

soundwaves or cyclesper second

5b

light monochromats

light adaptation motion parallex

linear perspective olfactory bulb

monaural cues olfactory epithelium

6a

individuals who see nocolor at all; respond

only to shades of lightand dark; very rare

electromagnetic energy;eyes are sensitive to this

energy

binocular distance cubed; objectsclose to you seem to move in thedirection opposite from the way inwhich your head is moving; objectsfar away seem to move in the samedirection; example-when you'redriving in the car

process by which rods andcones become less sensitive tolight in increased levels oflight; takes approximately 1minute to adjust

axons of olfactory epitheliumconnects to olfactory bulb, which isconsidered the smell center of thebrain; olfactory bulb recordsmessages and send them to thetemporal lobe and brain core

binocular cue; used tocue distance in depth by

allowing two parallellines to come together at

a horizon

patch of tissue in nasalcavity that contains

receptor cells

cues sound location thatrequires just one ear

6b

opponent-processtheory

ossicles

optic chiasm oval window

optic nerve overtones

organ of Corti papillae

7a

the middle ear; contains the hammer,anvil, and stirrup which are thesmallest three bones the body; whenthe eardrum quivers it causes thehammer, anvil, and stirrup to hiteach other in sequence, then carrythe vibrations to the inner ear;stirrup catch the oval window

created by Edward Hering;alternative theory used to explainafter images; suggest that the retinacontains three pairs color receptorsor cones-yellow-blue, red-green,black-white; pairs work inopposition

membrane between themiddle and inner ear; attachto stirrup of middle ear andcochlea of the inner ear; sincevibrations to the cochlea

located near the base of thebrain; point where some thefibers in the optic nervecrossover to the other side ofthe brain

tones that result fromsoundwaves that are multiplesof the basic town; primarydeterminant of timbre;created by musicalinstruments

bundle of axons fromganglion cells that

carries no messagesfrom the eye to the

brain

small bulbs on tonguethat contain taste buds;

the eye and replaceevery seven days

part of the inner ear; structure onservice and basilar membrane thatconnects thousands of tiny hair cells(receptor cells) for hearing; each hairis taught by fibers that push and pullthe vibrations of the basilarmembrane and brain pools theinformation

7b

perception phi phenomenon

perceptual constancy physical illusion

perceptual illusion Pitch

pheromones Place theory

8a

illusion of apparentmovement; caused byflashing lights in thesequence; example-

neon lights

the mental process of sorting,identifying, and arranging rawsensory data into meaningfulpatterns; Ex. how we distinguishbetween music and crying, how wetake light and form a tree

optical phenomenon;illusion produced byreflection of light into

hot air; example-mirage

tendency to see/perceiveobjects as stable andunchanging; example-a whitehouse is still white no matterthe elimination or angle

auditory experiencecorresponding to thefrequency of sound vibrations,resulting in a higher or lowertone; humans respond to 20Hz to 20,000 Hz

illusion due tomisleading cues in

stimuli; inaccurate orimpossible perceptions

one unto basic views of pitchdiscrimination; brain determinespitch by the place on the basilarmembrane with the messagesstrongest; the highest frequencysounds cause the greatest vibrationsat the stiff base of the basilarmembrane

often considered a nonfunctionalrelic of human past; it animals, itprovides information about anotheranimals identity or status (i.e.stress); secreted by glands or in urinethat has effects on other animalsbehavior; stimulates vomeronasalorgan (VNO); colorless molecules

8b

placebo effect Rods

Pupil round window

Retina saturation

retinal disparity semicircular canals

9a

visual receptor cell; located inretina; 120 million in each eye;respond to varying degrees of lightand dark; chiefly responsible fornight vision and perception ofbrightness

pain relief that occurs when aperson believes that a pill orprocedure will reduce pain;most likely caused byendorphin release

located just below theoval window; equalizepressure in the inner

ear

small opening in thecenter of the iris; color

part of the eye

how rich or vivid acolor is, deep/saturated

the light-sensitive innerlining of the back of the

eyeball; containsreceptor cells

three circular-like canalsattached to the cochlea theirrelays messages about speedand direction of body rotation(vestibular sense)

binocular distance cue;based on the overlay oftwo retinal fields whenboth eyes focus on one

object9b

Sensation sound

shadowing soundwaves

shape constancy stereoscopic vision

size constancy stretch receptors

10a

brains interpretation tochanges in air pressurepurposely soundwaves)as it passes through the

ear

the raw data of experience;sensory stimulation; exampleare eyes only register lightenergy and ears only registerwave energy

changes in air pressurecaused when the

molecules of air or fluidcollide with one another

and move apart again

illusion that gives depthto spherical objects to

give it a three-dimensional quality

combination of tworetinal images to give a

3-D perceptualexperience

tendency to see anobject as the same shapeno matter the angle it isviewed from; example-closed door collusion

works with kinesthetic senses;specialized nerve endings thatare attached to muscle fibersthat sense of muscle stretchesand contractions

the perception of an object asthe same size regardless of the

distance from which it isviewed; example someone

height

10b

stroboscopic motion texture gradient

subtractive colormixing

Timbre

superposition trichromatic theory

taste buds trichromats

11a

binocular cue; judges distanceand death in the objects in theforeground are large and clearbut distant objects are smoothand less textured

illusion of apparentmovement; result fromflashing a series of stillpictures in rapid succession;example-motion picture

the quality or texture ofsound; caused by

overtones

mixing of pigments tocreate hues; depending

on the pigment, lightmay be absorbed or

reflected

created by Hermann vonHelmholtz; theory of color visionbased on additive color mixing;suggest that the retina containsthree types of color receptors,cones: red, green, blue

an object appears closerbecause the imagessuperimposed on the top ofthe other image; example-onecard laying on top of anothercard

individuals with normalcolor vision

receptor cells onsides, depth, andback of tongue; pairs with smell todetermine flavors; recognizes forbasic taste qualities: sweet, sour,salty, and bitter; adults have 10,000but they decrease with age; researchlooking at umami<-- sensitivity toMSG and proteins

11b

vestibular sacsvomeronasal organ

(VNO)

vestibular sense wavelengths

visual acuity Weber's law

volley principle

12a

located in the root of the nasal cavity;stimulated by pheromones; sendsmessages to a second olfactory bulb(and animals) that is designed toenter their mobile communication;activates hypothalamus andamygdala; dismissed asnonfunctional in humans

two sacks in the inner earby the semicircular canals

that since gravitationforward, backward, and

vertical movement

physical energy

sense of equilibrium-orientationand/or position in space; originatesin inner ear-movement of fluid inthe semicircular canals relaysmessages about speed and directionof body rotation

developed the 1930s by ErnstWeber; the principle that accountsfor how one notices JND for anycents by noticing a fraction orproportion of a stimulus; changenecessary for JND-hearing 0.3%,taste 20%, weight 2%

the ability todistinguish fine details;acuity-Greek word for

sharp

a modified or refined frequencytheory; suggest that the auditoryneurons fire in the sequenceincreasing to a rapid series ofimpulses; the complete patterncorresponds to the frequency of asoundwave

12b