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CHAPTER 1An Introduction to the Human Body

Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Principles ofHuman Anatomy

Eleventh EditionGerard J. Tortora

&

Mark T. Nielsen

What is AnatomyWhat is Anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure & the

relationships between the structures. Each structure is designed in such a way to

carry out a particular function. Several subdivisions within anatomy:

Surface Gross Systemic Regional Histology Cytology

Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization

Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organismal

Systems of the BodySystems of the Body

Integumentary (skin) Skeletal (bones) Muscular (skeletal muscles) Cardiovascular (heart, blood, vessels) Lymphatic (lymph, spleen, thymus, nodes, tonsils) Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves, special senses) Endocrine (hormone-producing glands) Respiratory (lungs and air passageways) Digestive (GI tract, accessory organs) Urinary/Renal (Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder & urethra) Reproductive (gonads, ducts & accessory glands)

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position The reference point from which anatomical

structures are described. Allows directional terms to be clearly

defined to describe relationships between structures. Body upright Palms facing forward

If the body is lying face down – prone If the body is lying face up - supine

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Directional TermsDirectional Terms Superior vs. Inferior Ventral vs. Dorsal Anterior vs. Posterior Medial vs. Lateral

Note: Medial does not = middle Intermediate – between 2 structures Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral Proximal vs. Distal Superficial vs. Deep External vs. Internal Parietal vs. Visceral

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Planes & SectionsPlanes & Sections Planes are imginary

surfaces that pass through the body.

Sections are cuts of the body or structure made by a plane. Sagittal divides right from

left Frontal/coronal divides

front from back Transverse/horizontal

divides top from bottom

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Body CavitiesBody Cavities Dorsal body cavity

Cranial cavity Spinal/vertebral canal

Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity

Pleural cavityMediastinum

Pericardial cavityPericardial cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

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Thoracic CavityThoracic CavityThoracic CavityThoracic Cavity

For the next lecture period:For the next lecture period:

Visit my webpage and download the powerpoint handout for chapter 2 and bring it to class. http://napavalley.edu/apps/comm.asp?Q=P134

Read the sections in the text which discuss the topics on the outline for chapter 2.