Principles of Urban Ecology
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Transcript of Principles of Urban Ecology
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Principles of Urban Ecology
Steward T.A. Pickett
Cary Institute
of Ecosystem Studies
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What’s a principle?
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Components of Theory
• Domain• Assumptions• Concepts • Definitions• Facts• Confirmed generalizations • Laws • Models• Translation modes • Hypotheses• Framework
Pickett et al. 2007
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Senses of “urban”
• Broad – inclusive
• Narrow – specific
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Goal
• Framework
• Model building
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Themes
• Components
• Form
• Change
• Functioning
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Components of the system
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P1
• Cities are about people and ecosystems.– Human ecosystems
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The Ecosystem Concept
Sir Arthur G. Tansley (1871-1955)
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Biotic complex Physical complex
Social complex Built complex
The Tansleyan Ecosystem Concept
The Human Ecosystem Concept
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P2
• Cities have multiple and changing forms.
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Central Business District
Transitional zone: recent immigrants, deteriorating housing, factories, abandonment
Working class zone: single family tenements
Residential zone: single family homes with yards and garages
Commuter zone: suburbs
Burgess Model
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Antoni 2001
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P3
• Cities are mosaics extending into surroundings.
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Cadenasso
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Patch dynamics
• Applies to cities
• Hierarchical
• Gradients and fields
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Patch DynamicsCreation and Alteration of Spatial Heterogeneity through Time
Mosaic Configuration
Patch Types
Patch Adjacency
Slow Template
Patch Generation
Disturbance
EcologicalEngineering
Patch Change
Demographics
Succession
Flux
PatchContrast
FluxIdentity
BoundaryStructure
Pickett, Cadenasso
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Social processes
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P4
• Planned, opportunistic, incremental, incidental.
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Components of change
• Urban design
• Urban planning
• Topography
• Ecology
• Social-cultural
• Economic
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P5
• Urban designs as experiments.
Felson, Pickett (2005)
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Jordan Cove, CT
Control development
Traditional
BMP
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P6
• Social, economic, cultural processes influence biophysical processes.
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1970 1990
Grove, Burch
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P7
• Social, cultural, economic complexity.
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Components of social complexity
• Property regimes
• Households and individuals
• Social status
• Economic status
• Lifestyle grouping
• Social identity
• etc.
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Perceive highvalue of parks
Perceive lowvalue of parks
Troy et al.
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IKONOS ImageIKONOS Image
VegetationVegetation
ParcelsParcels
PROWVegetation
PROWVegetation
Private LandVegetation
Private LandVegetation
Fine Scale Analysis
Grove, Troy, O’Neil-Dunne
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Biophysical functions
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P8
• Remnant soils, waters, vegetation.
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Nitrogen retention
Suburban Forested Agriculture
----------------- kg N ha-1 y-1 --------------
Inputs
Atmosphere 8.7 8.7 8.7
Fertilizer 13.9 0 100
TOTAL 22.6 8.7 108.7
Outputs
Streamflow 6.5 0.52 16.4
Retention
Mass 16.1 8.2 92.3
Percent 71 94 85
Groffman, Belt, Fisher
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P9
• Biodiversity multifaceted and present.
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Mocking bird Mourning dove Catbird
Robin Grackle Pigeon Warren, Nilon, Wolf
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Methodological principles
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P10
• Study-specific definition of urban.
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P11
• Abstract urban gradients.
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NYCT
LI
NYBG
VCP
PBP
SWP
CEC
MRG
MLP
MSP
MSF
HSF
New York CityMcDonnell et al 1990
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P12
• Human perception as links.
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Pickett, Cadenasso (2008)
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Practical principles
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P13
• Flux of water, and water infrastructure.
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N. Law and L. Band
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Water principle
• Sites of cities
• Urban design
• Future demands.
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P14
• Exotic species functions.
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G. Brush et al. in prep
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P15
• City form and shared needs– Role of elites– Non-stationary roles– Non-overlapping agency– Environmental injustice.
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Boone
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P16
• Utility of data requires continual dialog.
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Review of the principles
• Human ecosystem• Multiple forms• Extensive spatial mosaics• Intention, opportunity, incidental,
constraint• Design as experiment• Role of social pattern and process• Social complexity …
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• Retain remnant soils, waters, vegetation
• Biodiversity multifaceted, value
• Urban definitions various
• Abstract gradients of urbanization
• Human perceptions and actions
• Flux of water, water infrastructure
• Exotics and function
• City form: equity and control
• Application through dialog.
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Conclusions
• Transdiciplinary concern
• Heterogeneous, changing subject
• Suggests emerging framework
• Open to new insights
• Context for specific tests.