Principles of Programming Languages | ASU 2014

7/22/2019 Principles of Programming Languages | ASU 2014

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DTA48> - ^r`md`pcas ie^rijrfgg`mj Cfmjufjas

Cadtura >6<

Diursa ̂ rasamtftìm

Lfvàr Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz

lfvàrjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-?6

Iee`da Biurs< Oy fppi`mtgamt



Lfvàr Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 | ?

DTA48> - ^r`md`pcas ie

^rijrfgg`mj Cfmjufjas

Hae`m`tìms

Xacc f digputar wbft ti hi

Gatbih ie diggum`dftìm dims`st`mj ie tba usa ie

s`jms ir wirhs `m f strudturah fmh dimvamtìmfc wfy



Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 | 4

Cfmjufja Cavacs

Bfrhwfra

Gfdb`ma Cfmjufja

Fssagocy Cfmjufja

B`jb-Cavac Cfmjufja

D Eirtrfm

D++

Lfvf




Gfdb`ma Cfmjufja




Fssagocy Cfmjufja




B`jb-Cavac Cfmjufjas

R,A,J,I,I

#a6,@,@,>,:

NI^_ 60, FR

TXI x, FR

C@X 1, FR

I^_ ?6, FR

CIH #a6,FR

DFC 6, FR

I^_ >, FR

1

U`rtufc Gfdb`ma(`mtarpratar)

// sirda diha

`mt x;

`mt eii () {

rafh (x);

pr`mt (1);

}

gf`m () {

eii ();

}

Caxar

^frsar

Tagfmt`d Fmfcyzar

Diha Jamarftìm

>6>>6>6>6>6>>>>6>

>6>6>6>>6>6>6>>6>

6>6>>6>>>>>>66>66

66>6>>6>66>6>6666

>>>6>>6>6>6>6>>6>

6>6>6>>6>6>6>6>66

Fssagocar

digp`cftìm axadutìm



Lfvàr Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 | :

Cfmjufja ^frfh`jgs

^ridahurfc prijrfg 7 fcjir`tbgs + hftf

Ioladt-Iràmtah prijrfg 7 ioladts + gassfjas

Eumdtìmfc

Cij`d ^rijrfgg`mj prijrfg 7 efdts + rucas

prijrfg 7 eumdtìms ¾ eumdtìms




Dfcamhfr



Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 | 6>

Jrfh`mj

Axfgs (?) 8>%?>% + ?>%

?>%?>%E`mfc Digprabams`vaAxfg

8>%6>% + 6>% + 6>% + 6>%^rijrfgg`mj

Fss`jmgamts (8)

6>>%

F+0:

F04

F-20

O+25

O2?

O-:2

D+:8

D:>




Xaxt oiik

Dbfptar 6. @mtrihudtìm

Dbfptar 5. Tymtfx

Dbfptar :. Ofs`d Tagfmt`ds

Dbfptar 2. Hftf Xypas

Dbfptar 0. Axprassìms fmh Ttftagamts

Dbfptar 6>. ̂ ridahuras

Dbfptar 4. Eumdtìmfc ̂ rijrfgg`mj

Dbfptar 8. Cij`d ^rijrfgg`mj

Dbfptar 1. II ^rijrfgg`mj

Dbfptar 6?. Eirgfc Tagfmt`ds



Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 | 6?

Bigawirk

_afh tba Tyccfous ie tba diursa



DTA48> - r̂`md`pcas ie ^rijrfgg`mj Cfmjufjas


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68

H`sdcf`gar. Xbasa sc`has dfm imcy oa usah fs stuhy gftar`fc eir tba dcfss DTA48> ft FTQ. Xbay dfmmit oa h`str`outah ir usah eir fmitbar purpisa.




Cadtura >?<

@mtrihudt`im


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-?6





Xafdb`mj Fss`stfmts

• Oicum C`

oicumc`Nfsu.ahu

Jrfhufta Ttuhamt / Digputar Td`amda GT

•

Ttavam Cigofrh`

stavam.cigofrh`Nfsu.ahuQmharjrfhufta Ttuhamt / Digputar Td`amda OT




@mstrudtir

• Lfvàr Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz

lfvàrjsNfsu.ahu

Jrfhufta

Xafdb`mj Fssid`fta

www.lfvàrjs.dig




Kaywirhs

Cavac

^frfh`jg

Cfmjufja

Fmfcys`s

Cax`dfc

@mput<

Tygoics

Iutput<

Zirhs

Tymtfx

@mput<

Zirhs

Iutput<Tamtamdas

Tagfmt`d@mput<

Tamtamdas

Xrfmscfta ir

Axaduta




Fmfcys`s

`mt x 7 1;

ecift y 7 "bacci;

Ttr`mj Nz 7 "0.1";

`mt x 7 dsa48>;

`e ( x = 68) wb`ca (1 77 1) `e (`mt f) f 7 6;

x 7 x; eir ( ; ; );

y 7 64.81.>;

`mt ga 7 00000>>>>>6666???>>>>>>666666?????4884824>8124>082;

wb`ca { x !7 0} ();

`mt {x} 7 6>;





R,A,J,I,I

#a6,@,@,>,:

NI^_ 60, FR

TXI x, FR

C@X 1, FR

I^_ ?6, FR

CIH #a6,FR

DFC 6, FR

I^_ >, FR

1


// sirda diha

`mt x;

`mt eii () {

rafh (x);

pr`mt (1);

}

gf`m () {

eii ();

}

Caxar

^frsar

Tagfmt`d Fmfcyzar

Diha Jamarft`im

>6>>6>6>6>6>>>>6>

>6>6>6>>6>6>6>>6>

6>6>>6>>>>>>66>6666>6>>6>66>6>6666

>>>6>>6>6>6>6>>6>

6>6>6>>6>6>6>6>66

Fssagocar





Kaywirhs

Cax`dfc

Fcpbfoat Tygoic

Ttr`mj Zirh

Xikam




Cax`dfc Fmfcys`s

`mt x 7 1;

ecift y 7 "bacci;

Ttr`mj Nz 7 "0.1";

`mt x 7 dsa48>;

`e ( x = 68) wb`ca (1 77 1) `e (`mt f) f 7 6;

x 7 x; eir ( ; ; );

y 7 64.81.>;

`mt ga 7 00000>>>>>6666???>>>>>>666666?????4884824>8124>082;

wb`ca { x !7 0} ();

`mt {x} 7 6>;




Cax`dfc Fmfcys`s | Ttaps

f)

_afh f taxt E@CA c`ma oy c`ma

o)

Eir afdb C@MA<

• _afh dbfrfdtar oy dbfrfdtar.

•

Drafta sats ie dimsadut`va dbfrfdtars (TX_@MJ). Xry tijriup tba o`jjar fgiumt ie dbfrfdtars fs pissòca.

• Ttfrt f maw sat afdb t`ga tbft yiu maah. Xfka dfraie< Zb`taspfda, Hac`g`tar, Iparftir, Amh ie C`ma fmh

itbars spad`fc dbfrfdtars.

d) Eir afdb TX_@MJ< varèy è `t `s f vfc`h ZI_H.

h) Drafta f UADXI_ fmh stira tba TX_@MJs fmh ZI_Hs.




Cax`dfc Fmfcys`s

`mt x 7 1; ecift y 7 "bacci;

Ttr`mjNz7"0.1‗;`mtx7dsa48>;`e(x=

68) wb`ca

(1 77 1) `e (`mt f) f 7 6; x 7 x;

eir ( ; ; );y 7 64.81.>;`mt ga

700000>>>>>6666???>>>>>>666666???

??4884824>8124>082;wb`ca { x !70} ();`mt {x} 7 6>;




Cax`dfc Fmfcys`s

`mt x 7 1; ecift y 7 "bacci;

Ttr`mjNz7"0.1‗;`mtx7dsa48>;`e(x=

68) wb`ca

(1 77 1) `e (`mt f) f 7 6; x 7 x;

eir ( ; ; );y 7 64.81.>;`mt ga

700000>>>>>6666???>>>>>>666666???

??4884824>8124>082;wb`ca { x !70} ();`mt {x} 7 6>;

‗bacci "wirch" oya"

# ie TX_@MJT

0

6?

4

62

6?

?

5

6?

4



Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 |6?

Kaywirhs

Cax`dfc

Fcpbfoat Tygoic

Ttr`mjZirh

Xikam _ucas

_ajucfr

Axprass`im

Hatarg`m`st`d

E`m`ta

Futigftf



Lfvàr Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 |64

Bigawirk

_avàw tba eicciw`mj tip`ds<

_ajucfr Axprassìms (Xaxt Oiik< Dbfptar 5)

fmh Hatarg`m`st`d E`m`ta Futigftf



DTA48> - ^r`md`pcas ie ^rijrfgg`mj Cfmjufjas


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68





Cadtura >4<

Cax`dfc Fmfcys`s


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-?6





Kaywirhs

Cax`dfc

Fcpbfoat Tygoic

Ttr`mj Zirh

Xikam _ucas

_ajucfr

Axprass`im

Hatarg`m`st`d

E`m`ta

Futigftf




_ajucfr axprassìm

!

F ruca ti hasdròa e`m`ta digo`mftìm ie sygoics(saquamdas) tbft fra dims`harah wacc-eirgah.

! _ajucfr axprassìm bfs sygoics fmh iparftirs

! Tygoics fra hae`mah `m tba fcpbfoat

! Xba iparftirs usah `m rajucfr axprassìms fra< * (> irgira), + (6 ir gira), 9 (> ir 6), | (ir). Oas`has tbisa

wa dfm usa [ W ti amdcisa sats ie sygoics w`tbiutamugarft`mj fcc ie tbag, sudb fs [>-0W ir [F-\W. Fcsi,

wa dfm usa pframtbas`s.




_ajucfr axprass`im | Axfgpcas

Xikam _ajucfr Axprass`im (ruca) Axfgpcas (wirhs) eiiofrIma (f | o) {f, o}

eiiofrXwi (f | o)(f | o) {ff, oo, of, fo}

eiiofrXbraa f* { , f, ff, fff, ffff, ... }

eiiofrEiur (f | o)* { , f, o, ff, oo, ...foof ...}

eiiofrE`va f+ { f, ff, fff, ffff, ... }

eiiofrT`x [f-zW+ {bacci, wirch, atd,!

}

mugoar [>-0W+ {6048, >6>6, 44, 6?4?6!}




_ajucfr axprassìm | Axfgpcas

6. Xbasa hae`m`tìms fra MIX euccy digpcata ir dirradt. Xbay purpisa `s imcy ti axagpcèy _A. Eir`mstfmda >: gftdb fs fm `mtajar, wb`db w`cc MIX oa tba dfsa eir iur cfmjufja.

Xikam6

_ajucfr Axprassìm (ruca) Axfgpca (wirh)h`j`t > | 6 | ? | 4 | ... | 0 4

`mtajar h`j`t+ 6081

erfdtìm .h`j`t+ .11

axpimamt a(+|-)9h`j`t+ a+?6>

eciftHrfetIma `mtajar(erfdtìm9) (axpimamt9) 48>.>2a-68

eciftHrfetXwi {[-+W9([>-0W+S.9[>-0W*|S.[>-0W+)([aAW[-+W9[>-0W+)9}

o`mfry >o(>|6)+ >o6>6>




_ajucfr axprass`im | Iparftirs




Hatarg`m`st`d E`m`ta Futigftf

! @t `s f e`m`ta stfta gfdb`ma tbft fddapts/raladts e`m`ta

str`mjs ie sygoics fmh prihudas f um`qua rasuct eir

afdb `mput str`mj.

!

@m tba futigftim, tbara fra tbraa stftas (hamitah

jrfpb`dfccy oy d`rdcas) fmh trfms`t`im frriwsdimmadt`mj ima stfta w`tb itbar.

!

Qpim rafh`mj f sygoic, f HEF lugpshatarg`m`st`dfccy erig f stfta ti fmitbar oy

eicciw`mj tba trfms`t`im frriw.




HEF | Axfgpcas

o`mfry

>o(>|6)+

str`mj

–([f-zW | [F-\W | [>-0W)*‗




HEF | Axfgpcas

!"#$%&'$

Ttfrt

)#*+,+&#$

-.&#/#$ >*'%&

-)

6&$+./

?4%$

{+,-,*,/,%,3,=,7,!,…}

{(, ), {, }, [, W}

{>-0}

{$, Y, >-0, f-z}

{ ‒ }{ ‒ }

{>-0} {>-0}

{>-0}

{S.}

{S.}

{ – } { – }

{.}

{.}

{f-z}

{Y}

{$}




Fhh`t`imfc Axfgpcas

_ajucfr Axprass`ims fmh Hatarg`m`st`d E`m`ta Futigftf




Bfmhwr`ttam mitas

_ajucfr axprassìm

_ajucfr axprassìm

_ajucfr axprassìm




Bfmhwr`ttam mitas

Hatarg`m`st`dE`m`ta Futigf




Bfmhwr`ttam mitas

_ajucfr axprass`im

_ajucfr axprass`im

-0




Bfmhwr`ttam mitas




Bfmhwr`ttam mitas

@s tb`s dirradt9

@s tb`s dirradt9

@s tb`s dirradt9




Bfmhwr`ttam mitas

Arrir

Dirradt



Lfvàr Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 |6:

_ajucfr axprassìms - Axfgpcas

Xikam _ajucfr Axprassìm (ruca) Axfgpcas (wirhs) eiiofr8 {"f", "o", "d"}* {!, "f", "o", "d", "ff", "fo", "fd", "of", "oo", "od",

"df", "do", "dd", ...}

eiiofr1 {"fo", "d"}* {!, "fo", "d", "fofo", "fod", "dfo", "dd", "fofofo","fofod", "fodfo‗, ...}




_ajucfr axprass`ims - Axfgpcas

Hae`ma f rajucfr axprass`im eir afdb dfsa

f)

Q_Cs

o) Agf`c fhhrassas

d) \@^ dihas




HEF- Axfgpcas

Hae`ma f HEF eir afdb dfsa

f)

Q_Cs

o) Agf`c fhhrassas

d) \@^ dihas



Lfvàr Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 |?>

Iurs Xikams

Zb`db tikams fra maahah eir f prijrfgg`mj cfmjufja9

f) _asarvah wirhs

o)

Tpad`fc Tygoics< Iparftirs fmh hac`g`tars

d) @hamtèàrs

h) C`tarfcs ir dimstfmts



Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 |?6

Hrfet`mj f Caxar

! Kaywirhs 7

! Iparftir 7

! Hac`g`tar 7

! @H 7



Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 | ??

Hrfet`mj f Caxar

!

Ecift 7

! @mtajar 7

!

Baxfhad`gfc 7

! Idtfc 7

! O`mfry 7

! Ttr`mj 7

! Dbfr 7



Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 | ?4

Bigawirk

Hae`ma tba madassfry cax`dfc rucas eir f prijrfgg`mj cfmjufja

Axprass tbasa rucas us`mj f HEF fmh _ajucfr Axprass`ims

Tbfra tbag im Ocfdkoifrh fmh h`sduss tba`r dirradtmass w`tb yiur dcfssgftas.





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68





Cadtura >8<

Caxar @gpcagamtft`im 6


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-?6





_avàw

J`vam tba eicciw`mj tikam hae`m`tìms (us`mj rajucfr axprassìms)

t6 7 ffoo t? 7 ffo t4 7 (f | o) *

6. Fra tba eicciw`mj str`mjs dirradt9

ffof f ffo "

?. Zb`db fra tba tikam eir afdb ie tbag9

8. Zb`db sygoics fra `m tba fcpbfoat 9

4. Drafta f HEF tbft raprasamts tba pravìus rucas.




_avàw

6. Biw gfmy wirhs<

-1

-1.1a-1

1-1

?. Zb`db `s tba hèearamda oatwaam tbasa rajucfr axprassìms9

[>-0W+.[>-0W+

[>-0W+S.[>-0W+




^rijrfgg`mj f Caxar

_ajucfrAxpras`im




Qs`mj @E-ACTA

@t `s mit f jiih `haf!

Eaorufry 64tb, ?>>2 oy _`db Tbfrpa. ^istah `m Tietwfra Vufc`ty, Tietwfra Vufc`ty Gatr`ds




Qs`mj f Ttfta Gfdb`ma

6. ^ut tba HEF `m f Xfoca

T> T6 T? T4

8 1 5 ::: )#*+,+&#$2 '"#$%&'$2<4+&#;"%3#2 7='&%&+'.

,%$9

61 6N !" 6N 6N 6&'"

65 !$6N 6N 6N 6&'"

6F 6N !% !

% 6N 6&'"

6O 6N !%

!%6N 6&'"

6N 6N 6N 6N 6N 6&'"





?. ^ut tba Xfoca `m Lfvf

8 1 5 ::: )#*+,+&#$2 '"#$%&'$2<4+&#;"%3#2 7='&%&+'.

,%$9

61 6N !" 6N 6N 6&'"

65 !$

6N 6N 6N 6&'"

6F 6N !% !% 6N 6&'"

6O 6N !% !% 6N 6&'"

6N 6N 6N 6N 6N 6&'"

// dimstfmts

pr`vfta stft`d e`mfc `mt \A_I 7 6;

pr`vfta stft`d e`mfc `mt IMA 7 ?;

pr`vfta stft`d e`mfc `mt O 7 >;

pr`vfta stft`d e`mfc `mt IXBA_ 7 4;

pr`vfta stft`d e`mfc `mt HAC@G@XA_ 7 8;

pr`vfta stft`d e`mfc `mt A__I_ 7 8;

pr`vfta stft`d e`mfc `mt TXI^ 7 -?;

// tfoca fs f ?H frrfy

pr`vfta stft`d `mt[W[W stftaXfoca 7 {

{A__I_, 6, A__I_, A__I_, TXI^},

{ ?, A__I_, A__I_, A__I_, TXI^},

{A__I_, 4, 4, A__I_, TXI^},

{A__I_, 4, 4, A__I_, TXI^},

{A__I_, A__I_, A__I_, A__I_, TXI^}

};





TXA^ 4. Fcjir`tbg

vi`h spc`tC`ma (c`ma) {

stfta 7 T>;

Ttr`mj str`mj 7"";

hi {

c 7 c`ma.rafhMaxtCattar();

ji 7 dfcducftaMaxtTtfta(stfta, c);

è( ji !7 TXI^ ) {

str`mj 7 str`mj + c;

stfta 7 ji;

}

} wb`ca (c`ma.bfsCattars() && ji !7 TXI^);

è (stfta 77 T4)

pr`mt (–@t `s f O@MF_P mugoar‗);

acsa

pr`mt (–arrir‗);

è( `sHac`g`tar(durramtDbfr))

pr`mt (–Fcsi, tbara `s f HAC@G@XA_‗);

acsa è (`sIparftir(durramtDbfr) )

pr`mt (–Fcsi, tbara `s fm IÂ_FXI_‗);

// ciip

è (c`ma.bfsCattars() ))

spc`tC`ma( c`ma — str`mj );

}

8 1 5 :::

61 6N !" 6N 6N 6&'"

65 !$

6N 6N 6N 6&'"

6F 6N !% !

% 6N 6&'"

6O 6N !% !% 6N 6&'"

6N 6N 6N 6N 6N 6&'"




^rijrfgg`mj Fss`jmgamt #6

6. _afh f E`ca; Tpc`t tba c`mas us`mj tbaTystag.c`maTapfrftir

?. Eir afdb c`ma rafh dbfrfdtar oy dbfrfdtar fmh usa tba

dbfrfdtar fs fm `mput eir tba stfta gfdb`ma

4. Dimdftamfta tba dbfrfdtar, draft`mj tba cfrjastTX_@MJ piss`oca. Ttip wbam f hac`g`tar, wb`ta spfda,

iparftir, ir quitft`im gfrk fmh tba durramt stftafcciwah. @e tbara fra gira dbfrfdtars `m tba c`ma, drafta

f maw c`ma w`tb tbisa dbfrfdtars fmh ji ti stap ?.

8. Eir afdb TX_@MJ fmh ZI_H rapirt `ts XIKAM ir A__I_fs dirraspimh.




Bigawirk

Hae`ma tba madassfry cax`dfc rucas eir f prijrfgg`mj cfmjufja

Axprass tbasa rucas us`mj f HEF fmh _ajucfr Axprass`ims

Tbfra tbag im Ocfdkoifrh fmh h`sduss tba`r dirradtmass w`tb yiur dcfssgftas.

_agagoar< Qs`mj f HAXA_G@M@TX@D E`m`ta Futigftf





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68





Cadtura >1<

Caxar @gpcagamtft`im ?


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-?6





_avàw

6. biw ti axdcuha kaywirhs erig @hamtèàrs9

?. Xba hit<

eiiofr6 7 .

eiiofr6 7 .*

eiiofr6 7 .+

eiiofr6 7 S.

4. Zbft ̀ s tba priocag bara9

str`mj 7 " S.* "




_av`aw

8. _ucas fmh Tuo-rucas

Q_C hae`m`t`im<

bttps9<// ([f — zW+ | [F — \W+ | [> — 0W+ | - | . | Y | ~ | %?6

| %?4 | %?8 | %?5 | %?: | %?2 | %?0 | %?F | %?O | %?D | %4F |%4O | %4H | %4E | %8> | %1O | %1H )* %?E ([f — zW+ | [F — \W+ |

[> — 0W+ | - | . | Y | ~ | ! | # | $ | & | ‒ | ( | ) | * | +| , | / | < | ; | 7 | 9 | N | [ | W )+




_av`aw

1. Gfk`mj tb`mjs sbirtar

\@^ hae`m`t`im<

[6-0W[6-0W[6-0W[6-0W[6-0W(-[6-0W[6-0W[6-0W[6-0W)9

[>-0W{1}(-[>-0W{8})9

^ ` F ` t #6





• Imcy O@MF_P, HAC@G@XA_, fmh I^A_FXI_ fra `gpcagamtah. Piu w`cc `gpcagamt tba rast ie tbaraqu`rah tikams (rucas).

^ ` F ` t #6





* Caxar.lfvf `s tba imcy e`ca tbft yiu fra fcciwah ti gih`ey

D h |




Diha | Xikam.lfvf

D h |




Diha | Ju`.lfvf

D h |




Diha | Caxar.lfvf

D h | l




Diha | Caxar.lfvf

{

D h | C l




Diha | Caxar.lfvf

Diha | C l




Diha | Caxar.lfvf

Diha | ` t t t




Diha | `mput.txt

bacci;wirch dsa48> fsu ?>64/>1/46 // amh

oiicafm $xx7 ((((((((?4ZA + 88 - 4 / ? % 81 376:) = >xeeeee.48.81;

Diha | i tp t t t




Diha | iutput.txt

@HAMX@E@A_ bacci

HAC@G@XA_ ;

@HAMX@E@A_ wirch

@HAMX@E@A_ dsa48>

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@MXAJA_ ?>64

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IDXFC >1

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@MXAJA_ 46

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Bigawirk



Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 | 6:

Bigawirk


Havacip f Cax`dfc Fmfcyzar oy dih`mj f HEF





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68





Cadtura >5<

Dcis`mj w`tb Cax`dfc Fmfcys`s


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-?6


Arrftf #6




Arrftf #6

Arrftf #?




Arrftf #?

Arrftf #4




Arrftf #4






9:>%

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fpprix. ?>%

!

_adijm`za @MXAJA_! _adijm`za IDXFC

!

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! _adijm`za @HAMX@E@A_

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_adijm`za TX_@MJ

! _adijm`za DBF_

! _adijm`za KAPZI_H

!

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_av`aw | Cax`dfc Fmfcys`s





Fra tba eicciw`mj TX_@MJT dirradt ir mit9 Zby9

! >>>>>>>>1

! >>>>>>>>0

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! >>>>>>>>1

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Ttfta Xrfms`t`im Xfocaeir iur Caxar

(stap oy stap)




O@MF_P

@MXAJA_

IDXFC

BARFHAD@GFC

@HAMX@E@A_

Caxar — Ttap oy Ttap




p y p





p y p

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_avàw _adursìm

Ticva tba ^riocag Tat #6 `m prapfrftìm eir yiur axfg





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68





Cadtura >:<

Tymtfdt`d Fmfcys`s 6


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-?6


Maxt Ttap




! Cax`dfc Fmfcys`s ☞ Tymtfdt`d Fmfcys`s

Vuast`im




Eir afdb dfsas `mh`dfta wbatbar `t `s pissòca ir mit ti

jamarfta f rajucfr axprassìm ir f HEF.

`. Hatadt tba ofcfmda ie M pframtbas`s `m f str`mj

tbft bfs M pframtbas`s mastah fmh fmy dbfrfdtars`m oatwaam tba pframtbas`s.

``.

@s `t pissòca ti hatadt o`mfry str`mjs w`tb tba sfgaqufmt`ty ie >‐s fmh 6‐s (`t hias mit gfttar tba irhar

ir saquamda).

Zbara fra wa miw9




Fetar cax`dfc fmfcys`s, wa bfva f saràs ie tikams.

Out wa dfm mit<

@. hae`ma f rajucfr axprassìm gftdb`mj fcc

axprassìms w`tb priparcy ofcfmdah pframtbasas.

@@. `.a., hae`ma f rajucfr axprassìm gftdb`mj fcceumdtìms w`tb priparcy mastah ocidk strudtura.

vi`h f () { o (d); eir (;;) {f7(-(6+?)+1); } }

Zbara fra wa miw9




Miw, wa wfmt ti<

@. _avàw tba strudtura hasdròah oy tbft saràs ietikams

@@.

_apirt arrirs è tbisa tikams hi mit priparcyamdiha f strudtura





R,A,J,I,I

#a6,@,@,>,:

N

I^_ 60, FRTXI x, FR

C@X 1, FR

I^_ ?6, FR

CIH #a6,FR

DFC 6, FR

I^_ >, FR

1


// sirda diha`mt x;

`mt eii () {

rafh (x);

pr`mt (1);

}

gf`m () {

eii ();

}

Caxar

^frsar

Tagfmt`d Fmfcyzar

Diha Jamarft`im

>6>>6>6>6>6>>>>6>

>6>6>6>>6>6>6>>6>

6>6>>6>>>>>>66>66

66>6>>6>66>6>6666

>>>6>>6>6>6>6>>6>

6>6>6>>6>6>6>6>66

Fssagocar


Iutc`ma




Cfmjufja

Cax`dfc Fmfcys`s(Caxar)

_ucas

Tygoics

Xikam

Xiics

_ajucfr Axprass`im

HEF

Tymtfdt`d Fmfcys`s(^frsar)

Jrfggfr(_ucas)

Xarg`mfc

Mim-targ`mfc

Xiics

OME

(Ofdkus-Mfur Eirg)

Tymtfx H`fjrfgs

Jrfggfr | Axfgpca




Hasdròa fcc cajfc fr`tbgat`d axprassìms us`mj

fhh`tìm, suotrfdtìm, guct`pc`dftìm, fmh h`v`sìm w`tb`mtajar vfcuas

A A I^ A

A `mtajar

I^ + | - | * | /

A ( A )

Jrfggfr | Hae`m`tìm



Lfvàr Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Tuggar ?>64 | 0

F Jrfggfr `s f diccadtìm ie

eiur acagamts<

#

Tat ie mimtarg`mfc sygoics(uppardfsa)

#

Tat ie targ`mfc sygoics

(ciwardfsa). Xarg`mfcs dfm oatikams ir spadè`d wirhs

#

Tat ie prihudtìm rucas sfy`mjbiw afdb mimtarg`mfc dfmoa dimvartah oy f str`mj ie

targ`mfcs fmh mimtarg`mfcs,

#

F stfrt sygoic

A A I^ A

A `mtajar

I^ + | - | * | /

A ( A )

Jrfggfr | Har`vftìm



Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Tuggar ?>64 | 6>

1 / ?>`mtajar iparftir `mtajar

A A I^ A

A `mtajar

I^ + | - | * | /

A ( A )

A

⇟ A I^ A

⇟ `mtajar I^ A

⇟ `mtajar / A ⇟ `mtajar / `mtajar





1 * ( : + ?> )@mtajar iparftir hac`g`tar `mtajar iparftir `mtajar hac`g`tar

A A I^ A

A `mtajar

I^ + | - | * | /

A ( A )

A

⇟ A I^ A

⇟ `mtajar I^ A

⇟

`mtajar * A⇟ `mtajar * (A)

⇟ `mtajar * (A I^ A)

⇟ `mtajar * (`mtajar I^ A)

⇟ `mtajar * (`mtajar + A)

⇟ `mtajar * (`mtajar + `mtajar)




Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Tuggar ?>64 | 6?


A A I^ A

A `mtajar

I^ + | - | * | /

A ( A )

A

⇟ A I^ A

⇟ A I^ (A)

⇟ A I^ (A I^ A) ⇟ A I^ (A I^ `mtajar)

⇟ A I^ (A + `mtajar)

⇟ A I^ (`mtajar + `mtajar)

⇟ A * (`mtajar + `mtajar)


Har`vft`ims




# F caetgist har`vftìm `s f har`vftìm `m wb`dbafdb stap axpfmhs tba caetgistmimtarg`mfc.

#

F r`jbtgist har`vftìm `s f har`vftìm `mwb`db afdb stap axpfmhs tba r`jbtgist

mimtarg`mfc.

#

Har`vftìm w`cc oa vary `gpirtfmt wbam watfck foiut pfrs`mj.

Jrfggfr | Axfgpca




Mitft`im 6<

Digp ! G`x | G`x Mug | Digp Digp

G`x ! Acag | ( Digp )

Acag ! B|I|D|T| Mf|Dc| ...

Mug ! 6|?|4|8| ...

Mitft`im ?<

3Digp= ! 3 G`x= |3 G`x=3Mug= | 3 Digp=3Digp=

3G`x= ! 3Acag= | ( 3Digp= )

3Acag= ! B|I|D|T| Mf|Dc| ...

3 Mug= ! 6|?|4|8| ...

B? I

D I? (T I8)4

Mf Dc

T I4





D I ?

Digp ↟ Xarg | Xarg Mug | Digp Digp

Xarg↟ Acag | ( Digp )

Acag↟ B|I|D|T|Mf|Dc| ...

Mug↟ 6|?|4|8| …

Digp

⇟ Digp Digp

⇟ Xarg Digp

⇟

Acag Digp⇟ D Digp

⇟ D Xarg Mug

⇟ D Acag Mug

⇟ DI Mug

⇟ DI?

Zbft foiut tb`s9




OCIDK!

TXGX | { TXGXT } | { }

TXGXT ! TXGX | TXGX TXGXT

TXGX ! AR^_ ; |

è (AR^_ ) OCIDK |

wb`ca (AR^_ ) OCIDK |

OCIDK |

. . .

AR^_ ! AR^_ + AR^_ |

AR^_ — AR^_ |

AR^_ * AR^_ |

`hamtèàr |

`mtajar |

...

Bigawirk




Qs`mj tba rucas `m tba pravìus sc`ha, fppcy har`vftìm ti sbiw tbft tba eicciw`mjaxprassìm ̀ s symtfdt`dfccy dirradt

wb`ca ( 1 ) { è ( 5 ) { } }

Bigawirk




_avàw _adursìm

Ticva tba ^riocag Tat #6 `m prapfrftìm eir yiur axfg





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68





Cadtura >2<

Tymtfdt`d Fmfcys`s @@


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-?6


Iutc`ma




CfmjufjaTymtfdt`d Fmfcys`s(^frsar)

Jrfggfr(_ucas)

Mim-targ`mfc

Xarg`mfc

Har`vft`im^frsa

Xraa

Xiics

OME

Tymtfx H`fjrfgs





A A I^ A

A `mtajar

I^ + | - | * | /

A ( A )

A

⇟ A I^ A

⇟ `mtajar I^ A

⇟ `mtajar * A⇟ `mtajar * (A)

⇟ `mtajar * (A I^ A)

⇟ `mtajar * (`mtajar I^ A)

⇟ `mtajar * (`mtajar + A)








A

⇟ A I^ A

⇟ A I^ (A)

⇟ A I^ (A I^ A) ⇟ A I^ (A I^ `mtajar)

⇟ A I^ (A + `mtajar)

⇟ A I^ (`mtajar + `mtajar)

⇟ A * (`mtajar + `mtajar)


A A I^ A

A `mtajar

I^ + | - | * | /

A ( A )

^frsa Xraa




" F pfrsa traa `s f traa amdih`mj tba staps `m f

har`vftìm.

" @mtarmfc mihas raprasamt mimtarg`mfc sygoics usah`m tba prihudtìm.

" @mirhar wfck ie tba cafvas dimtf`ms tba jamarftahstr`mj.

"

Amdihas wbft prihudtìms fra usah, mit tba irhar`m wb`db tbisa prihudtìms fra fppcàh.

^frsa Xraa




^frsa Xraa




Jifc




Jifc ie symtfx fmfcys`s<

" _adivar tba strudtura hasdr`oah oy f sar`as ietikams.

"

_adivar f pfrsa traa eir tba j`vam `mput.

Xba priocag




A A I^ A

A `mtajar

I^ + | - | * | /

A ( A )

1 * : + ?>@mtajar iparftir `mtajar iparftir `mtajar

F sar`ius priocag




Fgo`ju`ty




•

F jrfggfr `s sf`h ti oa fgo`juius `e tbara `s ftcafst ima str`mj w`tb twi ir gira pfrsa traas.

• Mita tbft fgo`ju`ty `s f priparty ie jrfggfrs, mit

cfmjufjas.

Za w`cc rav`aw tb`s tip`d `m tba maxt cadtura




Iur XiicsOfdkus-Mfur Eirg (OME)

A xtamhah Ofdkus-Mfur Eirg (AOME)

Tymtfx H`fjrfgs

OME (Ofdkus-Mfur Eirg)




Eirgfc, gftbagft`dfc wfy ti spadèy jrfggfrs

Fcc tba pravìus axfgpcas, wbara wa usa<

! ir <<7 `s hae`mah fs

| ir iparftir

3mimtarg`mfc= ir usa uppardfsas

targ`mfc (ciwardfsas)

* Libm Ofdkus fmh âtar Mfur

AOME




Axtamhah OME `mdcuha mitft`im ti `mh`dfta<

• > ir gira iddurramdas {…}

• 6 ir gira iddurramdas +

•

> ir 6 iddurramdas […W

• Qsa ie pframtbasas eir jriup`mj ( )

* M`kcfus Z`rtb

Axfgpca




Jrfggfr ruca eir dfcc`mj f gatbih<

" hrfw(x, y, z);

" pr`mt (f, o, d, h);

" hima();

" eiiofr(ima, twi, tbraa, eiur, e`va);

" sqrt(x);

OME vs AOME




OME

3dfccYgatbih= `hamtèàr( 3`hamtèàrs= ); | `hamtèàr(); 3`hamtèàrs= `hamtèàr | `hamtèàr, 3`hamtèàrs=

AOME 3dfccYgatbih= `hamtèàr ('(' 3`hamtèàrs= ')' | '('')' ) ';'

3`hamtèàrs= `hamtèàr | `hamtèàr, 3`hamtèàrs=

AOME 3dfccYgatbih= `hamtèàr'('[ 3`hamtèàrs= W')' ';'

3`hamtèàrs= `hamtèàr | `hamtèàr, 3`hamtèàrs=

AOME 3dfccYgatbih= `hamtèàr'('[ 3`hamtèàrs= W')' ';'

3`hamtèàrs= `hamtèàr { ,`hamtèàr }

Tymtfx H`fjrfgs




DfccYgatbih

@hamt`e`ars

@s `t OME ir AOME9




OCIDK! TXGX | { TXGXT } | { }

TXGXT ! TXGX | TXGX TXGXT

TXGX ! AR^_ ; |

è (AR^_ ) OCIDK |

wb`ca (AR^_ ) OCIDK |OCIDK |

. . .

AR^_ ! AR^_ + AR^_ |

AR^_ — AR^_ |

AR^_ * AR^_ |

`hamtèàr |

`mtajar |

...

Tymtfx H`fjrfgs




OCIDK TXGXT

TXGX AR^_

@s `t OME ir AOME9



Lfvàr Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 | ?>

OCIDK ! TXGX | '{' { TXGX } '}'

TXGX ! AR^_ ; |

è '(' AR^_ ')' OCIDK |

wb`ca '(' AR^_ ')' OCIDK |

OCIDK |

. . .

AR^_ ! AR^_ '+' AR^_ |

AR^_ '—' AR^_ |

AR^_ '*' AR^_ |

`hamtèàr |

`mtajar |

...

Tymtfx H`fjrfgs




OCIDK

TXGX AR^_

Bigawirk




Drafta f ^frsa Xraa eir tba eicciw`mj axprassìm.

Qsa tba rucas stftah `m tba pravìus cadtura

wb`ca ( 1 ) { è ( 5 ) { } }





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68





Cadtura >0<

Jrfggfrs 6


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-?6


Fgo`ju`ty




•

F jrfggfr `s sf`h ti oa fgo`juius `e tbara `s ftcafst ima str`mj w`tb twi ir gira pfrsa traas.

• Mita tbft fgo`ju`ty `s f priparty ie jrfggfrs, mit

cfmjufjas.

Fgo`ju`ty




Ticut`im




•

@e f jrfggfr dfm oa gfha umfgo`juius ft fcc, `t `susufccy gfha umfgo`juius tbriujb cfyar`mj.

• Bfva axfdtcy ima wfy ti ou`ch afdb pàda ie tba

str`mj.

• Bfva axfdtcy ima wfy ie digo`m`mj pàdas ofdk

tijatbar.

•

_adurs`va dimstrudtìms

Cfyar`mj




_uca 6

_uca ?

_uca 4

_uca 8

_uca 1

. . . . .

Cafe (Xarg`mfcs, `.a., Xikams)

_iit

Ttfrt sygoic

Cfyars

Cfyar`mj




! # $ %&

`mputs<

!

6 + ? + 4 3 8 * 1!

6 * ? + 4 + 8 3 1

!

6 3 ? + 4 + 8 * 1

!

6 + ? 3 4 * 8 + 1

!

6 + ? * 4 3 8 + 1

Axard`sa




^riv`ha f Jrfggfr tbft `s Mit fgo`juiuseir fr`tbgat`d axprass`ims

6> * ?> + 61

^radahamda ie iparftirs fmh Fssid`ft`v`ty

(6> * ?>) + 61

6> * (?> + 61)

Axard`sa | ^radahamda




Maw Jrfggfr<

3A=$

3YY= + 3YY=

3 =$

3YY= - 3YY=

3 =$

3YY= * 3YY=

3 = $ 3YY= / 3YY=

3 = $ - 3YY=

Ir`j`mfc Jrfggfr<

A $ A I^ A

A $ `mtajar

I^$ + | - | * | /

Axard`sa | Bfmh wr`ttam mitas




Axard`sa | Bfmh wr`ttam mitas




3A=$

3F= | 3F= {'+' 3F= } | 3F= {'-' 3F= }

3F= $ 3O= | 3O= {'*' 3O= } | 3O= {'/' 3O= }

3O=$

'-' 3D= | 3D=

3D=$

`mtajar





3A=$

3F= {(‐+'|'-‐) 3F= }

3F= $ 3O= {('*'|'/') 3O= }

3O=$

['-'W 3D=

3D=$

`mtajar

Tymtfx H`fjrfgs




A

F

O

D

Axard`sa 6




@mdcuha rucas eir bfmhc`mj pframtbas`s `mti tba prav`ius

jrfggfr. Xba jrfggfr sbiuch fddapt fs dirradt tbaeicciw`mj axprass`ims<

6> * ?> + 61

(6> * ?>) + 61

6> * (?> + 61)

(6>) * (?>) + (61)

(6> * ?> + 61)

6> * (?>) + 61

Axard`sa 6 | Bfmh wr`ttam mitas




Tymtfx H`fjrfgs




A

F

O

D

Axard`sa ? | Bfmh wr`ttam mitas




Axard`sa ? | Bfmh wr`ttam mitas




Axard`sa ?




@mdcuha rucas ti fddapt vfr`focas mfgas (`hamtèàrs) `m

axprassìms. Xba jrfggfr sbiuch fddapt fs dirradt tbaeicciw`mj axprassìms<

F * ?> + t`ga

(x * y) + 61

6> * (FTQ + dsa48>)

(6>) * (?>) + (61)

(bacci * wirch + Fr`zimf)

6> * (diumtar) + 61

Tymtfx H`fjrfgs




A

F

O

D

Axard`sa 4




^riv`ha f Jrfggfr tbft `s

Mit fgo`juius

w`tb ^radahamda ie iparftirs fmh Fssid`ft`v`ty eir tb`s<

6> + ?> = 61 & -6> !7 6 | ?> / ( 6> + 6) 3 1

Axard`sa 4 | Mita




^radahamda ie iparftirs

|

&

!3 = 77 !7 37 =7

+ -

* /

-( )





...


{ }




{ }

{ }{ } { } { } { }...

{ } { }

{ } { }

Axard`sa 4




_

AR^_ATT@IM

R

P

Axard`sa 4




A

F

O

D





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68





Cadtura 6><

Jrfggfrs @@


lfvàrjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-?6

Iee`da Biurs oy fppi`mtgamt

Axfg 6 | _avàw

Hrfw f HEF aqu`vfcamt ti tba rajucfr axprassìm




Hrfw f HEF aqu`vfcamt ti tba rajucfr axprass`im

agf`c? 7 dbfrfdtar+ S. dbfrfdtar+ N dbfrfdtar+ S. higf`m

Mita<

f*

f+ 7 f f*

Axfg 6 | _av`aw

• Zb`db fra tba tikams tbft fra oaam hae`mah9




• Zb`db fra tba tikams tbft fra oaam hae`mah9

Axfg 6 | _av`aw

Drafta f jrfggfr ti vfc`hfta wacc wr`ttam raearamdas<




Drafta f jrfggfr ti vfc`hfta wacc-wr`ttam raearamdas<

Oyrim Cfbay, Fuhray J`riufrh, Z`msciw Ourcasim, fmh _iac

Uartajffc. ?>66. Qmharstfmh`mj tba usa ie oamh jasturas `m

gio`ca hav`das w`tb ecax`oca acadtrim`d pfpar h`spcfys. @m^ridaah`mjs ie tba T@JDB@ Dimearamda im Bugfm Efdtirs `m

Digput`mj Tystags (DB@ '66). FDG, Maw Pirk, MP, QTF,64>4-646?.

Axfg 6 | _av`aw

Drafta f jrfggfr ti vfc`hfta wacc wr`ttam raearamdas<




Drafta f jrfggfr ti vfc`hfta wacc-wr`ttam raearamdas<

Oyrim Cfbay, Fuhray J`riufrh, Z`msciw Ourcasim, fmh _iac Uartajffc.

?>66.

Qmharstfmh`mj tba usa ie oamh jasturas `m gio`ca hav`das w`tb ecax`oca acadtrim`dpfpar h`spcfys.

@m ^ridaah`mjs ie tba T@JDB@ Dimearamda im Bugfm Efdtirs `m

Digput`mj Tystags (DB@ '66).

FDG,

Maw Pirk, MP, QTF,

64>4-646?.

Axfg 6 | _av`aw

Mim targ`mfcsXarg`mfcs




Mim-targ`mfcs

3FQXI_T=

3PAF_=

3X@XCA=3DIMEA_AMDA=

3^QOC@TBA_=

3FHH__ATT=

3^FJAT=

Xarg`mfcs

str`mj

mugoar .

,

-

Axfg 6 | _av`aw

_ucas




_ucas

3_AEA_AMDA= !

3FQXI_T=!

3PAF_=!

3X@XCA=!

3DIMEA_AMDA= !

3^QOC@TBA_=!

3FHH__ATT=!

3^FJAT=!

_av`aw | Bfmh wr`ttam mitas




Tymtfx h`fjrfg


^frsa traa




^ rsa raa

(`t `s `mdigpcata)

Axfg 6 | _av`aw




Axfg 6 | _av`aw




Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68





Cadtura 66<

^frsar @gpcagamtft`im @


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-?6


^frsar

!




OME

AOME

!!

#

^frsar

Jrfggfr

^frsar | Jrfggfr 6

3AR^_ATT@IM= 3R= {'|' 3R= }




3R= 3P= {'&' 3P= } 3P= ['!'W 3_=

3_= 3A= {('='|'3'|'77'|'!7') 3A= }

3A= 3F= {(‐+'|'-‐) 3F= }

3F= 3O= {('*'|'/') 3O= }

3O= ['-'W 3D= 3D= `mtajar|

`hamt`e`ar|'(' 3AR^_ATT@IM= ')'

^frsar | Jrfggfr ?

3^_IJ_FG= '{' 3OIHP= '}'




3OIHP= { 3AR^_ATT@IM= ';'}

3AR^_ATT@IM= 3R= {'|' 3R= }

3R= 3P= {'&' 3P= }

3P= ['!'W 3_= 3_= 3A= {('='|'3'|'77'|'!7') 3A= }

3A= 3F= {(‐+'|'-‐) 3F= }

3F= 3O= {('*'|'/') 3O= }

3O= ['-'W 3D=

3D= `mtajar|


^frsar | @mput fmh Iutput

{




{

>;

6 + ?;

4 * (8 + bacci);

}

^frsar | Ttap oy Ttap

Eir afdb ruca `m tba jrfggfr {




j {

" Ttap 6. caet-bfmh s`ha (maw gatbih)

" Ttap ?. r`jbt-bfmh s`ha (ciips, `e s, dfcc gatbihs)

" Ttap 4. `hamt`ey arrirs (targ`mfcs)

" Ttap 8. symdbrim`za arrirs (e`rst fmh eicciw sats)

}

^frsar

puoc`d dcfss ^frsar {




pr`vfta stft`d Uadtir3Xikam= tikams;

pr`vfta stft`d `mt durramtXikam;

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAY^_IJ_FG () {}

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYOIHP () {}

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYAR^_ATT@IM () {}

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYR () {}

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYP () {}

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAY_ () {}

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYA () {}puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYF () {}

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYO () {}

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYD () {}

^frsar

^_IJ_FG




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAY^_IJ_FG () {

`e (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–{‗)) {

durramtXikam++;

acsaarrir(6);

_QCAYOIHP();

`e (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–}‗))durramtXikam++;

acsa

arrir(?);

}

^frsar

OIHP




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYOIHP() {

wb`ca (!tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–}‗)) {

_QCAYAR^_ATT@IM();

`e (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–;‗))

durramtXikam++;

acsa

arrir(4);

}

}

^frsar

AR^_ATT@IM




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYAR^_ATT@IM() {

_QCAYR();

wb`ca (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–|‗)) {durramtXikam++;

_QCAYR();

}

}

^frsar

R




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYR() {

_QCAYP();

wb`ca (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–&‗)) {durramtXikam++;

_QCAYP();

}

}

^frsar

P




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYP() {

`e (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–!‗)) {

durramtXikam++;

}

_QCAY_();

}

^frsar

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAY_ () {_




_QCAYA();

wb`ca ( tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(– 3‗)

|tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–= ‗)

|tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–77‗)

|tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–!7‗)

) {

durramtXikam++;

_QCAYA();

}

}

^frsar

A




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYA() {

_QCAYF();

wb`ca (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–-‗)

| tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–+‗)

) {

durramtXikam++;_QCAYF();

}

}

^frsar

F




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYF () {

_QCAYO();

wb`ca (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–/‗)

| tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–*‗)

) {

durramtXikam++;_QCAYO();

}

}

^frsar

O




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYO() {

`e (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–-‗)) {

durramtXikam++;

}

_QCAYD();

}

^frsar

D




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYD() {

è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatXikam().aqufcs(–`mtajar‗)) {

durramtXikam++;

} acsa è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatXikam().aqufcs(–`hamtèàr‗)) {durramtXikam++;

} acsa è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–(‗)) {

durramtXikam++;

_QCAYAR^_ATT@IM();

è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–)‗)) {

durramtXikam++;} acsa arrir(8);

}

} acsa { arrir (1); }

}

Bigawirk




^rijrfgg`mj Fss`jmgamt ?Cavac 6

_av`aw fmh Qmharstfmh tba Tiurda Diha

pistah `m Ocfdkoifrh. Tpad`fccy, pfrt`ducfrcy tba usa ieHaefuctGutfocaXraaMiha)

Bigawirk




Bigawirk




^rijrfgg`mj Fss`jmgamt ?Cavac ?

Gih`ey tba Tiurda Diha

ti `mdcuha tba rucas^_IJ_FG

fmh OIHP, AR^_ATT@IM, R, P, _

(erig Jrfggfr ?)





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68





Cadtura 6?<

^frsar @gpcagamtftìm @@


lfvàrjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-?6


_avàw





_av`aw fmh Qmharstfmh tba Tiurda Diha

pistah `m Ocfdkoifrh.

^frt`ducfrcy tba usa ie HaefuctGutfocaXraaMiha)

_av`aw




* ^frsar.lfvf `s tba imcy e`ca tbft yiu fra fcciwah ti gih`ey

_av`aw




^rijrfgg`mj Fss`jmgamt ?Cavac ?

Gih`ey tba Tiurda Diha

ti `mdcuha tba rucas^_IJ_FG

fmh OIHP, AR^_ATT@IM, R, P, _(erig Jrfggfr ?)

_av`aw

3^_IJ_FG= '{' 3OIHP= '}'




3OIHP= { 3AR^_ATT@IM= ';'}

3AR^_ATT@IM= 3R= {'|' 3R= }

3R= 3P= {'&' 3P= }

3P= ['!'W 3_=

3_= 3A= {('='|'3'|'77'|'!7') 3A= }

3A= 3F= {(‐+'|'-‐) 3F= }

3F= 3O= {('*'|'/') 3O= }

3O= ['-'W 3D=

3D= `mtajar|






Xba digpcata jrfggfr eir iur cfmjufja

Axprassìms(iparftirs)

F_@XBGAX@D IÂ_FXI_T { +, -, *, /, 7}

CIJ@D IÂ_FXI_T { &, |, ! }

Fss`jmgamt ? | Cfmjufja




KAPZI_H {raturm, pr`mt}

TX_@MJ

Cfmjufja

Fdtìms@mstrudtìms

DimtricTtrudturas

|

_ACFX@IMFC IÂ_FXI_T {3, =, 77, !7}

KAPZI_H { è, acsa, wb`ca, sw`tdb, dfsa }

Hftf

@MXAJA_

ECIFX

BARFHAD@GFC

DBF_

KAPZI_H { vi`h, `mt, dbfr, str`mj, ecift, oiicafm }

KAPZI_H { trua, efcsa }

O@MF_P

Hac`g`tar < ; , ( ) { } [ W

IDXFC

@HAMX@E@A_

Fss`jmgamt ? | Jrfggfr

3^_IJ_FG= '{' 3OIHP= '}‐




3OIHP= { 3^_@MX= ';'

| 3FTT@JMGAMX= ';'

| 3UF_@FOCA= ';‐

| 3ZB@CA= | 3@E= | 3_AXQ_M= ';'

} 3FTT@JMGAMX= `hamtèàr '7' 3AR^_ATT@IM=

3UF_@FOCA= ('`mt'|'ecift'|'oiicafm'|'dbfr‐|'str`mj'|'vi`h')`hamtèàr

3ZB@CA= 'wb`ca' '(' 3AR^_ATT@IM= ')' 3^_IJ_FG=

3@E= 'è' '(' 3AR^_ATT@IM= ')' 3^_IJ_FG= ['acsa' 3^_IJ_FG=W

3_AXQ_M= 'raturm'

3^_@MX= ‐pr`mt‐ ‒(‒ 3AR^_ATT@IM= ‒)‐

3AR^_ATT@IM= 3R= {'|' 3R= }

3R= 3P= {'&' 3P= }

3P= ['!'W 3_=

3_= 3A= {('='|'3'|'77'|'!7') 3A= }

3A= 3F= {(‐+'|'-‐) 3F= }

3F= 3O= {('*'|'/') 3O= }

3O= ['-'W 3D= 3D= `mtajar | idtfc | baxfhad`gfc | o`mfry | trua | efcsa |

str`mj | dbfr | ecift | `hamtèàr|'(' 3AR^_ATT@IM= ')'

Fss`jmgamt ? | @mput

Fra tbara symtfdt`dfc arrirs9




{

ecift f;

x 7 >;

`mt x;

y 7 6 + 6;x 7 (>o66) +(>1 — >xEE48);

wb`ca (? 77 "b`") {

f 7 ? = (8 + P);

`e (trua) { `e( ? + ? ) {} acsa {} }

}pr`mt ("bacci" + "wirch");

}






{

`mt x;

x 7 1;

x 7 >1;

x 7 >x1ee;x 7 1.11;

x 7 "e`va";

x 7 ‐1';

x 7 efcsa;

}






{

`mt x;

ecift x;

str`mj x;

dbfr x;vi`h x;

oiicafm x;

}






{

x 7 "bacci" + "wirch" — 'w' * 1 / 4.8;

x 7 y — bacci & >xeeee | >1;

x 7 -:;

x 7 !y; x 7 (dsa48> + dsa46>) / dsa6>6 ;

}

Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha




------------ prijrfg(riit);

Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha

^_IJ_FG




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAY^_IJ_FG () {

è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–{‗)) {

durramtXikam++;

acsaarrir(6);

_QCAYOIHP();

è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–}‗))

durramtXikam++;

acsa

arrir(?);

}

Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYOIHP() {

wb`ca (!tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–}‗)) {

è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatXikam().aqufcs(–`hamtèàr‗)) {

_QCA FTT@JMGAMX();

OIHP




_QCAYFTT@JMGAMX();

è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–;‗)) {

durramtXikam++;

acsa arrir(4);

} acsa è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatXikam().aqufcs(–`mt‗) | ...) {

_QCA YUF_@FOCA();

è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(";")) {

durramtXikam++;

acsa arrir(4);

} acsa è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(– wb`ca‗)) {

_QCAYZB@CA();

} acsa è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–è‗)) {

_QCAY@E();

} acsa è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–raturm‗)) {

_QCAY_AXQ_M();

è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh().aqufcs(–;‗)) {

durramtXikam++;

acsa

arrir(4);

} acsa arrir(8);

}

}

Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha

FTT@JMGAMX




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYFTT@JMGAMX() {

}

Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYUF_@FOCA() {

UF_@FOCA




}

Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha

ZB@CA




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYZB@CA() {

}

Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha

@E




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAY@E() {

}

Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha

_AXQ_M




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAY_AXQ_M() {

}

Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha

^_@MX




puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAY^_@MX () {

}

Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha

puoc`d stft`d vi`h _QCAYD() {D




}




^_AH@DX@UAHATDAMHAMX

_ADQ_T@UA

^F_TA_

Dimdapts

{

`mt f;




f 7 >xEE + >o666;

wb`ca (f !7 >1) {

`e (trua) {

f 7 ?.1a-6 / :;

} acsa {

f 7 'F‐;

wb`ca(trua) {

}

}

}pr`mt ("bacci");

}

^_AH@DX@UA

HATDAMHAMX

_ADQ_T@UA

^F_TA_

Bigawirk




^rijrfgg`mj Fss`jmgamt #?

(Digpcata Cavacs 6 ti 4)





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68





Cadtura 64<

^frs`mj Xadbm`quas @


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-42


6

• Qmharstfmh ha priv`hah siurda diha(4 rucas)

Fss`jmgamt ?




?

• ^rijrfg tba rucas ^_IJ_FG, OIHP, AR^_ATT@IM, R, P, _, A, D(66 rucas)

4

• ^rijrfg tba eucc sat ie rucas `m tba jrfggfr(65 rucas)

8

• _apirt symtfdt`dfc arrirs (ima arrir fmh stip)^FM@D GIHA

1

• @gpcagamt arrir symdbrim`zft`imA__I_ _ADIUA_P

^ ` F ` t ?





Bfmhc`mj Tymtfdt`dfc Arrirs (pfrt 6)<

Arrir gassfjas

Fss`jmgamt ? | Jrfggfr

3^_IJ_FG= '{' 3OIHP= '}‐

3OIHP= { 3^_@MX= ';'| 3FTT@JMGAMX= ';'| 3UF_@FOCA= ';‐| 3ZB@CA= | 3@E= | 3_AXQ_M= ';'}




3FTT@JMGAMX= `hamtèàr '7' 3AR^_ATT@IM=




3_AXQ_M= 'raturm'

3^_@MX= ‐pr`mt‐ ‒(‒ 3AR^_ATT@IM= ‒)‐

3AR^_ATT@IM= 3R= {'|' 3R= }

3R= 3P= {'&' 3P= }

3P= ['!'W 3_=

3_= 3A= {('='|'3'|'77'|'!7') 3A= }

3A= 3F= {(‐+'|'-‐) 3F= }

3F= 3O= {('*'|'/') 3O= }

3O= ['-'W 3D=

3D= `mtajar | idtfc | baxfhad`gfc | o`mfry | trua | efcsa |


Arrir Tymdbrim`zftìm

^_IJ_FG

OIHP

_AXQ_M

^_@MX F




FTT@JMGAMX

UF_@FOCA

ZB@CA

@E

D

AR^_ATT@IM

R

P

_

A

O

Fss`jmgamt ?

{}

@mput<




Ou`ch suddasseuc

Iutput<

Fss`jmgamt ?

{

@mput<




bacci wirh

}

C`ma ?< axpadtah 7

C`ma ?< axpadtah ;

Iutput<

Fss`jmgamt ?

{

@mput<




`mt x

`mt

`mt `mt x;

}

C`ma ?< axpadtah ;

C`ma 4< axpadtah `hamtèàr

C`ma 4< axpadtah ;

C`ma 8< axpadtah `hamtèàr

Iutput<

Fss`jmgamt ?

{

x 7 f;

@mput<




x 7 f;

x 7 >x45FZ;

x 7 ((((((((((y))))))))));

x 7 (1+(8-(4+(1+1/(?+(4+(6+(::+(6-(y)))))))))) + –bacci‗ + ‒q‐;

è (f 3 o) {} acsa {}

è (f 3 o) {

è (f 3 o) {} acsa {

}

}

}

C`ma 4< axpadtah vfcua, `hamtèàr ir (

Iutput<

^frsar | Arrir î`mts

{




^_IJ_FG

C`ma M< axpadtah {

C`ma M< axpadtah }


C`ma M< axpadtah ;




OIHP

C`ma M< axpadtah `hamt`e`ar ir kaywirh





FTT@JMGAMX

C`ma M< axpadtah 7


UF_@FOCA




UF_@FOCA

C`ma M< axpadtah `hamt`e`ar


C`ma M< axpadtah )




ZB@CA

C`ma M< axpadtah (


C`ma M< axpadtah ( C`ma M< axpadtah )




@E





_AXQ_M






^_@MX


AR^_ATT@IM




R

P

_

A

F

O


D

C`ma M< axpadtah vfcua, `hamt`e`ar ir (




C`ma M< axpadtah )

Fss`jmgamt ?

puoc`d stft`d vi`h arrir(`mt arr) {

`mt m 7 tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatC`ma();

sw`tdb (arr) {

dfsa 6< ju`.wr`taDimsica("C`ma‗ + m + "< axpadtah {‗); orafk;

dfsa ?< ju`.wr`taDimsica("C`ma‗ + m + "< axpadtah }‗); orafk;




j ( p } ); ;

dfsa 4< ju`.wr`taDimsica("C`ma‗ + m + "< axpadtah ;‗); orafk;

dfsa 8<

ju`.wr`taDimsica("C`ma‗ +m+"< axpadtah `hamtèàr ir kaywirh‗);

orafk;

dfsa 1<

ju`.wr`taDimsica("C`ma‗ +m+"< axpadtah 7‗); orafk;dfsa 5<

ju`.wr`taDimsica("C`ma‗ +m+"< axpadtah `hamtèàr‗); orafk;

dfsa :<

ju`.wr`taDimsica("C`ma‗ +m+"< axpadtah )‗); orafk;

dfsa 2<

ju`.wr`taDimsica("C`ma‗ +m+"< axpadtah (‗); orafk;

dfsa 0<

ju`.wr`taDimsica("C`ma‗ +m+"< axpadtah vfcua, `hamtèàr, (‗);

orafk;

}

}

Qphftas

6. @m Ju`.lfvf< gfka tba gatbih wr`taDimsica puoc`d




?. @m Ju`.lfvf< fhh tb`s fs f sadimh pfrfgatar eir tba gatbih ^frsar.rum()

4. @m ^frsar.lfvf<

fhh tba fttr`outa ju` (c`ma 61)

fhh f sadimh pfrfgatar ti tba gatbih rum (c`ma 6:)

`m`t`fc`za ju` (c`ma 62)

^rijrfgg`mj Fss`jmgamt ?

C c 1




Cavac 1

Bfmhc`mj Tymtfdt`dfc Arrirs (pfrt ?)<

Arrir _adivary

Arrir _adivary

{

x 7 f;

@mput<Za w`cc mit fcciw guct`-

c`ma axprass`ims; c`ma 4




x 7 f;

x 7 6 + (

x 7 (y;)

è (f 3 o + ) {} acsa {}

è (f 3 o) {

è (f 3 o) {

} acsa {

}

}

c`ma axprassìms; c`ma 4fmh 8 sbiuch mit oa

dims`harah fs eicciw<

x7 6 + ( x 7 ( y;)

Arrir Tymdbrim`zftìm

^_IJ_FG

OIHP

_AXQ_M

^_@MX

AR^_ATT@IM

F

O




FTT@JMGAMX

UF_@FOCA

ZB@CA

@E

D

AR^_ATT@IM

R

P

_

A

O

Arrir _adivary

C`ma 4< axpadtah vfcua, `hamt`e`ar, (

C`ma 4< axpadtah )

Iutput<




p )

C`ma 4< axpadtah ;

// giva ti tba maxt c`ma

C`ma 8< axpadtah )

C`ma 8< axpadtah `hamt`e`ar ir kaywirh// `me`m`ta ciip ir amh


// s`gpca

C`ma 6?< axpadtah }

// rapirtah oy prijrfg

Arrir _adivary

Ft tb`s pi`mt<

Arrirs hi mit `mdragamt tX k




• Arrirs hi mit `mdragamt durramtXikam.

• durramtXikam `mdrafsa wbam tba tikam `s usah

(fhhah ti tba traa).

• Arrir radivary `s foiut `jmir`mj tikams

• Biw ti kmiw wb`db tikams sbiuch oa `jmirah9

Arrir _adivary



Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-Tfmdbaz | DTA48> | Efcc ?>68 | ?:

ti oa dimt`muah...

Bigawirk





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68






Cadtura 68<

^frs`mj Xadbm`quas @@


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-42


Arrir _adivary

{

x 7 f;

@mput<Za w`cc mit fcciw guct`-

c`ma axprass`ims; c`ma 4fmh 8 sbiuch mit oa




f;

x 7 6 + (

x 7 (y;)

è (f 3 o + ) {} acsa {}

è (f 3 o) {

è (f 3 o) {

} acsa {

}

}

pfmh 8 sbiuch mit oa

dims`harah fs eicciw<

x7 6 + ( x 7 ( y;)

Arrir _adivary

^_IJ_FG

OIHP

_AXQ_M

^_@MX

AR^_ATT@IM

F

O




FTT@JMGAMX

UF_@FOCA

ZB@CA

@E

D

TT I

R

P

_

A

O

Arrir _adivary


C`ma 4< axpadtah )

Iutput<




C`ma 4< axpadtah ;

// giva ti tba maxt c`ma

C`ma 8< axpadtah )

C`ma 8< axpadtah `hamt`e`ar ir kaywirh// `me`m`ta ciip ir amh


// s`gpca

C`ma 6?< axpadtah }

// rapirtah oy prijrfg

Arrir _adivary

Ft tb`s pi`mt<

• Arrirs hi mit `mdragamt durramtXikam




• Arrirs hi mit `mdragamt durramtXikam.

• durramtXikam `mdrafsa wbam tba tikam `s usah

(fhhah ti tba traa).

• Arrir radivary `s foiut `jmir`mj tikams

• Biw ti kmiw wb`db tikams sbiuch oa `jmirah9

^frsar | Arrir _adivary

C`ma M< axpadtah {

durramtXikam++;Tafrdb`mj eir




^_IJ_FG

C`ma M< axpadtah }

;Tafrdb`mj eirE@_TX OIHP) ir }


C`ma M< axpadtah ;

OIHP




p ;

C`ma M< axpadtah `hamt`e`ar ir kaywirhdurramtXikam++;

Tafrdb`mj eirE@_TX OIHP) ir EICCIZ OIHP)





FTT@JMGAMX

C`ma M< axpadtah 7durramtXikam++;Tafrdb`mj eirE@_TX AR^_ATT@IM) ir EICCIZ AR^_ATT@IM)


UF_@FOCA




C`ma M< axpadtah `hamt`e`ar


C`ma M< axpadtah )

durramtXikam++;Tafrdb`mj eirE@_TX ^_IJ_FG) ir EICCIZ ^_IJ_FG)




ZB@CA

C`ma M< axpadtah (

C`ma M< axpadtah )

durramtXikam++;Tafrdb`mj eir

E@_TX AR^_ATT@IM) ir )


durramtXikam++;Tafrdb`mj eirE@_TX AR^_ATT@IM) ir )

durramtXikam++;Tafrdb`mj eirE@_TX ^_IJ_FG) ir




@E

C`ma M< axpadtah ( C`ma M< axpadtah )EICCIZ ̂ _IJ_FG)





_AXQ_M


durramtXikam++;Tafrdb`mj eirE@_TX AR^_ATT@IM) ir )




^_@MX



AR^_ATT@IM

A




R

P

_

F

O

^frsar | Arrir _adivary D

C`ma M< axpadtah vfcua, `hamt`e`ar ir (




p , e (

C`ma M< axpadtah )


_uca E@_TX sat EICCIZ sat

^_IJ_FG { AIE

OIHP E@_TX (^_@MX) Q E@_TX (FT@JMGAMX) Q E@_TX(UF_@FOCA) Q E@_TX(ZB@CA) Q E@_TX(@E) Q E@_TX (_AXQ_M)

}

^_@MX pr`mt ;




FTT@JMGAMX `hamtèàr ;

UF_@FOCA `mt, ecift, oiicafm, vi`h, dbfr, str`mj ;

ZB@CA wb`ca } Q E@_TX(OIHP)

@E è } Q E@_TX(OIHP)

_AXQ_M raturm ;

AR^_ATT@IM E@_TX(R) ), ;

R E@_TX(P) | Q EICCIZ(AR^_ATT@IM)

P ! Q E@_TX(_) & Q EICCIZ(R)

_ E@_TX(A) EICCIZ(P)

A E@_TX (F) !7, 77, =, 3 Q EICCIZ(_)

F E@_TX (O) -, + Q EICCIZ(A)

O - Q E@_TX (D) *, /, Q EICCIZ(F)

D `mtajar, idtfc, baxfhad`gfc, o`mfry, trua, efcsa, str`mj, dbfr, ecift, `hamtèàr, ( EICCIZ(O)


@e ( tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatC`ma() 3tikams.jat(durramtXikam+6).jatC`ma() ) {




e ( j ( ) j ()j ( ) j () ) {

// ji ofdk umt`c rafdb`mj _QCAYOIHP()

}

Bigawirk





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahuEfcc ?>68





j j j j

Cadtura 61<

^frs`mj Xadbm`quas @@@


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-42



_uca E@_TX sat EICCIZ sat

^_IJ_FG { AIE

OIHP E@_TX (^_@MX) Q E@_TX (FT@JMGAMX) Q E@_TX(UF_@FOCA) Q E@_TX(ZB@CA) Q E@_TX(@E) Q E@_TX (_AXQ_M)

}

^_@MX pr`mt ;




FTT@JMGAMX `hamtèàr ;

UF_@FOCA `mt, ecift, oiicafm, vi`h, dbfr, str`mj ;

ZB@CA wb`ca } Q E@_TX(OIHP)

@E è } Q E@_TX(OIHP)

_AXQ_M raturm ;

AR^_ATT@IM E@_TX(R) ), ;

R E@_TX(P) | Q EICCIZ(AR^_ATT@IM)

P ! Q E@_TX(_) & Q EICCIZ(R)

_ E@_TX(A) EICCIZ(P)

A E@_TX (F) !7, 77, =, 3 Q EICCIZ(_)

F E@_TX (O) -, + Q EICCIZ(A)

O - Q E@_TX (D) *, /, Q EICCIZ(F)

D `mtajar, idtfc, baxfhad`gfc, o`mfry, trua, efcsa, str`mj, dbfr, ecift, `hamtèàr, ( EICCIZ(O)




Dfcducft`mj tba E`rst Tat

E@_TX sat

Hae`m`t`im

E@_TX (f) `s tba sat ie tikams tbft dfm oaj`m tba dimstrudt`im f.




Axfgpca

3A= ! 3F= {+ 3F=}

3F=!

3O= {* 3O=}3O= ! -3D= | 3D=

3D= ! `mtajar

E@_TX(A) 7 {-, `mtajar}

E@_TX(F) 7 {-, `mtajar}E@_TX(O) 7 {-, `mtajar}

E@_TX(D) 7 {`mtajar}

E@_TX sat

Hae`ma E@_TX (OIHP)E@_TX(OIHP) 7

E@_TX (^_@MX) Q E@_TX (FTT@JMGAMX) Q E@_TX(UF_@FOCA) Q E@_TX(ZB@CA) QE@_TX(@E) Q E@_TX(_AXQ_M)




E@_TX sat

Hae`ma E@_TX (D)




E@_TX sat

Hae`ma E@_TX (F)




Hae`ma E@_TX (O)

E@_TX sat

3T= ! 3F=3O=3D=

3T= ! 3E=

3F= ! 3A=3E=h




3F= ! f

3O= ! f3O=o

3O= ! "

3D= ! d3D=

3D= ! h

3A= ! a3A=

3A= ! 3E=

3E= ! 3E=e

3E= ! "

Dfcducfta tba E@_TX sat

6.

E@_TX(R) 7 {R}

`e R `s f targ`mfc

?. E@_TX(α) 7 {α}.




mita tbft tb`s `s mit divarah oy tba e`rst ruca oadfusa

α `s mit f targ`mfc.

4. @e F↟ Rζ, fhh E@_TX(R) ∟ {α} ti E@_TX(F)

8.

@e F↟ F6F?F4 ...F`F`+6 ... Fk fmh

α ∂ E @_TX (F6) fmhα ∂ E@_TX (F?) fmh . . . fmhα ∂ E@_TX (F`),

tbam fhh E@_TX (F`+6) ∟ {α} ti E@_TX (F).

1.

@e F↟ F6F?F4 ...Fk fmhα ∂ E@_TX(F6) fmhα ∂ E@_TX(F?) fmh... fmhα ∂ E@_TX(Fk ),

tbam fhhα ti E@_TX(F).

Dfcducfta tba E@_TX sat




ciip

E@_TX sat

T ! FOD

T!

EF ! AEh

!"#$ !"#$% '() * (+,-.)/,>

$ ò {f, !} {f, !, a, e} {f, !, a, e, h}




F ! f

O ! fOo

O ! "

D ! dD

D ! h

A ! aA

A ! E

E ! Ee

E ! "

? ò {f} {f, a} {f, a, e, h}

4 ò {f, !}

8 ò {d, h}

1 ò {a} {a, !} {a, !, e}

! ò {!} {!, e}

E@_TX sat | Axard`sa

3R= ! 3F= | 3F= f

3F= ! 3O= | 3O= o

3O= ! 3D=3H=3A= | d h a | 3D= d 3H= h 3A= a3D= ! ima




3H= ! twi

3A= ! tbraa


3R= ! 3F=

3R= ! 3F= f

3F= ! 3O=3F= ! 3O= o

I^X@IM 6<

E@_TX(R) 7 {d, ima}

E@_TX(F) 7 {d, ima}E@_TX(O) 7 {d, ima}




3O= ! 3D=3H=3A=

3O= ! d h a

3O= ! 3D= d 3H= h 3A= a

3D= ! ima

3H= ! twi

3A= ! tbraa

E@_TX(D) 7 {ima}

E@_TX(H) 7 {twi}

E@_TX(A) 7 {tbraa}

I^X@IM ?<

E@_TX(R) 7 {d, ima, !}

E@_TX(F) 7 {o, d, ima}

E@_TX(O) 7 {d, ima}

E@_TX(D) 7 {ima}

E@_TX(H) 7 {twi}

E@_TX(A) 7 {tbraa}


3R= ! 3F=

3R= ! 3F= f

3F= ! 3O=3F= ! 3O= o

E@_TX(R) 7 {d, ima, tbraa, twi}

E@_TX(F) 7 {d, ima, tbraa, twi}

E@_TX(O) 7 {d, ima, tbraa, twi}

E@_TX(D) 7 {ima, "}E@_TX(H) 7 {twi, "}

E@_TX(A) {tbraa}




3O= ! 3D=3H=3A=

3O= ! d h a

3O= ! 3D= d 3H= h 3A= a

3D= ! ima

3D= ! !

3H= ! twi

3H= ! !

3A= ! tbraa

E@_TX(A) 7 {tbraa}




Dfcducft`mj tba Eicciw Tat

EICCIZ sat

Hae`m`t`im

EICCIZ (f) `s tba sat ie tikams tbft dfm eicciw tba dimstrudt`im f.

Axfgpca




3A= ! 3F= {+ 3F=}

3F= ! 3O= {* 3O=}

3O=!

-3D= | 3D=3D= ! `mtajar

1 + 8 + -: * 6? + :1

1 + 8 + ((-:) * 6?) + :1

Zbft eicciws 3D= 9

Zbft eicciws 3F= 9

Zbft eicciws 3A= 9

EICCIZ sat

Hae`m`t`im

EICCIZ (f) `s tba sat ie tikams tbft dfm eicciw tba dimstrudt`im f.

Axfgpca




Axfgpca

3A= ! 3F= {+ 3F=}

3F= ! 3O= {* 3O=}

3O= ! 3D= | 3D=

3D= ! `mtajar

EICCIZ(A) 7 {$} // $ raprasamts amh ie `mput, `.a., AIE

EICCIZ(F) 7 {+, $}

EICCIZ(O) 7 {*, +, $}

EICCIZ(D) 7 {*, +, $}

EICCIZ sat

Hae`ma EICCIZ (OIHP)E@_TX(OIHP) 7 }




EICCIZ sat

Hae`ma EICCIZ (D)




EICCIZ sat

3T= ! 3F=3O=3D=

3T= ! 3E=

3F= ! 3A=3E=h

F




3F= ! f

3O= ! f3O=o

3O= ! "

3D= ! d3D=

3D= ! h

3A= ! a3A=

3A= ! 3E=

3E= ! 3E=e

3E= ! "

Dfcducfta tba EICCIZ sat

6. E`rst put $ (tba amh ie `mput gfrkar) `m Eicciw(T) (T `s tba stfrtsygoic)

?. @e tbara `s f prihudt`im F ↟ fOo,




(wbara f dfm oa f wbica str`mj)

tbam avarytb`mj `m E@_TX(o) axdapt eirα `s pcfdah `m EICCIZ(O).

(fppcy tba ruca 8 `m dfcducfta E@_TX sat)

4. @e tbara `s f prihudt`im F ↟ fO,

tbam fhh EICCIZ(F) ti EICCIZ(O)

8. @e tbara `s f prihudt`im F ↟ fOo,

wbara E@_TX(o) dimtf`msα,tbam fhh EICCIZ(F) ti EICCIZ(O)

Dfcducfta tba EICCIZ sat




EICCIZ sat

T ! FOD

T ! E

F ! AEh

F f

!"#$ !5::52 '() * (+,-.)/,>

$ {aie}

? {f} {f d h}

E@_TX sats<

T7{f,",a,e,h}

F7{f, a, e, h}

O7{f, "}

D7 {d h}




F ! f

O ! fOo

O ! "

D ! dD

D ! h

A ! aA

A ! E

E ! Ee

E ! "

? {f} {f, d, h}

4 {d, h} {d, h, o}

8 {aie}

1 {e} {e, h}

! {aie} {aie, h} {aie, h, e}

D7 {d, h}

A7{a, ", e}

E7{",e}

Fmitbar Axfgpca

3A= ! 3X= {+3X=}

3X= ! 3E= {*3E=}

3E= ! (3A=) | `mtajar




E@_TX (A) 7 {(, `mtajar}

E@_TX (X) 7 {(, `mtajar}

E@_TX (E) 7 {(, `mtajar}

EICCIZ(A) 7 {$, )}

EICCIZ(X) 7 {$, ),+ }

EICCIZ(E) 7 {$, ),+, * }




^rah`dtìm _ucas

^rah`dtìm _ucas

_uca 6.

@t sbiuch fcwfys oa pissòca ti dbiisa fgimj savarfc

fctarmft`vas `m f jrfggfr ruca.




E@_TX(_6) E@_TX(_?) E@_TX(_4)... E@_TX(_m) 7 Ò

OIHP

^rah`dt`im _ucas

_uca 6.6

Xba E@_TX sats ie fmy twi dbi`das `m ima ruca gust mit

bfva tikams `m diggim `m irhar ti `gpcagamt f s`mjca-sygoic ciik fbafh prah`dt`va pfrsar.




y p p

^rah`dtìm _ucas

_uca ?.

Eir fmy iptìmfc pfrt, mi tikam oaj`mm`mj tba iptìmfc pfrt

dfm fcsi diga fetar tba iptìmfc pfrt.




E@_TX(_QCA) !7 EICCIZ(_QCA)

OIHP ^_IJ_FG

Bigawirk





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68


DTA48> - ^r`md`pcas ie^rijrfgg`mj Cfmj fjas




Cadtura 65<

Jrfggfrs @@@


lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

OPAMJ G6-42


Db k B` b




Dbigsky B`arfrdby

*Mifg Dbigsky

Dbigsky B`arfrdby




Dbigsky B`arfrdby

Xypa Mfga Axfgpca Qsa _adijm`z`mj

Futigftf

^frs`mj

Digpcax`ty

> _adurs`vacyAmugarftah

Xur`mj Gfdb`ma Qmhad`hfoca




6 Dimtaxt

Tams`t`va

C`mafr Oiumhah

Futigftf

M^ Digpcata

? Dimtaxt Eraa Fr`tbgat`dAxprassìm

x 7 f + o * :1

ûsbhiwm Futigftf

I(m4)

4 _ajucfr @hamtèàr

f66>

E`m`ta

Futigftf

I(m)

Dbigsky Bàrfrdby

Xypa > - _adurs`vacy Amugarftahstrudtura< ↟

wbaraζ fmhο fra fmy str`mj ie targ`mfcs fmh mimtarg`mfcs

Xypa 6 - Dimtaxt-sams`t`va strudtura< R




strudtura< R ↟ δ

wbara R `s f mim-targ`mfc, fmh , ,δ fra fmy str`mj ie targ`mfcs fmh mimtarg`mfcs, (δ gust oa mim-agpty).

Xypa ? - Dimtaxt-eraastrudtura< R

↟

δ|α

wbara R `s f mimtarg`mfc fmhδ `s fmy str`mj ie targ`mfcs fmh mimtarg`mfcs (gfy oaagpty). @t `s h`sdiurfjah ti usa imcy ima mimtarg`mfc fs δ.

Xypa 4 — _ajucfr

strudtura< R↟ P | |α

wbara R,P fra s`mjca mimtarg`mfcs, fmh `s f str`mj ie targ`mfcs;

_ajucfr Jrfggfr

Xypa 4 — _ajucfr



3H@J@X= ! `mtajar| | `mtajar3H@J@X=




3V>= ! f3V6= | o3V>=

3V6= ! f3V6= | o3V>= | "

3T= ! f3T= |o3F=

3F= ! d3F= | "

3F=!

"

3F= ! f

3F= ! 3O=f

_ajucfr Jrfggfr

_`jbt _ajucfr Jrfggfrs<

Xba _ajucfr Jrfggfrs fra a`tbar caet ie r`jbt<

Caet _ajucfr Jrfggfrs<




_ucas ie tba eirgs3F= ! "

3F= ! f

3F= ! f3O=

F,O< mimtarg`mfcs fmhf< targ`mfc

_ucas ie tba eirgs3F= ! "

3F= ! f

3F= ! 3O=f

F,O< mimtarg`mfcs fmhf< targ`mfc

_ajucfr Jrfggfr

• Kay pi`mt< Xba har`vft`im pridass `s –c`mafr‗

•

Axfgpca ie Har`vft`im pridass<




3T= ! f3T= | o3F=

3F= ! d3F= | "

Xba jrfggfr `s aqu`vfcamt ti tba rajucfr axprass`im f*od*

T ! fT ! ffT ! …

! f…fT !f…fo F !f…fod F

! f…fodd F ! …

! f…fod…d

Dimtaxt-Eraa Jrfggfr

Xypa ? - Dimtaxt-eraa

strudtura< R↟ δ|α

wbara R `s f mimtarg`mfc fmhδ `s fmy str`mj ie targ`mfcs fmhmimtarg`mfcs (gfy oa agpty). @t `s h`sdiurfjah ti usa imcy ima




mimtarg`mfcs (gfy oa agpty). @t `s h`sdiurfjah ti usa imcy imamimtarg`mfc fsδ.

3T= ! 3F=3T= | "

3F= ! > 3F= 6| 3F=6 | > 6

3T= ! 3M^=3U^=

3M^= ! tba 3M=

3U^= ! 3U=3M^=

3U= ! s`mjs | afts

3M= ! dft | simj | dfmfry

Dimtaxt-Tams`t`va Jrfggfr

Xypa 6 - Dimtaxt-sams`t`va strudtura< R ↟ δ

wbara R `s f mim-targ`mfc, fmh ,

,δ

fra fmy str`mj ie targ`mfcsfmh mimtarg`mfcs, (δ gust oa mim-agpty).




3T=! f3T=3O=3D=

3T= ! f3O=3D=

3D=3O= ! 3B=3O=

3B=3O= ! 3B=3D=

3B=3D= ! 3O=3D=

f3O= ! f o

o3O= ! o o

o3D= ! o d

d3D= ! d d

*Xba cfmjufja jamarftah oy tb`s jrfggfr `s {fmomdm|m ! 6} .

Dbigsky B`arfrdby



Xypa 6 - Dimtaxt-sams`t`va strudtura< R




strudtura< R ↟ δ



↟

δ|α


Xypa 4 — _ajucfr



Axard`sa

J4 {

3s= 3O=3F=3O=

3s= 3F=3O=3F=

3F= 3F=3O=

3F= f3F=

3F= fo

J6 {

3s= 3F=

3s= 3F=3F=3O=

3F= ff

3F=f 3F=3O=f

3F=3O= 3F=3O=3O=




3O= 3O=3F=

3O= o

}

J8 {

3s= 3F=3O=

3F= f3F=

3F=

f

3O= 3O=o

3O= o

3F=3O= 3O=3F=

}

3O=o 3F=3O=o

3O= o

}

J? {

3s= o3s=

3s= f3F=

3s= o

3F=

f3s=

3F=

o3F=

3F= f

}




Axfgpcas

Xypas ie Jrfggfrs

3A= ! a3A=

3A= ! 3E=

3E= ! 3E=e

3E= ! !




@s tb`s f rajucfr jrfggfr (R↟ ζP |ζ |α) 9

@s tb`s f dimtaxt-eraa jrfggfr (R ↟ δ|α ) 9

@s tb`s f dimtaxt-sams`t`va jrfggfr (ζRο ↟ ζδο) 9

Xypas ie Jrfggfrs

è 3dimh`tìm= tbam ! è –(– 3dimh`tìm= –)‗ tbam

3dimh`tìm= ! 3F= –7– 3O=







Xypas ie Jrfggfrs

è –(– 3dimh`tìm= –)‗ tbam ! è 3dimh`tìm= tbam

3dimh`tìm= ! 3F= –7– 3O=







Xypas ie Jrfggfrs

3F= ! "







Dbigsky B`arfrdby



Xypa 6 - Dimtaxt-sams`t`va strudtura< R ↟ δ






↟

δ|α


Xypa 4 — _ajucfr

strudtura< R↟

P | |α






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Lfv`ar Jimzfcaz-TfmdbazOPAMJ G6-42



Cadtura 6:<

Tagfmt`d Fmfcys`s @

Tagfmt`d Fmfcys`s

Qmharstfmh`mj tba gafm`mj




`.a.,

@mtarprat`mj axprassìms `m tba`r dimtaxt

Tagfmt`d Fmfcys`s

6. Hadcfrft̀ im fmh Qm`d`ty. _avàw eir um`quamass fmh tbft tba vfr`focabfs oaam hadcfrah oaeira `ts usfja.

?. Xypas. _avàw tbft tba typas ie vfr`focas gftdb tba vfcuas fss`jmah

ti tbag.




4. Frrfy‐s ̀ mhaxas. _avàw tbft tba `mhaxas fra `mtajars.

8. Dimh`tìms. _avàw tbft fcc axprassìms im tba dimh`tims raturm foiicafm vfcua.

1. _aturm typa. _avàw tbft tba vfcua raturmah oy f gatbih gftdb tbatypa ie tba gatbih.

5. ^frfgatars. _avàw tbft tba pfrfgatars `m f gatbih gftdb `m typafmh mugoar w`tb tba hadcfrftìm ie tba gatbih.

Dfsa 6<

`mt `;

dbfr l; `mt g;

vi`h gatbih(`mt m, dbfr d) {

`mt m; sbirt c;

` 7 l; ` 7 g;}

Dfsa ?<

`mt ` l;

Dfsa 8<

`mt f; `mt o; `mt d, h;

dbfr d6, d?;

`mt tast6(`mt x, `mt y) {

raturm x+y;

}vi`h gf`m() {

`mt `; ` 7 f++;

` 7 tast6(f, o);

` 7 tast6(d6 d?);

Ttuhy Dfsas




`mt `, l;

vi`h gatbih() {

`mt ` 7 1;

`mt l 7 ` + `;

`mt ` 7 ` + `;

}

Dfsa 4<

`mt `, g, k; oiicafm l;

vi`h gf`m() {

`e (`=1) { ++`; }

wb`ca (` + 6) { ++`; }

hi {++`; } wb`ca (`);

eir (` 7 >; g; ++`) {

k++;

}}

` tast6(d6, d?);

` 7 tast6(f, d6);

} }

Dfsa 1<

`mt `, g; oiicafm l;

puoc`d vi`h gf`m() {

`mt g; `mt f[W;

f 7 maw `mt[lW;

}

Dfsa 5<

`mt `;

vi`h gf`m(`mt g) {

`++; raturm `;

}




6. Ufr`foca Hadcfrft`im fmh Qm`d`ty

Tygoic Xfoca

`mt `;

dbfr l; `mt g;


`mt m; sbirt c;` 7 l; ` 7 g;

}

`h tb h() {

!"#$ &'($ )*+($ ,"-.$

" "$% &'()*'

+ ,-*. &'()*'

/ "$% &'()*'

/>%-(6?"$%?,-*. 4("6 81$,%"($




vi`h gatbih() {

`mt ` 7 1;

`mt l 7 ` + `;

}

`mt k;

`mt gatbih(`mt `) {

`e (`=1) { ++`; }

wb`ca (` + 6) { ++`; }

hi {++`; } wb`ca (`);

eir (` 7 >; g; ++`) {

k++;

}

}

$ "$% />%-(6?"$%?,-*.

' 5-(.% />%-(6?"$%?,-*.

/>%-(6 4("6 81$,%"($

" "$% />%-(6

+ "$% />%-(6

: "$% &'()*'

/>%-(6?"$% "$% 81$,%"($

" 2$% />%-(6?"$%

Tygoic Xfoca

`mt `;

dbfr l; `mt g;


`mt m; sbirt c;` 7 l; ` 7 g;

}

`h tb h() {

!"#$ &'($ )*+($ ,"-.$

" "$% &'()*'

+ ,-*. &'()*'

/ "$% &'()*'

/>%-(6?"$%?,-*. 4("6 81$,%"($




vi`h gatbih() {

`mt ` 7 1;

`mt l 7 ` + `;

}

`mt k;

`mt gatbih(`mt `) {

`e (`=1) { ++`; }

wb`ca (` + 6) { ++`; }

hi {++`; } wb`ca (`);

eir (` 7 >; g; ++`) {

k++;

}

}

$ "$% />%-(6?"$%?,-*.

' 5-(.% />%-(6?"$%?,-*.

/>%-(6 4("6 81$,%"($

" "$% />%-(6

+ "$% />%-(6

: "$% &'()*'

/>%-(6?"$% "$% 81$,%"($

" 2$% />%-(6?"$%

Tygoic Xfoca

mfgas o`mh`mjs

`

l

g

`mt

jciofc

`mt

gatbih

dbfr

jciofc

`mt

gatbih

`mt

`mt

Gatbih-`mt




g

gatbih-`mt-dbfr

m

c

gatbih

k

gatbih-`mt

jciofc

vi`h

eumdtìm

vi`h

eumdtìm

`mt

eumdtìm

`mt

gatbih-`mt-dbfr

sbirt

gatbih-`mt-dbfr

`mt

jciofc

Axard`sa

`mt f, o; dbfr d, h; ecift a,e;

vi`h eii6(`mt f) {

// ecift f 7 6;

ecift w 7 f;




}

vi`h eii?(dbfr o) {

`mt f 7 d + h;

}

`mt eii4() {

`mt ` 7 f + o;}

0.>*%> %-> 5</)(' %*)'>

^rijrfgg`mj Fss`jmgamt 4

Cavac 6




_av`aw`mj Hadcfrft`im fmh Qm`d`ty

Tygoic Xfoca




Tygoic Xfoca




Jrfggfr

3^_IJ_FG= '{' 3OIHP= '}‐









3_AXQ_M= 'raturm'

3^_@MX= ‐pr`mt‐ ‒(‒ 3AR^_ATT@IM= ‒)‐

3AR^_ATT@IM= 3R= {'|' 3R= }

3R= 3P= {'&' 3P= }

3P= ['!'W 3_=

3_= 3A= {('='|'3'|'77'|'!7') 3A= }

3A= 3F= {(‐+'|'-‐) 3F= }

3F= 3O= {('*'|'/') 3O= }

3O= ['-'W 3D=

3D= `mtajar | idtfc | baxfhad`gfc | o`mfry | trua | efcsa |str`mj | dbfr | ecift | `hamt`e`ar|'(' 3AR^_ATT@IM= ')'

F4 << ^frsar Qphfta

UF_@FOCA




vi`h rucaYvfr`foca( ) {

è (tikams.jat(durramtXikam6).jatXypa().aqufcs(–`hamtèàr‗)) {Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.DbadkUfr`foca(tikams.jat(durramtXikam-6).jatZirh(),tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatZirh()

);durramtXikam++;

} acsa {

arrir (5);}

F4 << Tagfmt`dFmfcyzar .lfvf

puoc`d dcfss Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar {

pr`vfta Bfsbtfoca3Ttr`mj, Uadtir3TygoicXfoca@tag== sygoicXfoca;

puoc`d stft`d vi`h DbadkUfr`foca(str`mj typa, str`mj `h) {

// F safrdb tba `h `m tba sygoic tfoca




// F. safrdb tba `h `m tba sygoic tfoca

// O. `e !ax`st tbam `msart< typa, sdipa7jciofc, vfcua7{>, efcsa, "", ‐‐}

// D. acsa arrir< –vfr`foca `h `s fcrafhy hae`mah‗

}

F4 << _av`aw




Bigawirk





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68





Cadtura 62<

Tagfmt`d Fmfcys`s @@



Tagfmt`d Fmfcys`s


?. Xypa Gftdb`mj. _av`aw tbft tba typas ie vfr`focas gftdb tba vfcuasfss`jmah ti tbag.





8. Dimh`tìms. _avàw tbft fcc axprassìms im tba dimh`tims raturm foiicafm vfcua.






?. Xypa Gftdb`mj

Xypa gftdb`mj | Axfgpca 6

`mt x, y, z;

dbfr p, q, r;

ecift f, o, d;

oiicafm eii;

vi`h gatbih() {

x 7




x 7 f * d + p;

}

!

"

# $ %

Xypa gftdb`mj | Duoa




e`cc ima sbaat eir

afdb iparftir `mtba cfmjufjaduoa


I^A_FXI_ !"# %&'# ()'* +#*!", -&&./'" >&!6

&'(




*+#(

$,#-

.(-&'/

>++6?#'

4+&8

duoa


I^A_FXI_

+!"# %&'# ()'* +#*!", -&&./'" >&!6

&'( &'( *+#( 1 .(-&'/ 1 1




& & +# & /

*+#( *+#( *+#( 1 .(-&'/ 1 1

$,#- 1 1 1 .(-&'/ 1 1

.(-&'/ .(-&'/ .(-&'/ .(-&'/ .(-&'/ .(-&'/ 1

>++6?#' 1 1 1 .(-&'/ 1 1

4+&8 1 1 1 1 1 1

duoa


I^A_FXI_

&!"# %&'# ()'* +#*!", -&&./'" >&!6

&'( 1 1 1 1 1 1




*+#( 1 1 1 1 1 1

$,#- 1 1 1 1 1 1

.(-&'/ 1 1 1 1 1 1

>++6?#' 1 1 1 1 >++6?#' 1

4+&8 1 1 1 1 1 1

duoa


I^A_FXI_

3!"# %&'# ()'* +#*!", -&&./'" >&!6

&'( >++6?#' >++6?#' 1 1 1 1




*+#( >++6?#' >++6?#' 1 1 1 1

$,#- 1 1 1 1 1 1

.(-&'/ 1 1 1 1 1 1

>++6?#' 1 1 1 1 1 1

4+&8 1 1 1 1 1 1

duoa


I^A_FXI_

7

!"# %&'# ()'* +#*!", -&&./'" >&!6

&'( 5: 1 1 1 1 1




*+#( 5: 5: 1 1 1 1

$,#- 1 1 5: 1 1 1

.(-&'/ 1 1 1 5: 1 1

>++6?#' 1 1 1 1 5: 1

4+&8 1 1 1 1 1 5:

duoa


I^A_FXI_

-!"# %&'# ()'* +#*!", -&&./'" >&!6

&'( *+#( 1 1 1 1

I^A_FXI_

+!"# %&'# ()'* +#*!", -&&./'" >&!6

&'( &'( *+#( 1 .(-&'/ 1 1




duoa (- umfry)

*+#( *+#( *+#( 1 .(-&'/ 1 1

$,#- 1 1 1 .(-&'/ 1 1

.(-&'/ .(-&'/ .(-&'/ .(-&'/ .(-&'/ .(-&'/ 1

>++6?#' 1 1 1 .(-&'/ 1 1

4+&8 1 1 1 1 1 1

duoa (- o`mfry)

Xypa gftdb`mj | Axfgpca 6

`mt x, y, z;

dbfr p, q, r;

ecift f, o, d;

oiicafm eii;

vi`h gatbih() {

x 7




x 7 f * d + p;

}

!

"

# $ %

Xypa gftdb`mj | Axfgpca ?

`mt f;

`mt d (`mt o) {

raturm o * 4 * ? * 6 ;

}

sygoic tfoca




vi`h gf`m () {

f 7 6;oiicafm f7 d(68)/? = 6;

}

duoa eirgftdb`mj typas

stfdk


Cavac ?




_av`aw`mj Xypa Gftdb`mj

Jrfggfr

3^_IJ_FG= '{' 3OIHP= '}‐






3_AXQ_M= 'raturm'




3^_@MX= ‐pr`mt‐ ‒(‒ 3AR^_ATT@IM= ‒)‐

3AR^_ATT@IM= 3R= {'|' 3R= }

3R= 3P= {'&' 3P= }

3P= ['!'W 3_=

3_= 3A= {('='|'3'|'77'|'!7') 3A= }

3A= 3F= {(‐+'|'-‐) 3F= }

3F= 3O= {('*'|'/') 3O= }

3O= ['-'W 3D=



Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha D

6.

// axdapt eir tba ipam pframtbas`sTagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pusbTtfdk(tikams.jat(durramtXikam).jatXikam()




.j ( ).j ());

^frsar6. Ttira `m f ecfj (iparftirZfsQTah)<

H`h tba iparftir ‒-‐ ax`st9




?.`e (iparftirZfsQsah)Ttr`mj x 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pipTtfdk();Ttr`mj rasuct 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.dbadkDuoa (x, –-‗ );

Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pusbTtfdk(rasuct);}

^frsar6. Ttira `m f ecfj (tw`daBara)<H`h wa pfss tb`s pi`mt tw`da9

?. Ttira tba iparftir tbftdraftas tba ciip9




4.`e (tw`daBara)Ttr`mj x 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pipTtfdk();Ttr`mj y 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pipTtfdk();

Ttr`mj rasuct 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.dbadkDuoa (x, y, iparftir );Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pusbTtfdk(rasuct);

tw`daBara 7 efcsa; // rasat tba ecfj}









^frsar6. Ttira `m f ecfj (iparftirZfsQTah)<

H`h tba iparftir ‒-‐ ax`st9




?.`e (iparftirZfsQsah)Ttr`mj x 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pipTtfdk();Ttr`mj rasuct 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.dbadkDuoa (x, –!‗ );

Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pusbTtfdk(rasuct);}





?.`e (tw`daBara)Ttr`mj x 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pipTtfdk();Ttr`mj y 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pipTtfdk();

Ttr`mj rasuct 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.dbadkDuoa (x, y, –&‗ );Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pusbTtfdk(rasuct);






?.`e (tw`daBara)Ttr`mj x 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pipTtfdk();Ttr`mj y 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pipTtfdk();

Ttr`mj rasuct 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.dbadkDuoa (x, y, –&‗ );Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pusbTtfdk(rasuct);


Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha




Ttr`mj x 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pipTtfdk();Ttr`mj y 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pipTtfdk();

Ttr`mj rasuct 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.dbadkDuoa (x, y, –7‗ );

`e (!rasuct.aqufcs(–IK‗) {arrir(?);

}

Bigawirk

^ ` F ` t 4





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68







Cadtura 60<

Tagfmt`d Fmfcys`s @@@

Tagfmt`d Fmfcys`s


?. Xypas. _av`aw tbft tba typas ie vfr`focas gftdb tba vfcuas fss`jmahti tbag.





8. Dimh`tìms. _avàw tbft fcc axprassìms im tba dimh`tims raturm f

oiicafm vfcua.






4. Dimh`t`ims

Axfgpca

`mt f, o;

oiicafm d;

{

f 7 8;

o 7 f + 6;

@E (f = o) {

sygoic tfoca




pr`mt (f);

}

}

duoa eirgftdb`mj typas

stfdk


Cavac 4




_av`aw`mj Dimh`t`ims

Jrfggfr

3^_IJ_FG= '{' 3OIHP= '}‐






3_AXQ_M= 'raturm'

3^_@MX= ‐pr`mt‐ ‒(‒ 3AR^_ATT@IM= ‒)‐




3^_@MX= pr`mt ( 3AR^_ATT@IM= )

3AR^_ATT@IM= 3R= {'|' 3R= }

3R= 3P= {'&' 3P= }

3P= ['!'W 3_=

3_= 3A= {('='|'3'|'77'|'!7') 3A= }

3A= 3F= {(‐+'|'-‐) 3F= }

3F= 3O= {('*'|'/') 3O= }

3O= ['-'W 3D=



Dimh`t`ims

ZB@CA




Ttr`mj x 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pipTtfdk();

`e (!x.aqufcs(–oiicafm‗) {arrir(4);

}

Dimh`t`ims

@E




Ttr`mj x 7 Tagfmt`dFmfc`zar.pipTtfdk();

è (!x.aqufcs(–oiicafm‗) {arrir(4);

}

Tagfmt`d Fmfcys`s

" Hadcfrftìm fmh Qm`d`ty. _avàw eir um`quamass fmh tbft tba vfr`focabfs oaam hadcfrah oaeira `ts usfja.

"

Xypa Gftdb`mj. _avàw tbft tba typas ie vfr`focas gftdb tba vfcuasfss`jmah ti tbag.

# Frrfy‐s ̀ mhaxas. _avàw tbft tba `mhaxas fra `mtajars.




" Dimh`tìms. _avàw tbft fcc axprassìms im tba dimh`tims raturm f

oiicafm vfcua.

# _aturm typa. _avàw tbft tba vfcua raturmah oy f gatbih gftdb tbatypa ie tba gatbih.

#

^frfgatars. _avàw tbft tba pfrfgatars `m f gatbih gftdb `m typafmh mugoar w`tb tba hadcfrftìm ie tba gatbih.



Zirksbip

Tagfmt`dFmfcyzar.lfvf




Bigawirk






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Cadtura ?><

@mtargah`fta Diha @



F Digp`car `m Fdt`im

!"#"$

&'$("$

Zirhs

Xikams

TamtamdasFmfcys`s




)"*'+,-.>+'6?4"$

815":"+"$',-1+

Tygoic tfocaQm`quamass

Xypa gftdb`mj

Xrfmscftìm

Tiurda Diha @mtargah`fta Diha

@mtargah`fta Diha Gfdb`ma ir O`mfry Diha

Digp`cftìm

Fssagocy

Tiurda Diha

{

`mt f;

`mt o;

`mt d;

`mt h;

è (f !7 1) {




`e (f !7 1) {

o 7 d + h ;

}

pr`mt (f);

}

@mtargah`fta (Ioladt) Diha

f,`mt,jciofc >

o,`mt,jciofc >

d,`mt,jciofc >

h,`mt,jciofc >

#A6,`mt,cfoac,0

#^,`mt,cfoac,6

N

cih f, >

Tygoic tfoca




c`t 1, >

ipr 68, >

lgd #a6, efcsa

cih d, >

cih h, >

ipr ?, >

sti o, >

cih f, >

ipr ?6, >

ipr 6, >

@mstrudt`ims

Xrfmscfta Tiurda ti Ioladt

{

`mt f;

`mt o;

`mt d;

`mt h;

`e (f !7 1) {

f,`mt,jciofc >

o,`mt,jciofc >

d,`mt,jciofc >

h,`mt,jciofc >

#A6,`mt,cfoac,0#^,`mt,cfoac,6

N

cih , >

c`t 1, >

ipr 68 >




o 7 d + h ;}

pr`mt (f);

}

ipr 68, >

lgd #a6, efcsa

cih d, >cih h, >

ipr ?, >

sti o, >

cih f, >

ipr ?6, >

ipr 6, >


1


// sirda diha`mt x;

`mt eii () {rafh (x);

pr`mt (1);}

gf`m () {

eii ();

Caxar

^frsar

Tagfmt`d Fmfcyzar





R,A,J,I,I#a6,@,@,>,:

N

I^_ 60, FR

TXI x, FR

C@X 1, FR

I^_ ?6, FRCIH #a6,FR

DFC 6, FR

I^_ >, FR

eii ();

} Diha Jamarft`im

>6>>6>6>6>6>>>>6>>6>6>6>>6>6>6>>6>

6>6>>6>>>>>>66>66

66>6>>6>66>6>6666

>>>6>>6>6>6>6>>6>

6>6>6>>6>6>6>6>66

Fssagocar


1


// sirda diha`mt x;

`mt eii () {rafh (x);

pr`mt (1);}

gf`m () {

eii ();

Caxar

^frsar

Tagfmt`d Fmfcyzar





R,A,J,I,I#a6,@,@,>,:

N

I^_ 60, FR

TXI x, FR

C@X 1, FR

I^_ ?6, FRCIH #a6,FR

DFC 6, FR

I^_ >, FR

eii ();

} Diha Jamarft`im

>6>>6>6>6>6>>>>6>>6>6>6>>6>6>6>>6>

6>6>>6>>>>>>66>66

66>6>>6>66>6>6666

>>>6>>6>6>6>6>>6>

6>6>6>>6>6>6>6>66

Fssagocar

F T`gpca U`rtufc Gfdb`ma

;"*1$?




8&2

>!2

0"<-(,"$

;"*1$?3$1<$'*


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sti >, d

sti >, h

cih s, >

c`t –s‗, >

ipr 68, >

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@mstrudt`ims

`mstrudt`im e`rst sadimh




pfrfgatar pfrfgatar

@mstrudt`ims

• C@X 3vfcua=, 3raj`starY`h=

^ut f dimstfmt vfcua `m f D^Q raj`star

Axfgpcas<

C@X 1 >




C@X 1, >

C@X 1.1, > C@X 'f', >

C@X ‗bacci‗, >

C@X trua, >

@mstrudt`ims

• CIH 3vfr`foca=, 3raj`starY`h=

Tafrdb eir 3vfr`foca= `m tba sygoic tfoca

_afh `ts vfcua^ut tba vfcua ie 3vfr`foca= `m tba D^Q raj`star

Axfgpcas<




Axfgpcas<

CIH f, >

CIH bacci, >

CIH dsa48>, >

@mstrudt`ims

• TXI 3vfr`foca=, 3raj`starY`h=

_afh f vfcua erig tba D^Q raj`star

Tafrdb eir 3vfr`foca= `m tba sygoic tfocaTtira tba vfcua `mti tba vfr`foca

Axfgpcas<




Axfgpcas<

TXI f, >

TXI bacci, >

TXI dsa48>, >

Axfgpca

Tiurda Diha9

{

`mt f; `mt o;

f 7 6>; o 7 f;

Tygoic Xfoca<




Xypa Mfga Tdipa Ufcua

`mt f jciofc >`mt o jciofc >

@mtargah`fta (Ioladt) Diha<

C@X 6>,>

TXI f,>

CIH f,>

TXI o,>

@mstrudtìms

• I^_ 3iparftìm=, 3raj`starY`h=

_afh ima ir twi vfcuas erig tba D^Q raj`star

Hi tba iparftìm 3iparftìm=ût tba rasuct `mti tba D^Q raj`star

Axfgpcas<




Axfgpcas<

I^_ 6, > ; raturm

I^_ ?, > ; fhh

I^_ 4, > ; suotrfdt

Iparftìms

Mugoar Fdtìm

> Ax`t prijrfg

6 _aturm

? FHH< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB O+F

4 TQOX_FDX< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB O-F

8 GQCX@^CP< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB O*F

1 H@U@HA< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB O/F




5 GIH< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB (O gih F)

: ÎZ< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB (F ti tba piwar O)

2 I_< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB (O ir F)

0 FMH< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB (O fmh F)

6> MIX< Î^ F, ^QTB (mit F)

66 XATX J_AFXA_ XBFM< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB (O=F)

6? XATX CATT XBFM< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB (O3F)

64 XATX J_AFXA_ XBFM I_ AVQFC< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB (O=7F)

Iparftìms

Mugoar Fdtìm

68 XATX CATT XBFM I_ AVQFC< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB (O37F)

61 XATX AVQFC< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB (O7F)

65 XATX MIX AVQFC< Î^ F, Î^ O, ^QTB (O3=F)

6:

62 dcafr sdraam

60 rafh f vfcua erig tba stfmhfrh `mput




60 rafh f vfcua erig tba stfmhfrh `mput

?> pr`mt f vfcua ti tba stfmhfrh iutput?6 pr`mt f vfcua ti tba stfmhfrh iutput fmh f mawc`ma dbfrfdtar

Axfgpca{

`mt f;

`mt o;

f 7 6>;

o 7 f;f 7 f * 6>;

o 7 ? + 4 + 8;

}

Xypa Mfga Tdipa Ufcua

`mt f jciofc >

`mt o jciofc >

C@X 6>, >

TXI f, >

CIH f, >

TXI o, >

CIH f, >

C@X 6>, >




,

I^_ 8, > ; guct`pcy

TXI f, >

C@X ?, >

C@X 4, >

I^_ ?, > ; fhh

C@X 8, >

I^_ ?, > ; fhh

TXI o, >

I^_ 6,>

I^_ >,>

ti oa dimt`muah...




i oa di uah...





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68



C t ?6



Cadtura ?6<

@mtargah`fta Diha @@



_av`aw

f, `mt, jciofc, >

o, `mt, jciofc, >

N

C@X 1, >

TXI f, >


{

`mt f;

`mt o;f 7 1;

o 7 0;

f 7 f + o / 4;

pr`mt (f);

pr`mt ("bacci")

2bacci




C@X 0, >

TXI o, >CIH f, >

CIH o, >

C@X 4, >

I^_ 8, >

I^_ ?, >

TXI f, >

CIH f, >

I^_ ?6,>

CIH "bacci", >

I^_ ?6,>

I^_ >, >

pr`mt ("bacci");

}

Caxar

^frsar

Tagfmt`d Fmfcyzar Diha Jamarft`im

_av`aw

{

`mt f;

`mt o;oiicafm eii;

f 7 6> + ?> + 4> + 8>;

pr`mt (f);

Caxar

^frsar





eii 7 48> = 6?5;

pr`mt (eii);

f 7 f / ?;

pr`mt ("titfc<" + f);

raturm;

}

_av`aw

6>>





6>>

truatitfc< 1>

Fss`jmgamt #8




j

Fss`jmgamt #8

Caxar

^frsar

fss`jmgamt #6

ir

Caxar.lfr

Xi sbiw

prie`d`amdy

ou`ch`mj f

hasdamhamt

pfrsar

^rijrfgg`mj

wirksbips





Hi mit raqu`rah.

Oimus pi`mts `mdcuha

Tagfmt`d Fmfcys`s erig

fss`jmgamt #4

Eicciw`mj

cadturas

Hafhc`ma< Hadagoar 8

Fss`jmgamt #8 | Jrfggfr3^_IJ_FG= ! '{' 3OIHP= '}‐

3OIHP= ! {3^_@MX=';'|3FTT@JMGAMX=';'|3UF_@FOCA=';‐|

3ZB@CA=|3@E=| 3TZ@XDB= |3_AXQ_M=';'}

3FTT@JMGAMX= ! `hamtèàr '7' 3AR^_ATT@IM=

3UF_@FOCA= ! ('`mt'|'ecift'|'oiicafm'|'dbfr‐|'str`mj'|'vi`h')`hamtèàr

3ZB@CA= ! 'wb`ca' '(' 3AR^_ATT@IM= ')' 3^_IJ_FG=3@E= ! 'è' '(' 3AR^_ATT@IM= ')' 3^_IJ_FG= ['acsa' 3^_IJ_FG=W

3_AXQ_M= ! 'raturm'

3^_@MX= ! ‐pr`mt‐ ‒(‒ 3AR^_ATT@IM= ‒)‐

3AR^_ATT@IM= ! 3R= {'|' 3R=}

3R= ! 3P= {'&' 3P=}




3P= ! ['!'W 3_=

3_= ! 3A= {('='|'3'|'77'|'!7') 3A=}

3A= ! 3F= {(‐+'|'-‐) 3F=}

3F= ! 3O= {('*'|'/') 3O=}

3O= ! ['-'W 3D=

3D= ! `mtajar | idtfc | baxfhad`gfc | o`mfry | trua | efcsa |


3TZ@XDB= 'sw`tdb' '(' `h ')' '{' 3DFTAT= [3HAEFQCX=W '}'

3DFTAT= ('dfsa' (`mtajar|idtfc|baxfhad`gfc|o`mfry) '<' 3^_IJ_FG=)+

3HAEFQCX= 'haefuct' '<' 3^_IJ_FG=

Fss`jmgamt #8 | Digp`car




Fss`jmgamt #8 | Digp`car

Oimus ^i`mts




Fss`jmgamt #8 | UGQsa `t ti tast yiur digp`car.

Mi dbfmjas raqu`rah




Fss`jmgamt #8 | Diha

Fhh tb`s c`mas ti yiur ^frsar.rum()




Fss`jmgamt #8 | Diha

Xba DihaJamarftir.lfvf e`ca




Fss`jmgamt #8 | Jrfh`mj

•

Oimus 6> %

@gpcagamt TZ@XDB stftagamt< (f) pfrsar; fmh (o)diha jamarft`im.

O 6> %




•

Oimus 6> %

@mtajrft`im< (f) jrfpb`dfc usar `mtarefda `mdcuh`mjtikam tfoca, pfrsa traa, fmh sygoic tfoca; (o)

symtfdt`d arrirs bfmhc`mj fmh radivary; fmh (d)

sagfmt`d fmfcys`s.

Fss`jmgamt #8 | Jrfh`mj




fss`jmgamt oimus

>—6>>% >—?>%

@gpcagamt`mj




@mtargah`fta Diha Jamarft`im

Diha Jamarft`im

$

6 * ? = 4 + 8 * 1 C@X 6, >

C@X ?, >

I^_ 8, >

C@X 4, >

C@X 8, >

C@X 1, >

I^_ 8, >

I^_ ?, >

I^_ 66, >




!

! #

!

$ %

#

&

Diha

^_IJ_FG




Diha

OIHP




Diha

^_@MX




Diha

FTT@JMGAMX




Diha

UF_@FOCA




Diha

ZB@CA




Diha

@E




Diha

_AXQ_M




Diha

AR^_ATT@IM




Diha

R




Diha

P




Diha

_




Diha




A

Diha




F

Diha

O




Diha D




Bigawirk

Fss`jmgamt #8




(C@X, CIH, TXI, I^_)





lfv`arjsNfsu.ahu

Efcc ?>68



Cadtura ??<



@mtargah`fta Diha @@@



_av`aw


Cavac 6




C@X, CIH, TXI, I^_

Diha

^_IJ_FG

I^_ >, >




Diha

OIHP




Diha

^_@MX

I^_ ?6, >




Diha

FTT@JMGAMX

TXI `hamt`e`ar, >




Diha

UF_@FOCA

`hamt`e`ar, 3typa=




Diha

_AXQ_M

I^_ 6, >




^frsar

AR^_ATT@IM




`e (tw`da) {

I^_ 2, >

}

^frsar

R




`e (tw`da) {

I^_ 0, >

}

^frsar

P




`e (iparftirQsah) {

I^_ 6>, >

}

^frsar

_




`e (tw`da) {

I^_ 3iparftirMugoar= , >

}

^frsar

A




`e (tw`da) {


}

^frsar

F




`e (tw`da) {


}

^frsar

O

C@X >, >




`e (iparftirQsah) {

I^_ 4, >

}

Fss`jmgamt ? | Diha

D

C@X 3vfcua= , >




CIH `hamtèàr, >

_avàw


Cavac ?




LG ,̂ LGD

@mstrudt`ims

• LG^ 3c`ma=, >

^ut tba vfcua 3c`ma= `m tba prijrfg diumtar;

tbus, tba maxt c`ma ti oa axadutah w`cc oa 3c`ma=

Axfgpcas<

LG^ 6, >




LG^ 68, >

LG^ :1, >

@mstrudtìms

• LGD 3c`ma=, 3dimh`tìm=

_afh ima vfcua erig tba D^Q raj`star

@e tba vfcua `s aqufc ti 3dimh`tìm=, put tba vfcua

3c`ma= `m tba prijrfg diumtar; tbus, tba maxt c`ma ti

oa axadutah w`cc oa 3c`ma=

Axfgpcas<




LGD 6, trua

LGD 68, efcsa

LGD :1, trua

Axfgpca

{

`mt f; `mt o;

f 7 6>;

wb`ca (f=6){

pr`mt (f);

}

raturm;

}

`mt f jciofc >

`mt o jciofc >

N

C@X 6>, >

TXI f, >

CIH f, >

C@X 6, >

I^_ 66, > ; =

LGD #a6, efcsa




CIH f, >

I^_ ?>, > ; pr`mt

LG^ #a?, >

I^_ 6, >

I^_ >, >

Cfoacs

• Digp`car draftas vfr`focas fmh fhhs tbag ti tbasygoic tfoca ti ragagoar pis`t`ims `m tba diha.

•

Xb`s `s usaeuc eir ciips fmh dimh`t`ims.




Cfoacs | biw wb`ca wirks

wb`ca (f 3 o) {

//diha

}

cfoac#6

`e (f 3 o) {

//diha

} acsa

jiti cfoac#?




}jiti cfoac#6

cfoac #?

Cfoacs | biw è wirks

è (f 3 o) {

//diha6

} acsa {

è (f 3 o) {

è (f=o) jiti cfoac #6

//diha6

} acsa

jiti cfoac#?

cfoac #6




// diha?

}

// diha?

}

cfoac #?

Axfgpca | wb`ca

{

`mt f; `mt o;

f 7 6>;

wb`ca (f=6){ pr`mt (f);

}

raturm;

}

`mt f jciofc >

`mt o jciofc >

`mt #a6 jciofc 6>

`mt #a? jciofc 4

C@X 6>, >

TXI f, >

CIH f, >

C@X 6, >

66 >




I^_ 66, > ; =LGD #a6, efcsa

CIH f, >

I^_ ?>, > ;pr`mt

LG^ #a?, >

I^_ 6, >

I^_ >, >

Axfgpca | `e

{

`mt f; `mt o;

f 7 6>;

`e (f=6) { pr`mt (f);

} acsa {

pr`mt (o);

}

raturm;

`mt f jciofc >

`mt o jciofc >

`mt #a6 jciofc 6>

`mt #a? jciofc 6?

C@X 6>, >

TXI f, >

CIH f, >

C@X 6, >

I^_ 66, > ; =

# 6 e c




}LGD #a6, efcsaCIH f, >

I^_ ?>, > ;pr`mt

LG^ #a?, >

CIH o, >

I^_ ?>, > ;pr`mt

I^_ 6, >

I^_ >, >

Axard`sa

{

`mt f; `mt o;

f 7 6>;

wb`ca (f=6) {

`e (f !7 >) {

pr`mt (f);

} acsa {




pr`mt (o);

}

f 7 f -6;

}

}

Bfmhwr`ttam mitas




Diha

ZB@CA




Diha

@E




Zbft foiut f sw`tdb-dfsa




Bfmhwr`ttam mitas

Fhh tba sygoic tfoca bara…




Bigawirk

Xrfmscfta tb`s siurda diha ti `mtargah`fta diha<

`mt f, o;

sw`tdb (f) {

dfsa 6< { o 7 66; orafk;}

dfsa ?< { o 7 ??; orafk;}




dfsa 4< { o 7 44; orafk;}

haefuct<{ o 7 00; orafk;}

}

Bigawirk

Fss`jmgamt #8

Principles of Programming Languages | ASU 2014

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