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Principles of Irrigation Principles of Irrigation Management in the Management in the
United StatesUnited States
John John LeteyLeteyDistinguished Professor of Soil Science, Distinguished Professor of Soil Science,
EmeritusEmeritusUniversity of California, RiversideUniversity of California, Riverside
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OutlineOutline
•• Methods of Applying WaterMethods of Applying Water–– Irrigation SystemsIrrigation Systems–– Irrigation UniformityIrrigation Uniformity
•• Timing and Amount of IrrigationTiming and Amount of Irrigation–– Recharge Storage CapacityRecharge Storage Capacity–– Irrigation UniformityIrrigation Uniformity
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Outline Outline (continued)(continued)•• Salinity FactorsSalinity Factors
–– SteadySteady--state Analysesstate Analyses–– TransientTransient--state Modelsstate Models–– Rainfall EffectsRainfall Effects–– Irrigation FrequencyIrrigation Frequency
•• Irrigation Irrigation –– Fertilizer Fertilizer –– Chemical Transport Chemical Transport InteractionsInteractions
•• Efficient Use of Irrigation WaterEfficient Use of Irrigation Water•• Economic Irrigation EfficiencyEconomic Irrigation Efficiency•• ConclusionsConclusions
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Irrigation SystemsIrrigation SystemsPressurizedPressurizedWater delivered through pipes under Water delivered through pipes under
pressure and discharged through pressure and discharged through outlets such as sprinkler heads or drip outlets such as sprinkler heads or drip emittersemitters
NonNon--pressurizedpressurizedWater delivered and allowed to flow Water delivered and allowed to flow
across the field across the field
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Irrigation UniformityIrrigation Uniformity
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Measuring UniformityMeasuring Uniformity
•• SprinklersSprinklers–– CatchCatch--cans (size dependent)cans (size dependent)–– WindWind
•• FurrowFurrow–– Opportunity timeOpportunity time–– Soil variabilitySoil variability
•• Root system effectsRoot system effects
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Cannot compare uniformity numbers Cannot compare uniformity numbers for different irrigation systemsfor different irrigation systems
UsuallyUsually ––micromicro--irrigation > sprinkler (except wind) > irrigation > sprinkler (except wind) >
surface irrigationsurface irrigation
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Irrigation SchedulingIrrigation Scheduling•• Time and amount to irrigateTime and amount to irrigate•• ET since last irrigationET since last irrigation
–– ClimateClimate–– SoilSoil--water monitoringwater monitoring
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ET = ET = KKcrcr ETEToo
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Crop Coefficient and Canopy Cover
WSREC Bell Pepper 2005
-
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
4/23 5/7 5/21 6/4 6/18 7/2 7/16 7/30 8/13 8/27 9/10Date
Cro
p C
oef.,
Kc
and
Cro
p C
over
KcCrop Cover
Figure courtesy of Trout and Johnson
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y = 0.82x + 0.17R2 = 0.95
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0Crop Canopy Cover, CC
Land
sat 5
ND
VI
Figure courtesy of Trout and Johnson
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Ave. root zone ECe
Assume ECsw = 2ECe
Maas and Hoffman Salt Tolerance Coefficients
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Salinity profile expected to develop after long-term use of water of ECw = 1.0 dS/m at various leaching fractions (LF). (From Ayers and Westcot, 1985.)
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Irrigation water quality required to Irrigation water quality required to grow crops based on FAO guidelinesgrow crops based on FAO guidelines
LF is leaching fraction; Cf is (ave ECe)/ECi; ECi is irrigation water salinity; ECe is EC of saturated soil extract; ECe
* is threshold salinity tolerance.
LF CfECe
*= 1.0 dS/m
ECe*=
2.0 dS/m.05 3.2 .31 .62.10 2.1 .48 .96.15 1.6 .62 1.24.20 1.3 .77 1.54.25 1.2 .83 1.86.30 1.0 1.00 2.00.40 0.9 1.11 2.22.50 0.8 1.25 2.50
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ET is a function of climate, crop, and ET is a function of climate, crop, and alsoalso plant growth.plant growth.
YieldYield
ETET
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Increased Salinity
Less Salinity
Decreased ETIncreased Leaching
Decreased Yield
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TransientTransient--state modelsstate models
Water flow
is volumetric soil-water contentis soil depth
K is hydraulic conductivityh is soil-water pressure headS is root water uptake term
SKzhK
zt−⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣⎡ +
∂∂
∂∂
=∂∂ )()( θθθ
zθ
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Salt transportSalt transport
• c is salt concentration• D is dispersion coefficient• q is volumetric water flux
⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ −
∂∂
∂∂
=∂
∂ qczcD
ztc θθ )(
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ENVIROENVIRO--GRO MODELGRO MODEL
• Transient-state model• Allows adjustment of ET for plant
growth• Allows extra water uptake from root
zone where water is adequate to compensate for zones where water stress occurs
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Present guidelinesPresent guidelines for managing saline irrigation waters, based on steady-state analyses,
overestimateoverestimate leaching requirementleaching requirement, , andunderestimateunderestimate yieldsyields that can be
achieved with saline waters
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Insufficient Nitrogen
More Nitrate Leaching
Decreased ETMore Deep Percolation
Decreased Yield
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Efficiency is ratio of terms x 100Efficiency is ratio of terms x 100
ET/AWET/AW•• Sometimes AW is applied water including runoff. Sometimes AW is applied water including runoff. •• Sometimes it is applied water minus runoff.Sometimes it is applied water minus runoff.
Beneficial Use/AWBeneficial Use/AW•• Beneficial use could be ET plus leaching Beneficial use could be ET plus leaching
requirement.requirement.
High efficiency number is High efficiency number is notnot always better always better than a lower number.than a lower number.
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Economic Irrigation Economic Irrigation
EfficiencyEfficiency
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Misunderstanding and confusion on Misunderstanding and confusion on water use efficiency has led to:water use efficiency has led to:
1. Overly-negative attitude on farm irrigation management
2. Highly inflated expectations that water conserved from agriculture can be used to offset increased urban demand