Principles of Engineering System Design
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Principles of Principles of
Engineering System DesignEngineering System Design
Dr T Asokan
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Six functions of Design Process
1. Define System Level Design Problem : - Originating requirements development
2. Develop the system functional architecture
3. Develop the system physical architecture
4. Develop the system operational architecture
5. Develop the interface architecture
6. Define the qualification system for the system : Integration and qualification
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T Asokan ED309
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Integration
It is the process of assembling the system from its components, which must be assembled from their CIs.
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Qualification
It is the process of verifying and validating the system design and then obtaining the stake holder’s acceptance of the design.
Consists of verification, validation and acceptance.
Qualification system must be designed simultaneously with the operational system.
The exit criterion for integration and qualification is acceptance of the design by the stakeholders
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Verification, Validation and Acceptance
Verification is the determination that the system built was right
Validation determine that the right system was built
Operational ValidityConceptual validityRequirements validityDesign Validity
CI Specs
ComponentSpecs
SegmentSpecs
Element Specs
SystemRequirements
OriginatingRequirements
OperationalConcept
CIs Delivered
ComponentsDelivered
SegmentsDelivered
ElementsDelivered
SystemDelivered
DesignValidity
Acceptablity
Stakeholders’Needs
ConceptualValidity
RequirementsValidity Operational
Validity
DevelopmentalVerification
Systems Engineering
DesignEngineering
Time
SE Vee
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CI Specs
ComponentSpecs
SegmentSpecs
Element Specs
SystemRequirements
OriginatingRequirements
OperationalConcept
CIs Delivered
ComponentsDelivered
SegmentsDelivered
ElementsDelivered
SystemDelivered
DesignValidity
Acceptablity
Stakeholders’Needs
ConceptualValidity
RequirementsValidity Operational
Validity
DevelopmentalVerification
Systems Engineering
DesignEngineering
Time
SE Vee
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CI Specs
Component Specs
Segment Specs
Element Specs
System Requirements
Originating Requirements
Operational Concept
ConceptualValidity
Stakeholders’Needs
High Level Chain
CIs Delivered
Components Delivered
Segments Delivered
Elements Delivered
System Delivered
Acceptablitiy
Time
Systems Engineering
DesignEngineering
OperationalValidity
SE Vee
Low Level Chain
DevelopmentalVerification
Conceptual validity,Operational validity,Acceptance testing
Requirementsvalidity, design
validity,verification,
andoperational
validity
RequirementsValidity
DesignV
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CI Specs
Component Specs
Segment Specs
Element Specs
System Requirements
Originating Requirements
Operational Concept
ConceptualValidity
Stakeholders’Needs
High Level Chain
CIs Delivered
Components Delivered
Segments Delivered
Elements Delivered
System Delivered
Acceptablitiy
Time
Systems Engineering
DesignEngineering
OperationalValidity
SE Vee
Low Level Chain
DevelopmentalVerification
Conceptual validity,Operational validity,Acceptance testing
Requirementsvalidity, design
validity,verification,
andoperational
validity
RequirementsValidity
DesignValidity
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Verification
Verification is the matching of CIs, components, subsystems, and the system to their corresponding requirements to ensure that each system has been built right.
For verification to be successful, originating and derived requirements must be testable, that is, the requirements must be single statements that are unambiguous, understandable and verifiable.
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Inputs of Stakeholders
System DesignPhase Documentaion
PerformDesignActivities
A1
A2
QualificationSystem DesignDocumentation
Qualification Procedures,Activities, & Models
System Design &Integration
Documentation
QualificationSystem DesignDocumentation
SystemIntegrationPhaseDocumentationPerform
Qualification& Integration
Activities
DesignChanges
QualificationSystem
OperationalSystem
Qualification Procedures,Activities, & Models
System DesignPhase
Documentation
Inputs of Stakeholders
ConductEarly
ValidationA21
A22
A23
A24
EarlyValidationChanges
Derived &OrginatingRequirements
OperationalConcept
Acceptanceor Rejection
AcceptanceCriteria &Thresholds
DesignChanges
SystemIntegration
PhaseDocumentation
VerificationChanges
EarlyValidationDocument
VerificationDocument Validation
Changes
“Built -to”CIs Conduct
Integration &Verification
ConductValidation
Pre-ProductionPrototypes
VerificationData
ValidationDocument
ValidationData Conduct
AcceptanceTesting
AcceptanceChanges
AcceptanceTestingDocument
OperationalSystem
Bottom-up integration process
( )
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Inputs of Stakeholders
System DesignPhase Documentaion
PerformDesignActivities
A1
A2
QualificationSystem DesignDocumentation
Qualification Procedures,Activities, & Models
System Design &Integration
Documentation
QualificationSystem DesignDocumentation
SystemIntegrationPhaseDocumentationPerform
Qualification& Integration
Activities
DesignChanges
QualificationSystem
OperationalSystem
Qualification Procedures,Activities, & Models
System DesignPhase
Documentation
Inputs of Stakeholders
ConductEar ly
ValidationA21
A22
A23
A24
EarlyValidationChanges
Derived &OrginatingRequirement s
OperationalConcept
Acceptanceor Rejection
AcceptanceCriteria &Thresholds
DesignChanges
SystemIntegrat ion
PhaseDocumentation
VerificationChanges
EarlyValidationDocument
VerificationDocument Validation
Changes
“Built -to”CIs Conduct
Integration &Ver ification
ConductValidation
Pre-ProductionPrototypes
Ver ificationData
ValidationDocument
ValidationData Conduct
AcceptanceTesting
AcceptanceChanges
AcceptanceTestingDocument
OperationalSystem
Bottom-up integration process
( )
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Integration
1. Perform component integration and verification
2. Perform subsystem integration and verification
3. Perform system integration and verification
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Principal Integration Processes
Bottom up- Begins with CIs- After each CI is tested, the components
comprising multiple CIs are tested- Process is continued until entire system is
assembled and tested
- Easier to detect flaws in tiniest pieces of the system
- Test conditions are easier to create- Major errors are not caught until the end
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Top Down- Top level module- Lower levels simulated by stubs - Stubs later replaced by modules- Early demonstration of the system
- More productive major flaws occur at the top of the
system
- Stubs have to be developed
- Representation of test case in stubs will be difficult
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Big Bang (Software industry)
- Untested CIs are assembled and the combination is tested- Commonly used and maligned approach
- Immediate feedback on the status of system elements is provided
- Little or no pre-test planning or training is required
- Source of error is difficult to trace
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Functions in IntegrationComponent Level
1. Inspect and test the CI
2. Identify and fix any correctable deficiency found in the first function
3. Assess the impact of any uncorrectable deficiency found in the first function
4. Redesign the subsystem/CI to address unacceptable impacts of any uncorrectable deficiency found in the third function
5. Modify the baseline of the design to account any fixes (function 2) or acceptable impacts (requirements change from function 3)
6. Integrate with the next CI and repeat till all CIs are integrated.
Integration is a bottom up approach
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Inspect and test the CI
Identify and fix any correctible
deficiencies
Assess the impact of any
uncorrectable deficiencies
Redesign the CI to address
deficiencies
Redefine the baseline
Integrate with the next CI
Qualification procedures,Activities & Models
Derived &Originating
Requirements
Originating& SystemRequirementsDocuments
VerificationChanges
CI TestResults
CI TestResults
VerificationDocument
Componen LevelDesign Documents Subsystem Level
Design Documents
“Built-to”CIs
PerformComponentIntegration &Verification
A221
A222
A2211
A2212
A2213
A2214
A2215
A2216
A223
CI VerificationChanges
“Built-to”Components
ComponentVerificationChanges
ComponentVerificationDocuments
SubsystemVerificationDocuments
SubsytemVerificationChanges
ComponentTestResults
“Built-to”Subsystems
System-GeneratedSubsystemRegressionQualification
Subsystem-GeneratedComponentRegressionQualification
System-GeneratedComponentRegressionQualification
PerformSubsystem
Integration &Verification
PerformSystem
Integration &Verification
SystemVerificationDocument
VerificationData
SubsystemTestResults
System LevelRegressionQualification
Qualification Procedures,Activities, & Models
Component LevelDesign Documents
“Built-to”CIs
Subsytem-GeneratedComponentRegressionQualification
System-GeneratedComponentRegressionQualification
Inspect&
Verify CI DeficientCI Discrepancy
Reports
Identity & FixCorrectable
CIDeficiencies Assess
Impact ofUncorrectable
CIDeficiencies
RedesignCI
Modifiy CIBaseline
Integratewith
Next CI
Corrected CI
ClearedCI
Uncorrected CI
Redesigned CI
Approval toContinueIntegration
UnacceptableImpact
ImpactStatement
AcceptableImpact
CIEngineeringChanges
BaselineChanges
CI VerificationChanges
ComponentVerificationDocuments
“Built-to”Components
Cleared CI
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Inspect and test the CI
Identify and fix any correctible
deficiencies
Assess the impact of any uncorrectable
deficiencies
Redesign the CI to address
deficiencies
Redefine the baseline
Integrate with the next CI
Qualification procedures,Activities & Models
Derived &Originating
Requirements
Originating& SystemRequirementsDocuments
VerificationChanges
CI TestResults
CI TestResults
VerificationDocument
Componen LevelDesign Documents Subsystem Level
Design Documents
“Built-to”CIs
PerformComponentIntegration &Verification
A221
A222
A2211
A2212
A2213
A2214
A2215
A2216
A223
CI VerificationChanges
“Built-to”Components
ComponentVerificationChanges
ComponentVerificationDocuments
SubsystemVerificationDocuments
SubsytemVerificationChanges
ComponentTestResults
“Built-to”Subsystems
System-GeneratedSubsystemRegressionQualification
Subsystem-GeneratedComponentRegressionQualification
System-GeneratedComponentRegressionQualification
PerformSubsystem
Integration &Verification
PerformSystem
Integration &Verification
SystemVerificationDocument
VerificationData
SubsystemTestResults
System LevelRegressionQualification
Qualification Procedures,Activities, & Models
Component LevelDesign Documents
“Built-to”CIs
Subsytem-GeneratedComponentRegressionQualification
System-GeneratedComponentRegressionQualification
Inspect&
Verify CI DeficientCI Discrepancy
Reports
Identity & FixCorrectable
CIDeficiencies Assess
Impact ofUncorrectable
CIDeficiencies
RedesignCI
Modifiy CIBaseline
Integratewith
Next CI
Corrected CI
ClearedCI
Uncorrected CI
Redesigned CI
Approval toContinueIntegration
UnacceptableImpact
ImpactStatement
AcceptableImpact
CIEngineeringChanges
BaselineChanges
CI VerificationChanges
ComponentVerificationDocuments
“Built-to”Components
Cleared CI
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Continue until everysubsystem has been
integratedYes
Subsystem IntegrationComplete
Inspect and TestSubsystem
NoDeficient
Subsystem
Yes
Modify and FixCorrectableDeficiencies
RemainingDeficiencies
No
Yes
Modify Baseline
Assess Impact ofUncorrectable
Deficiences
DeficienciesUnacceptable
No
Yes
Redesign Subsystem
Logic diagram for subsystem integration
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PerformDesignActivities
1
IT
2.3.1
Inspect& Test
Subsystem
LP
cleared subsystem
deficientsubsystem
2.3.2Identify & FixCorrectableDeficiencies
correctabledef.
uncorrectabledef.
2.3.3Assess Impact
ofUncorrectable..
acceptableimpact
unacceptableimpact
2.3.4
RedesignSubsystem
OR
OR
if deficiency is fixed or redesigned
for each subsystem
2.3.5
ModifyBaseline
OR LP IT
2.3.6Integratewith NextSubsystem
2.1Perform
ComponentIntegration
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PerformDesignActivities
1
IT
2.3.1
Inspect& Test
Subsystem
LP
cleared subsystem
deficientsubsystem
2.3.2
Identify & FixCorrectableDeficiencies
correctabledef.
uncorrectabledef.
2.3.3Assess Impact
ofUncorrectable..
acceptableimpact
unacceptableimpact
2.3.4
RedesignSubsystem
OR
OR
if deficiency is fixed or redesigned
for each subsystem
2.3.5
ModifyBaseline
OR LP IT
2.3.6Integratewith NextSubsystem
2.1Perform
ComponentIntegration