Principles of diet selection
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Principles of Diet Selection
Beth BurrittArea Rangeland Resources Extension Agent
Website: extension.usu.edu/behave
Or why animals eat certain foods
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Behavior Depends on
Consequences
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ConsequencesBehavior ConsequencesConsequences
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ConsequencesBehavior
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Most Behaviors are Learned
Sheep Chase Dog
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Her parents refused to buy her a horse
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Mother Knows Best
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1 2 3 4 50
5
10
15
20
25
Day of Exposure
avoids mountain mahogany
Mom eats serviceberry and …
Nu
mb
er o
f b
ites
/lam
bLambs Eat What Mom Eats
and Avoids What She Avoids
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. . .even after weaning
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
25
50
75
100
serviceberry
mountain mahogany
62 63 64 65 66 67 680
25
50
75
100
mountain mahogany
serviceberry
%
of
bit
es b
y la
mb
s
Days after weaning
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Neurology Structure Physiology
Experience Changes the Body
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Experience changes the body• Brain structure and function• Liver function• Nitrogen recycling• Rumen size• Rumen papilla size and number
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Foraging Skills
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Palatability is more than a
matter of taste
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Nutrients Increase Palatability
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Toxins Decrease Palatability
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Flavor allows animals to discriminate between foods.
Feedback tells the body whether a particular food flavor is useful or harmful.
Flavors apart from feedback are neither palatable or unpalatable
What is the purpose of flavor?
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They can’t be that smart.
1. Changes in preferences for foods are automatic.
2. They don’t have to think about them.
3. At times, they are not rational.
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Variety is the spice of life
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Monotony – Same Flavor
1 2 3 4 50
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Day
maple
coconut
1 2 3 4 50
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
maple
coconut
Day
Inta
ke (
g)
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Preference for Nutrients
PreferenceEnergy ProteinMeal
High Energy
High Protein
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Toxins Limit Intake
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90
150
300
450
600
Day
.75% LiCl
0% LiCl
1.5% LiClInta
ke o
f oat
s, g
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Most toxins limit intake causing
animals to eat a variety of foods
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PoisonousPlants
Plants with Toxins
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the fear of anything new
Neophobia -
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Animals Sample Novel Foods
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90
100
200
300
400
no
ve
l f
lav
or
Inta
ke (
g)
Day
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Beijing fast food
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Beijing fast food
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Beijing fast food
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How does neophobia keep animals safe and help them learn
about new foods?
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1 2 3 40
50
100
150
200
250
Inta
ke (
g)
LiCl
Day
Familiar-Novel Dichotomy
Rye – Novel Food
Corn
Alfalfa
Barley
Oats
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How do livestock select their diets?
1. with companions2. familiar foods3. foods high in nutrients and
low in toxins4. a variety of foods5. familiar foods that are rare in
the environment
They prefer to eat:
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Training Cows to Eat Weeds
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. . . by reducing novelty and
providing variety and positive feedback.
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Know your weed• Nutrients• Toxins• Nutrient/Toxin Interactions
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2. Work with the right animals
• Young• Female• Healthy• Manageable in Number and Temperament
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3. Build on how animals learn
• Reduce fear of new things
• Make the unfamiliar seem familiar
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4. Test animals in trial pastures
• Small• Provide a variety of forages
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Early Experience Matters Most
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Same strawDifferent performance
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Different experience
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Experience Influences Performance
Body weight ** *Body condition ** *Milk production ** -Post-partum interval ** -
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
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Strategic supplementation
improves use of forage and landscapes
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• Low moisture blocks (LMB) contain 2 – 4 % moisture.• LMB are available in 125 - 250 lb containers.• LMB (250 lb) only need to be replaced about once every 2 weeks when fed 1 barrel per 25 cows.
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Low moisture block (LMB) effectively
increased and focused grazing in moderate terrain.
LMB attracted cows to graze difficult terrain that typically was not used.
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Low-moisture block can be placed with an ATV and trailer in steep, rocky terrain
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Training is critical for supplement to be an effective tool to improve grazing distribution.
Animals must also know where supplement is located.
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The question isn’t: Do animals learn?
They learn everyday.
The question is:Do we as managers want to
bepart of the process?
Website: extension.usu.edu/behave