Principles of Communication
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Transcript of Principles of Communication
Language Department, Office of General Education, Faculty of Hospitality Industry
For Excellence in Hospitality Education
Arj. Zeph Norrish
Principles of Communication
Unit 1: Fundamentals of Communication
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 2
ObjectivesChapter 1 Lecture and Discussion:Following this class you will be able to:
• Describe language as a mechanism of communication
• Describe developments in the study of language• Understand and use a range of linguistic terms• Discuss relationships between language and culture
• Consider implications for the Hospitality Industry
Chapter 1 Case Study• Instructor Review• Student Q&A
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 3
1.4 The Definition of Language
The word ‘language’ can have different meanings:
• The concept of collecting and sending of information
• A system for those concepts; like French, English, Thai
• A formal system of rules of grammar
• A mechanism for communication
• A system for cooperation
• The infinite set of utterances for finite elements; animals don’t have this ability
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 4
World Languages
http://people.umass.edu/~nconstan/201/Language%20Families%20World%20Map.png
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 5
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 6
World Languages
http://www.everytongue.com/list1-on-line-recordings.htm
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 7
1.5 The Study of Language
Linguistics, has been developing into a science for more than 2000 years…
…from Pāṇini’s ‘Sanskrit’…
…to Sibawayh’s ‘Al-kitab fi al-nahw’…
…to Plato’s ‘Cratylus dialogue’
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 8
1.6 Language and Its Parts
Language has three parts: signs, meanings, and codes and is analyzed through the following studies:
• Semiotics = how signs and meanings are used• Syntax = the grammar rules of a system• Semantics = meaning of the signs, words, phrases
Specific signs are assigned to show those meanings easier…
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 9
1.6 Language and Its Parts
Phonology studies how we create meaning
Phonetics studies how we form sounds
Those sounds are phonemes, or syllables:
• Vowels• Consonants
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 10
Phonetics for English Consonants (IPA)
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 11
Phonetics for Thai Consonants (IPA)
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 12
Phonemes - Vowel Sounds
Long vowel sounds
a e i o u
b a tbilabial plosive dental plosive/ æ /
Short vowel soundsuse single vowels
use combinations of vowels
n i c e/ aɪ /
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 13
Phonemes - Vowel Sounds
Long vowel soundsuse combinations of vowels
n i c e
r i c er i d e
Alternative spellings:(same sound) f r i e d
f i g h t
h e i g h t c r y
/ aɪ /
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 14
Quick Game
On the sheet provided:
1. Write as many words as you can using the LONG VOWEL sound provided.
2. Think of different ways to spell the sound and write as many words using these spelling
3. For a bonus point, write a sentence using as many of these words as you can
Fay and Jane play on the same day.Nope! I won’t throw the toad!Eve needs to see the team.The cute blue goose flew to the moon.
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 15
Considerations / Restrictions
We have seen many vowel and consonant combinations (phonemes).
However, the construction of English does provide limitations.
For example:
/ŋ/, as in sing, occurs only at the end of a syllable, never at the beginning such as in Thai ( ngu – snake – งู, or ngoen – money – เงิน)
/h/ occurs only before vowels and at the beginning of a syllable, never at the end (a few languages, such as Arabic, or Romanian allow /h/ syllable-finally)
tough dough coughAnomalies
bow bow
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 16
1.6 Language and Its Parts
Morphemes are meaningful elements in a language. They can either be FREE or BOUND.If they are FREE, they are called WORDS.If they are BOUND, they are called AFFIXES.
Two types:
PREFIX
SUFFIX
Positioned BEFORE a word
Positioned AFTER a word
satisfydis
satisfying
COMBINATIONS satisfyingdis
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 17
1.6 Language and Its PartsThe rules for this use of morphemes is called morphology…
Syntax then gives rules for using multiple morphologic forms in a statement
structure.
WORD AFFIXES(suffixes)
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 18
1.6 Language and Its Parts
Grammar is the study of the SYSTEM of languages.
We then use word classes (or parts of speech) for those grammar rules… such as nouns (the subject of a statement) and verbs (the action).
It provides RULES for combining MORPHEMES to createfurther meaning, through PHRASES and SENTENCES.
Sally runs.subject predicate (verb)
intransitive (no object)
Sally throws a ball.subject verb
transitive (has object)object
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 19
1.6 Language and Its Parts
“the way that words and phrases are put together to form sentences in a language; the rules of grammar for this”
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
Syntax
Determiner:‘used to qualify nouns’e.g., the, a, his, your, two, etc.
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 20
Syntax Activity
You will be given a complete sentence structure.You must identify/position the ‘syntactic’ components.Using the shaded vocab cards, create a meaningful sentence.
Noun Phrase
(subject)
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 21
1.7 Language and Culture
Sentence
Noun Phrase(subject)
Verb Phrase(predicate)
DETDeterminer
NNoun
VVerb
NPNoun Phrase
PPPrepositional Phrase
ADVAdverb
The father saw his son instantly
DETDeterminer
NNoun
PREPPreposition
NPNoun Phrase
at
DETDeterminer
NNoun
the market
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 22
1.7 Language and Culture
Language and culture are very closely intertwined.We perceive only what our language allows us.Our language controls our world view.Speakers of different languages have different world views.Studies of language and culture consider:
• Socio-linguistics• Ethno-linguistics• Linguistic Anthropology
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 23
1.7 Language and Culture
Humans use language as a way of signaling identitywith one cultural group and difference from others.
Languages do not differ only in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar but also ‘speaking cultures’.
Language practice can be used based on cultural norms:
social class gender age rankeducation ‘kinship’
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 24
1.7 Language and Culture
They connect for speech and behavior, like…
• Formal Conversation (“Yes, I would like some water.”)
• Informal Conversation (“Yeah, gimme some water.”)
• Slang (“Yo! I’m dying of thirst o’er ere!”)
• Hierarchy Vocabulary (“Nong Wit.” or “Pee Wit.”)
• Gender (“Krup” or “Ka”)
Communication must be adapted in order to be understood.
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 25
1.7 Language and Culture
The Hospitality Industry
provides for
MORE LANGUAGES AND CULTURES
exposure and experience
than ANY other!
So, it is ESSENTIAL
that YOU
MAXIMISE YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 26
Summary
• Describe language as a mechanism of communication• Describe developments in the study of language• Understand and use a range of linguistic terms• Discuss relationships between language and culture• Consider implications for the Hospitality Industry
Today you have learned how to:
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 27
BREAK!
Now, take a 30-minute break and then return to the class to work on your term paper focus.
Enjoy!
Take a break!
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 28
Handout Review
You will now be given a handout with comprehension questions.
Use the book and the notes you’ve taken to answer the questions as best as possible.
You have 45-minutes to complete the handouts and return them to the instructor at the end of class.
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 29
HOMEWORK!
Go to the copy shop next to the canteen and get a copy of Unit 2: Ethical Communication.
Read Unit 2 and complete sections 2.1 Key Vocabulary and Chapter 2 Review: Case Study.
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 30
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 31
Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 32