Principles of Circuit Switched Networks · The DWDM terminal at Washington reports the SONET...

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Principles of Circuit Switched Networks John S Graham Indiana University

Transcript of Principles of Circuit Switched Networks · The DWDM terminal at Washington reports the SONET...

Page 1: Principles of Circuit Switched Networks · The DWDM terminal at Washington reports the SONET AIS‐L alarm on its trib port E. The DWDM terminal at Atlanta reports the SONET RFI‐L

Principles of Circuit Switched Networks 

John S Graham Indiana University 

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Syllabus 

•  Review of Current OpAcal Technologies – What’s a circuit; what’s a cross‐connect? – How are SONET/SDH and OTN different? – How are packet and circuit switching merging? 

•  Principles of OA&M in OpAcal Networks – Why’s my router interface reporAng only B3 errors? – Abandon BFD All Ye Who Enter Here! 

•  DiagnosAc Tools in OpAcal Networks –  The Joy of Loops –  TAPs 

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Hybrid Packet/OpAcal Networks IP 

Ethernet  HDLC 

10 G LAN PHY  10 G WAN PHY  1 G PHY 

SONET [OC192] 

Op=cal Transport Network [OTU2] 

GFP (G.7041) 

packet 

op=cal 

DWDM 

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What is a Circuit? 1/2 

A circuit connects two endpoints by means of a series of alterna=ng fibers and cross‐connects 

Terminal  Terminal Regenerators 

Tributary Interface 

Line Interface 

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What is a Circuit? 2/2 

Tributary Interface 

Line Interface 

ADM Connected in a Ring 

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Synchronous = Flexible MulAplexing 

OC‐48 Line (South West) 

OC‐48 Line (North  East) OC‐48 Line (West North) 

OC‐48 Line (East South) 

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OpAcal Transport Network (OTN) 

OpAcal Data Unit (ODU‐k) 

Client 

OpAcal Payload Unit (OPU‐k) 

OpAcal Transport Unit (OTU‐k) 

OPU1 ODU1 OTU1 

OTU3 

OTU2  OPU2 ODU2 

OPU3 ODU3 

OPU0 ODU0 

2.5G 

1G 

10G 

40G 

× 4 

× 2 

× 4 

× 16 

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SONET/SDH versus OTN 

SONET/SDH 

1.  Timing 1.  Internally synchronous 

2.  Not synchronous with clients 

2.  Flexible mulAplexing 

3.  Fixed frame rate 

4.  Can be very bandwidth efficient 

5.  No error correcAon 

OTN (G.709) 1.  Timing 

1.  Internally asynchronous 2.  Synchronous with clients 

2.  Enforced mulAplexing scheme 

3.  Fixed frame size 4.  Possibility of bandwidth 

inefficiencies 5.  Coding gains from forward 

error correcAon 

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Of Frames and Payloads 

•  Ethernet or HDLC –  Frame consists of indivisible overhead, payload and checksum 

•  SONET/SDH –  Frame consists of overhead and a container –  Payload is a separate structure with its own overhead –  Payload overlaps two successive frames –  Pointers required to adapt payload received from an alien SONET line 

•  OTN – Has characterisAcs of both the above 

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Single Payload FloaAng Within SPE 

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What Does A Cross‐Connect Represent? 

•  SONET –  Transfer payload (with overhead) between SONET lines 

•  OTN – Moves an ODU‐j between different OTU‐k (k >= j) 

•  For 3R operaAon on a concatenated ODU‐k •  For switching ODU‐j within channelized ODU‐k 

– OCh cross‐connect moves an OTU‐k frame from one ITU wavelength to another 

•  Packet‐OpAcal –  Switching VLAN tags at the packet/opAcal interface 

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Packet OpAcal Convergence 

•  OpAcal provides to packet: –  Economies of scale and mulAplexing –  Tried and true OA&M 

•  IP rouAng concepts from packet switching: –  End‐to‐end automated provisioning –  Replace inflexible SONET and WDM rings with mesh architectures 

–  ProtecAon based on available instead of reserved bandwidth 

–  Traffic classificaAon 

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GFP: The Great Arbitrator 

Adapted from: IEEE CommunicaCons Magazine, May 2002 

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Tasks Performed by GFP 

•  Major –  Client frame delineaAon 

–  Client payload mapping –  Client‐to‐carrier rate adaptaAon 

•  Minor –  Limited OA&M (Link Loss Forwarding) 

–  OpAonal client frame mulAplexing 

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(Undesirable) AlternaAves to GFP 

•  ATM – Cell overhead causes 10% bandwidth inflaAon – AdaptaAon funcAons needlessly complex 

•  Packet over SONET (POS) – Byte stuffing causes non‐determinisAc bandwidth inflaAon 

– Expensive router hardware 

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SONET Layers 

SecAon Layer SecAon Layer 

R1 ADM2  DXC  ADM1 

Path Layer ConnecAon 

Line Layer Line Layer 

SecAon Layer  SecAon Layer 

R2 

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Bit Interleaved Parity (BIP) 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 

0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 

1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 

1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 

1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 

0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 

1 0 0 1 1 0 

0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 

Sent  Calc 

≠ 

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Error ReporAng: SecAon 

unidirec=onal errors from right to le\ 

ADM2  R1 DXC  ADM1 R2 

B1 

B1  B1 

B1 

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Error ReporAng: Line 

unidirec=onal errors from right to le\ 

R1 DXC  ADM1 R2 ADM2 

B2 

B2 

M0 

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Error ReporAng: Path 

unidirec=onal errors from right to le\ 

R1 DXC  ADM1 R2 ADM2 

B3  G1 

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Summary of Node Status 

Node Section Line Path

NE FE NE FE

ADM1 0 0 0

R1

R2 0

DXC 0 0

ADM2 0 0 0 0

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PM ClassificaAons 

•  CV = code violaAon (parity error) •  ES = any second in which there is at least one CV, LOF or LOS 

•  SES = any second in which K or more CV or an AIS‐L alarm are counted 

•  UAS‐L = 10 consecuAve SES‐L •  FC‐L = number of failure events 

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 Performance Categories 

Signal State BER Action

Anomaly Normal ≤ 10-8 TCA

Degrade BER-SD 10-5 – 10-7 SNC/N Switch

Soft Failure BER-SF ≥ 10-4 SNC/I or

Mesh Switch

Hard Failure LOS, LOF, AIS-L

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Alarms: UnidirecAonal Failure 

ADM2  R1 R2 

AIS‐L 

RDI‐L 

DXC  ADM1 

AIS‐P 

RDI‐P 

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Alarms: BidirecAonal Failure 

ADM2  R1 R2 

AIS‐L 

RDI‐L 

DXC 

AIS‐P 

RDI‐P 

AIS‐L 

ADM1 

RDI‐P 

RDI‐L 

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OTN Provides OA&M to DWDM Systems: Ethernet Circuit 

A.  OADM at Birmingham reports Loss of Signal (LOS) B.  Downstream transponder suppresses laser C.  Upstream transponder suppresses laser; customer routers do not need to run BFD! 

P2P Ethernet Circuit ConnecCng Customer Routers in Atlanta and Indianapolis 

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OTN Provides OA&M to DWDM Systems: SONET Circuit 

A.  OADM at Charlose reports Loss of Signal (LOS) 

B.  A SONET AIS‐L alarm is transmised towards the customer router at Washington 

C.  The customer router responds by transmitng a SONET RFI‐L alarm 

D.  The DWDM terminal at Washington reports the SONET AIS‐L alarm on its trib port E.  The DWDM terminal at Atlanta reports the SONET RFI‐L alarm on its trib port 

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Forward & Backward Defect Indicators in OTN 

•  Loss of Signal alarm displayed at Birmingham 

•  The ten opAcal channels between Birmingham and Atlanta each support a BDI alarm 

•  The single cross‐connect at Birmingham between DLMs facing Atlanta and Nashville propagates an FDI alarm. 

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Payload Problems 

1.  Path not terminated 1.  UNEQ 2.  AIS‐P  

2.  Path trace mismatch (J1) 

3.  Loss of Pointer 4.  Payload label mismatch (C2) 

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Infinera Port Loops 1/2 

Atlanta  New York 

Terminal Loop at Atlanta 

Atlanta  New York 

Facility Loop at Atlanta 

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Infinera Port Loops 2/2 

Atlanta  New York 

Atlanta  New York 

Terminal Loop at Atlanta 

Facility Loop at New York 

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CoreDirector Path‐Level Loops 1/2 

1‐A‐3‐1:190‐192 1‐A‐6‐1:1‐3 

1‐A‐2‐1:189‐191 1‐A‐7‐1:1‐3 

ATLA 

NEWY 

Equipment loop on drop‐side GTP at ATLA 

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CoreDirector Path‐Level Loops 2/2 

1‐A‐3‐1:190‐192 1‐A‐6‐1:1‐3 

1‐A‐2‐1:189‐191 1‐A‐7‐1:1‐3 

ATLA 

NEWY 

Facility loop on line‐side GTP at ATLA 

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Quiz Time! 

1‐A‐3‐1:190‐192 1‐A‐6‐1:1‐3 

1‐A‐2‐1:189‐191 1‐A‐7‐1:1‐3 

ATLA 

NEWY 

1.  Describe the loop applied at ATLA 

2.  What alarm(s) will be displayed at NEWY? 

3.  How many alarms will be displayed at NEWY? 

4.  Draw and describe the other loop that can be applied at ATLA to cause alarms at NEWY 

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Recommended Resources 

Descrip=on  Publisher  hsp://preview.Anyurl.com/… 

SONET Poster Agilent 

yjtga6d 

Next‐GeneraAon SONET Poster  yas2p3p 

OTN Poster Ciena 

y8k2u3u 

OpAcal Control Plane Poster  yeug9ss 

These colourful A1‐sized wall posters provide an excellent ready‐reference to the prevalent packet‐opCcal technologies. 

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36  With thanks to Steve Surek of Ciena CorporaAon for discussions regarding OTN