Principles of Behavior Modification (PSY333) Gary L. Cates, Ph.D., N.C.S.P.
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Transcript of Principles of Behavior Modification (PSY333) Gary L. Cates, Ph.D., N.C.S.P.
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Principles of Behavior Modification (PSY333)
Gary L. Cates, Ph.D., N.C.S.P
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Clinical Behavior Therapy
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Cognitive Behavior Modification
Cognition: belief, thought, expectancy, attitude, or perception
• Assumption 1: People respond to events in terms of their perceived significance.
• Assumption 2: Cognitive deficiencies cause emotional disorders.
• √ Goal: Change cognition to make better adjusted person
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Method 1: Cognitive Restructuring
• Substituting rational thoughts and appraisal of information for irrational or dysfunctional thinking.
• Ellis: Rational Emotive Therapy (Later REBT)• Beck: Cognitive Therapy
– Dichotomous Thinking: Absolute terms– Arbitrary Inference: Faulty conclusions – Overgeneralization: One failure means failure in
general– Magnification: Exaggeration
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Method 2: Self-instructional Coping methods
• Identify internal stimuli that are stress related
• Use them as SD’s to engage in appropriate self talk
• Appropriate self talk through a set of things to do to relax
• Positive self reinforcing statements after positive self talk
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Method 3: Problem-Solving Methods
• General orientation: Be systematic not impulsive
• Problem Definition: Be specific• Generation of alternatives: Brainstorm
solutions• Decision making: Evaluate the pros and
cons to each alternative and pick the best one.
• Verification: Keep track of progress (data)
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Empirical Evaluation of Ellis
• Reducing self talk: 46%
• Reducing emotional distress: 27%
• Gossette and O’Brien (1992)
√ Effects probably due to homework assignments, not the challenge of cognition.
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Let’s Add Cognitive Restructuring!
• Let’s not!– 83% of research suggests it adds nothing!– Helpful for social anxiety only
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Empirical Evaluation of Beck
• No better than a placebo (placebo may be effective!) [NIMH, 1989]
• - 55% BT, 52% IPT, 46% CT, 34% BDPT (Agency for health care policy and research, 1994)
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Behavioral vs. Cognitive
• 83% of pure cognitive had no added benefit.
√ Cognitive good for social-anxiety and phobia
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Two Points
• Cognitive techniques rely on rule-governed behavior
• Rules control behavior only when linked to environmental contingencies
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Areas of Clinical Behavior Therapy
• Agoraphobia: In vivo exposure (group or individual)– Cognitive restructuring does not add anything
• OCD: In vivo exposure (65-75%)– Cognitive (imagining) led by therapist adds to
effectiveness.
• Stress: Relaxation techniques and exercise• Depression: Exercise is gaining a lot of
momentum• placebo > no Tx and = to cognitive therapy• 30-60 minutes 3 times per week
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Areas of Clinical Behavior Therapy
• Alcohol Problems:– Most successful programs use behavioral components such as:– Decreasing reinforcing properties of alcohol– Teaching new skills– Strategies to prevent relapse– Contingency management– SOCIAL SUPPORT IMPORTANT! DRA?
√ Tx good for problem drinkers not as effective for alcoholics
• Obesity– Self-monitoring, stimulus control, changing eating behavior,
behavioral contracts
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Areas of Clinical Behavior Therapy
• Marital Distress– Instigation of positive exchanges– Communication Training– Problem Solving Training
• Habit Disorders– Habit reversal (Azrin & Nunn, 1973)
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History
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Respondent Conditioning
• 1904 Pavlov wins Noble Prize in Medicine
• 1913 J.B. Watson writes Behaviorists Manifesto
• 1916 Little Albert
• 19 43 Clark Hull: Operant & Respondent
• 1958 Wolpe: reciprocal inhibition
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Operant Conditioning
• 1938 Behavior of Organisms
• 1950 Keller & Schoenfield: Principles of Psychology
• 1953 Science of Human Behavior– Testing out: Sugar-milk, mmm-hmmm,
Jellybeans – Allyn & Michael (1959).
• 1965 Ullmann & Krasner: 1st bmod book
• 1982 Iwata (Functional Analysis)
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Terms
• Behavior Modification: The large over arching term to describe behavior principles being used to modify behavior
• Behavior Therapy: Pavlov-wople orientation with cognitive focus
• Behavior analysis: Operant orientation (Function)
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Ethics in Behavior Modification
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Ethical Issues for Human Services
• Have goals of treatment been adequately considered?
• Has choice of treatment methods been adequately considered?
• Clients participation voluntary?• Subordinate client interests considered?• Adequacy of treatment been evaluated?• Confidentiality protected?• Referrals when necessary?• Therapist Qualified?
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Careers in Behavior Modification
So you want to be a behavior modifier/analyst huh?
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Schools in behavior analysis
• http://programs.gradschools.com/usa/applied_behavior_analysis.html
• http://www.abainternational.org/sub/behaviorfield/education/accreditation/index.asp
• Behavioral School Psychology– Syracuse, MSU, USM, UN-L, UO, ISU?
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Interesting Jobs
• Most you need a masters degree– Certified as behavior analyst & Collect 3rd
party pay
• B.S. Marcus Institute, Kennedy Krieger,
• Ph.D.– Licensed Psychologist