Principles of a+p 1112 session 2 - skeletal system (functions of skeletal system and bone...
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Transcript of Principles of a+p 1112 session 2 - skeletal system (functions of skeletal system and bone...
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Principles of Anatomy and Physiology in Sport
Session 2 – The Skeletal System
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Re-Cap Last Session
• Major bones of the body
• Axial/Appendicular skeleton
• Vertebral column - sections
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Drag the labels to the correct place on the skeleton...
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
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Aim
• To complete assignment 1
Objectives
• To be able to describe the functions of the skeletal system
• To be able to describe the structure of a typical long bone
• To explain the differences between compact and cancellous bone
Aims & Objectives
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Activity
• With your partner work together to list and briefly describe the 6 functions of the skeleton
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Bone Structure
Bone is the hardest tissue in the body
• Compact Bone– Found at the
shaft or diaphysis of long bones
– External layer of bone that copes with the stresses of PA
• Cancellous Bone– Referred to as
the spongy part of a bone
– Found under the external layer of compact bone
– Bone marrow is found in this part of the bone
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Ossification
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Ossification
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Bones start to grow inside the womb, where they begin as cartilage. Cartilage
Periosteum
Bone Marrow
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
What are Bones made of?What are Bones made of?
Vitamin D helps build bone.
Calcium is a mineral which helps keep bones strong. Even as a fully-grown adult, the
bone structure is always changing, as vitamins and minerals are constantly replaced.
As you get older this turns into hard bone by a process called ossification. Bones will only grow properly as long as certain minerals and vitamins are eaten:
A poor diet will result in soft bones, whilst a balanced diet and exercise will make the bones harder.
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Structure of a Long Bone• Consists of a diaphysis
(shaft) with a bulge called the epiphysis at either end
• Longitudinal growth occurs between these structures
• The medullary or marrow cavity is situated in middle of the shaft beneath the compact bone; it contains either red or yellow marrow
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Bone Marrow• Age is a dependant factor on
the colour of the marrow. At birth all bones are filled with red bone marrow which produces both red & white blood cells
• With age there is a progressive replacement of the red marrow by that of yellow marrow, which is fatty and non-blood producing
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Periosteum• Each bone is enclosed in a
dense layer of fibrous tissue known as periosteum
• There are 2 layers– Outer layer
• Blood vessels & nerves– Inner layer
• Responsible for bone development
• Bones change in size & shape throughout life and they are denser in males
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Compact Bone• Is dense, has few spaces and appears solid to the naked eye
• Forms the external layer of the bones of the body, and the bulk of the shaft (diaphysis) of long bones
• Provides support & protection and helps the long bones resist the stresses of weight placed upon them
• ‘Haversian Systems’ are patterns that can be seen under a microscope
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Cancellous Bone• Known as spongy bone
• Made up of large interconnected spaces, like comic book cheese
• Is the make up of most flat, short, irregular and the end of long bones
• It has a criss cross structure that gives strength without excess weight, this is known as trabeculae
• The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow
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Essentials• Diaphysis
– Shaft of bone• Periosteum
– Layer around the bone (like a sleeve)
• Compact bone – Found in the bulk of
the shaft• Medullary cavity
– Marrow cavity in the middle of the shaft beneath the compact bone
• Epiphysis– Ends of bone
• Cancellous bone– Has interconnected
spaces (spongy)• Hyaline/Articular
cartilage– Found at the ends of
the epiphysis• Epiphyseal plate
– Appears as a line across the cancellous bone
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Summary
• Functions of skeleton• Ossification• Cartilage• Periosteum• Epiphysis• Bone Marrow• Compact bone• Cancellous bone
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Session objectives
• To be able to describe the functions of the skeletal system
• To be able to describe the structure of a typical long bone
• To explain the differences between compact and cancellous bone
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Next session
• Classifications of bone
• Functions of each classification of bone