PRINCIPLES FOR ACHIEVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN …

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PRINCIPLES FOR ACHIEVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES

JERUSHA JOSEPH & FREDDIE INAMBAO*

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

ABSTRACT

Energy efficiency is key in the plan to mitigate climate change and in most cases, it is the less expensive option when

compared to changing energy generation plants to a less carbon intensive energy source and thus popular among

developing economies of the world. The approaches to energy efficiency traditionally involve examining energy

consumed at the point of component or device consuming the energy. The aim of this study is to present principles for

developing countries’ established sites and businesses that primarily rely on fossil fuels for its energy needs that will

ensure energy efficiency is successfully achieved throughout the value chain for an operational site. This paper presents

the traditional approaches of energy efficiency and shows how these approaches while achieving energy efficiency at the

point of the energy demand where the energy consuming component or device is installed, it is quite inefficient in the

wider picture of the energy value chain. From these observations, a set of principles are presented to achieve energy

efficiency throughout the energy value chain maximizing financial benefit and reduction in carbon emissions. A third

principle is presented to ensure that energy efficiency is sustainably achieved at an operational site through

transitioning existing infrastructure to being energy efficient over a defined period of time and ensuring that new

capacity adheres to energy efficiency in the future.

KEYWORDS: Energy Efficiency in developing countries, Energy savings, Energy conservation, Forms of energy,

Energy conversion efficiencies & Energy management

Received: Jan 18 2021; Accepted: Feb 08, 2021; Published: Mar 15, 2021; Paper Id.: IJMPERDAPR202120

INTRODUCTION

The potential for energy efficiency to simultaneously address economic development, energy security, and

environmental protection in countries around the world is well known. Energy efficiency can have even more

pronounced impacts in developing countries, where citizens need increased access to energy, utilities might struggle

to keep up with demand, and public and private capital to expand availability of energy and improve quality of

service is scarce. [1] Energy efficiency policies in Turkey increase energy security to benefit from growing

economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Turkey has established a comprehensive, strategic, and legal

framework to promote energy efficiency. The energy efficiency law in Turkey has a wide coverage area, including

related regulations. These areas include increasing and supporting energy efficiency, setting up energy efficiency

consulting companies, establishing energy management systems, promoting energy efficiency investments,

increasing energy efficiency in transport and buildings, preventing the sale of inefficient devices and raising

awareness. Luxembourg implemented energy performance regulations in 2008 for residential buildings and in 2011

for non-residential buildings. These regulations establish a methodology to calculate energy performance of

buildings, to determine minimum energy requirements for new buildings, extensions and renewed elements of

existing buildings. Luxembourg is promoting the energy efficiency of buildings with the introduction of energy

Orig

ina

l Article

International Journal of Mechanical and Production

Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD)

ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001

Vol. 11, Issue 2, Apr 2021, 265-282

© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

266 Jerusha Joseph & Freddie Inambao

Impact Factor (JCC): 9.6246 NAAS Rating: 3.11

performance certificates. New Zealand’s “Smart Warming Program” aims to increase the number of hot, dry, and energy-

efficient homes to protect patient health and prevent loss of productivity. The first “New Zealand Energy Strategy” and the

second 5-year “New Zealand Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy” were published in October 2007. However,

after the National Party government was elected in 2008, both of these documents were audited. The purpose of doing this

is to present a clearer link between energy policies and economic growth. The program of energy saving targets for energy

suppliers is a central component of Ireland’s energy efficiency policy. The first “National Energy Efficiency Action Plan”

identified potential energy saving programs targeting energy suppliers in 2009. [2]

Typical initiatives in energy management to achieve energy efficiency include lighting changes to LED (light

emitting diode) technologies, lighting demand control, air-conditioning demand control, eliminating energy wastage in

engineering process plants from compressed air and steam leaks, pump and motor operations and other mechanical

equipment. Figure 1 shows the approach used by low-income residents in developed countries from a study undertaken by

the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

Figure 1: Increasing Levels of Energy-efficiency Intervention [1]

Usually energy efficiency is addressed from the point of the end user, i.e. where the energy is used for lighting,

space conditioning, refrigeration, heating needs, engineering process plants and on the efficiency of the respective

technologies, this is where efficiency of components such as heat exchangers, motors, pumps, etc. are the most common

choice for energy efficiency and energy conservation. Figure 2 shows a snapshot of the typical energy efficiency

improvements contained in the Energy Efficiency Baseline Report of the Department of Minerals and Energy (South

Africa). Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5 are some of the energy efficiency potential identified for energy savings in the Iron

and Steel Industry, Pulp and Paper Industry and the Mining Industry. The same report also contains energy efficiency

potentials identified for the Chemical and Petrochemical Sector, the non-Metallic Minerals Sector, non-Ferrous Metals

Sector and the Textile and Textile Products Sector. It is observed that the common ground between all the energy

efficiency potentials is the “components” identification to be energy efficient.

Energy efficiency, however, does not rely solely on the energy at point of supply to the component requiring the

energy. There are drivers that influence energy demand. This is very evident in the case of air conditioning demand, Refer

to Figure 6 and Figure 7. Energy consumption per square meter varies across geographical locations, and based on the type

of space conditioning system, Figure 7.

Principles for Achieving Energy Efficiency in Developing Countries 267


Figure 2: Summary of Easily Implemented Energy Efficiency Improvements [3]

Figure 3: Potential Energy Savings in the Iron and Steel Industry (PJ) [3]

Figure 4: Potential Energy Savings in the pulp and Paper Industry (PJ) [3]



Figure 5: Potential Energy Savings in the Mining Sector (PJ) [3]

Figure 6: Energy Consumption in commercial buildings in the USA [3]

Figure 7: Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings in the UK [3]

One of the more rigorous approaches known in the South African industry over the last decade is practiced and

taught by the Industrial Energy Efficiency (IEE) Project of South Africa whose energy efficiency programme culminates in

an energy management system aligned to the Energy Management Standard (ISO 50001). This programme also

concentrates on Energy Systems Optimization (ESO) for pumps, compressors, motors, boilers and other energy intensive

plant equipment. Significant energy savings can be realized, especially if consideration for using energy effectively has not

been made before. Some of these energy savings are contained in Table V: Case Studies of Energy Efficiency from the

UNIDO EnMS Programme of the “Trends: Energy Efficiency and Energy Security” written by J Joseph and F.L Inambao.

These savings are focused on component efficiency and in some cases go into plant level energy efficiency.

To thoroughly achieve energy efficiency and capitalize on the benefits that eliminating energy wastage can bring,

one must understand both the scientific principles involved with deriving and using energy in its different forms as well as

understanding how this energy supply serves the energy demand. This value chain must be reviewed from the point of the

activities and logistics required to harvest the energy source or the supply side to how it is transformed to derive energy

and how this energy is used in the demand side of the value chain. This paper investigates energy efficiencies involved

with forms of energy of traditional fossil fuel energy sources in their conversions to serve the energy demand for various

end uses. This paper also examines satisfying energy demand efficiently in existing energy intensive sites and proposes a



sustainable way to transform an operational/live site towards full compliance with energy efficiency and maintaining this

energy efficiency. From these investigations, principles to promote energy efficiency are derived.

1. Deriving the three key principles for energy efficiency in Developing Countries

a. Forms of Energy

Energy exists all around us in various forms which we release through combustion or harness through carefully designed

technology using the laws of physics and chemistry. One of the most common forms of energy is chemical energy stored in

coal, oil, gas which we combust to release energy. This stored energy together with nuclear energy, elastic energy and

gravitational energy is referred to as potential energy. When the chemical energy is released through combustion, they take

the form of heat energy which through designed technology is used to turn the shafts of electrical generators, producing

electricity. This process releases thermal energy, through mechanical energy and magnetic energy, electrical energy is

released. These are forms of kinetic energy. Sound energy and light energy are also experienced in these energy

conversions. Refer to Figure 8.

Figure 8: Forms of Energy [4]

Coal, oil and natural gas are forms of stored energy (Chemical energy) that is then released in the form of thermal

energy in combustion of these fuels for the production of mechanical energy (the turning of a shaft within an electrical

generator from which electricity is then produced, being stepped up, transmitted over long distances, stepped down and

used for running of motors that drive pumps, lighting technologies, heat exchangers in chillers and much more. Figure 9

shows the pathways of primary energy to electricity (the most common end use today). Coal, oil and natural gas must be

extracted, processed, transported and released to produce electricity. The efficiency of the stages shown in Figure 8 for

China, a developing country is shown in Figure 10 for coal extraction, processing and transportation, Figure 11 for crude

oil extraction and transportation, Figure 12 for oil refinery processes and Figure 13 for natural gas extraction and

processing.



Figure 9: The Unified Structure of Fuel Pathways [5]

Figure 10: Efficiency of Coal Extraction, processing and Transportation [5]

Figure 11: Efficiency of Crude oil Extraction and Transportation [5]



Figure 12: Efficiency of oil Refinery Processes [5]

Figure 13: Efficiency of Natural Gas Extraction and Processing [5]

From these figures, it can be clearly seen that due to process inefficiencies and logistics, a fair amount of energy

cannot be recovered in the process. In the real world, certain inefficiencies are unavoidable and inevitable due to the laws

of the conservation of energy and the process of energy conversions. Within our control, however, is the how the energy is

transformed for use in the value chain, this includes the energy spent on logistics. Electricity being the preferred form of

energy since the 20th century, has revolutionized power generation. Global warming not yet acknowledged as a concern

when electricity began becoming popular. Wherever electricity was available, a device or plant was “plugged in” without

consideration of limitations that this might have in the future. When Eskom, South Africa’s national electricity provider

began with its coal fired power plants, to run the plants at 100% load factor, the citizens were encouraged to “plug in”. A

few decades later, the desperate request to citizens is to now switch off as Eskom’s demand exceeded its capacity to supply

resulting in the first rolling blackouts in South Africa in 2008. To get temporal relief while a longer-term solution was

being put in place, Eskom went on energy efficiency drive to eliminate wastage within its demand. Figure 44: Energy

savings per consumer sector (left) and per technology (right) in “Trends: Energy Efficiency and Energy Security” written



by J Joseph and F.L Inambao shows the energy saving initiatives done by Eskom. Today, we find ourselves having to

relook at the way we derive energy for use and the way it is used, not just for demand and supply challenges in developing

countries like South Africa, but for the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions against the every growing need for energy

due to the effect it has on climate change.

a. The Implications of the laws of energy to derive Energy for various end uses

Since the discovery of electricity and the science behind direct and alternating current in the 20th century, humans have

largely moved away from piping natural gas and oil as fuel for light, heating and other household uses. Appliances and

industrial machines use electrical energy which is produced traditionally in a centralized power plant and distributed

throughout cities, used in households, manufacturing. We use electrical energy for almost everything in our daily lives,

whether it is for lighting, cooling, heating, motion as we find in pumps, motors, etc. The law of conservation of energy

states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but converted from one form to another. The second law of

thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases. This implies that as energy is converted

from one form to another, we lose some of the energy with each conversion, leaving the amount of usable energy much

smaller in quantity.

Energy in its usable form is limited and costly to produce, thus reducing the demand for it will be the first point of

interest when it comes to ensuring energy efficiency. Reducing energy wastage in homes, engineering plants, offices,

commercial and industrial facilities saves costs and reduces carbon footprint. Understanding the energy need and then

matching the energy need with an energy source that ensures the shortest path to energy conversion is the first step in the

value chain to ensure energy efficiency.

Examining energy use from energy source to end use for coal, oil and natural gas, it can be seen that from

resource extraction from its natural state, there is a significant amount of work that must be done on the natural resource

before it is used in power plants or electrical generator to produce usable electricity. Figure 14 shows the process from

extraction of coal to its use in electricity.

Figure 14: Schematic showing the coal fuel cycle in United States, illustrating the Flow Paths and relative quantities

of coal as it moves from reserves through the various operations—mining to processing (if applicable) to transport

to utilization [6]

At each stage energy is used, i.e. energy is used by mechanical machines and vehicles to mine the raw coal

resources, energy is used for various coal preparation purposes, energy is used to transport the coal to various geographical



locations to be used and in this case to produce electricity. This very simplified process in Figure 14 shows that before the

coal is used to produce electricity for end users, already at this stage energy has been used. Figure 15 shows the journey of

electricity generated at power stations before it reaches the end user. The electricity generated must go through

transmission (voltage step up) for travel over long distances before it is stepped down for distribution to the end user.

Figure 15: The Journey of Generated Electricity to the End user [7]

The end user then utilizes electricity for various household, commercial and industrial uses. The electricity is used

to energize electrically powered devices such as computers, electronic, lighting and many other devices that producing heat

for cooking, water heating also powering the refrigeration and space air-conditioning processes.

From the description of the journey that raw coal takes to reach its end use, we can see the many energy

conversions in Figure 16. Figure 16 depicts some of the end uses of energy mainly found in commercial and domestic end

users. If we simplify the coal journey to focus just on the energy resource conversion into the various forms of energy

before it is finally reached its intended state for use by the end user, we get Figure 17 (heating purposes), Figure 18 (air-

conditioning), Figure 19 (Motor Driven Pumps), Figure 20 (lighting), Figure 21 (computers and control circuitry).

Figure 16: Coal to Energy Pathways from Natural Resource to End Use



Figure 17: Forms of Energy for: Energy derived from coal for Heating Purposes

Figure 18: Forms of Energy for: Energy derived from coal for air conditioning purposes

Figure 19: Forms of energy for: Energy derived from coal for Motor Driven Pumps

Figure 20: Forms of Energy for: Energy derived from coal for Lighting Purposes



Figure 21: Forms of Energy for: Energy derived from Coal for Powering Computers and Control Circuitry

It can be seen that for heating purposes (Figure 17) there are two energy conversions between the same energy

forms, i.e. thermal energy. In other words, coal being combusted to release thermal energy for electricity generation (via

mechanical energy) is then used to generate thermal energy via traditional geyser elements and electrical resistance heaters

which are common technologies used today.

Recall the law of conservation of energy and the second law of thermodynamics implies that there is less usable

energy for the next stage with each energy conversion. Figure 18 shows three energy conversions between the same energy

form, i.e. thermal energy for air conditioning purposes and Figure 19 shows an energy conversion between the same

energy form, i.e. mechanical energy for Motor Driven Pumps. For the technologies currently being used for lighting and

computers &control circuitry (Figure 20 and Figure 21 respectively), there are no energy conversion between the same

energy form. In this context this may be energy efficient. Using energy efficiently, i.e. getting maximum output for a given

input requires that the shortest energy conversion route, preferably with no repeats within the form of energy from its

source to the intended use.

In the current global challenge of climate change, reconsidering the source of fuel for energy is important to

reduce carbon emissions that is a significant contributor to global warming. Considering the suitable energy source (or

fuel) for deriving energy wherein it is key that energy sources available at the point of demand is considered with the least

carbon footprint and any synergies identified solves not just the global climate change challenge from carbon emissions, it

also within this process introduces energy efficiency. Recall that energy efficiency is getting the maximum energy output

for a given energy input. From these aspects, the first principle of energy efficiency is derived as follows:

Principle One: Efficiently matching the energy source and the energy need such that it is the shortest route from the

energy source to the energy end use and that its energy source is the best choice for cost effectiveness, suitably

satisfying the need and closest to zero carbon emissions.

b. Taking a wholistic approach for Efficiently Satisfying Energy demand

Now that we have dealt with the supply side of the energy value chain, we examine the demand side of the value chain. As

highlighted, much emphasis is put on the component energy efficiency, however, there are various factors before we get to

the component using the energy that significantly contribute to the magnitude of energy demand.

In providing air conditioning or HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning), the energy consumption the

chiller (compressor and evaporator), cooling tower, air handling unit, associated pumps and motors (Figure 22) are the

focus of energy efficiency.



Figure 22: HVAC System Basic components [8]

While the components in an air condition system are quite important in terms of their technology type, and the

way in which they were designed and manufactured, etc., equally is the system wherein they serve to provide the air

conditioning cycle important. Ensuring that proper controls are in place between components and that they are working

effectively is not only important for serving the air conditioning load, but it is paramount for energy efficiency.

Taking a wider view than the system, we look at the drivers of the demand for air conditioning. The weather is an

obvious driving factor for the need of air conditioning, i.e. the need for HVAC is driven by the seasons and daily weather

which fluctuates. For humans to be comfortable, a specific air temperature and humidity is preferable at places of activity

or homes. Certain equipment such as computers, preservation of food and other processes also require a specific air

temperature and humidity control. It is true that the weather is a factor not within our control, however, the demand for air

conditioning can be reduced is one looks at the factors of building design and operations.

Examples of building design factors that affects air-conditioning design are the building orientation and

architecture, the materials of construction, insulation and other convective boundaries, the sizing of doors and windows

(fenestration), etc. Examples of building operation factors that affect air conditioning load is the operation of entrances and

exits of the air conditioning facility, ventilation demand of the facility and how this is determined and controlled. Another

factor affecting air conditioning demand is lighting load. To satisfy lighting needs, adopting LED lighting is popular and

their heat sinks are usually contained in ceiling voids, this added heat can contaminate the feedback control if the feedback

control sensor is placed such that the reading is contaminated by the heat load within the ceiling void. This causes the air

conditioning system to respond to an incorrect input of the air-conditioned space and this causes overcooling resulting in

increased energy demand. When one introduces increased skylights and other features to introduce daylight into a building,

the air conditioning load usually increases due to the conductance of glass. If all the factors listed here are considered, one



can see that the component energy efficiency is just one aspect in the bigger picture.

If one considers energy demand for lighting, the usual inclination is to ensure that LED is the technology of

choice over fluorescent, halogen or incandescent lighting technologies. However, there are other factors involved to ensure

that lighting demand is truly efficient. In microchip manufacturing for LED lighting, there are superior designs and

materials and sub-standard types. Ensuring that the efficacy of the light, its distribution, colour temperature, colour

rendition index, LED driver efficiency, the coefficient of utilization of the lighting fixture is also examined to serve the

lighting function efficiently is critical. Some of these factors are depicted in Figure 23.

Figure 23: Left [9]: Typical components of LED Technology, Right [10] LED Lighting within an Environment

When these are overlooked, it can be that more lighting is installed due to lux levels not being met or the lighting

need not being met. Other factors that drive the need for lighting is the interior design, such as colour of wall and ceiling

paint and furnishings, height at which light is installed and whether there is a conducive space for effective heat exchange

from the heat sinks of LED lighting. Factors such as daylight and control of lighting according to demand through

occupancy sensor and variation in lighting intensity (day and night lighting demands differ).

These are just two examples (lighting and air conditioning) of energy demand where when considering energy

efficiency from a wholistic perspective, one must consider the component efficiency, the system efficiency, the factors

affecting the system and component and the factors affected by the system and component. This is depicted in Figure 24.

This then gives birth to the second principle in achieving energy efficiency.

Figure 24: Wholistic Approach to achieving Energy Efficiency



Principle Two: Take a system approach when it comes to energy efficiency, this means considering the energy

consuming device or technology, the system that the device or technology is a part of as well as factors affecting the

system and factors affected by the system.

c. Timing that supports successful and Effective Implementation of energy efficiency for an operational site

When achieving energy efficiency in an established site that is operational and thus changing over time and with multiple

stakeholders such as tenants that use or influence the site’s energy consumption, an approach that serves the need of the

energy users while achieving energy efficiency is paramount to success.

In a typical business setting, existing installed technologies that are not the best available technologies (BAT) on

the commercial market, needs to be changed and where the capacity of the site is being expanded with the adoption of new

buildings and facilities, there arises a need for an approach that will ensure that the new capacity is aligned to energy

efficient practices in best available technologies and designs while ensuring that existing technologies are either being

retrofitted (typically where it makes business sense) or with replacement cycles (when these technologies have reached the

end of their lifespan) where they must be replaced.

It is the tendency of management, staff, consultants and design engineers of employing the same technologies and

designs across a site and thus to ensure that preferred energy efficient technologies and designs are adopted when replacing

old technologies and installing new capacity, a “Standards and Guidelines for Energy Efficiency” document must be

drafted, approved and adopted as a company policy. This “Standards and Guidelines for Energy Efficiency” document

must cover preferred technologies for all significant energy using device types, system types and preferred designs that will

apply when new buildings and facilities are constructed. Where tenants occupy, fit out and maintain a space onsite, energy

efficiency obligations must be included in tenant lease agreements and these obligations must be audited for compliance. It

may be difficult to include energy efficiency obligations in an existing lease that has not been agreed upon when the lease

was signed. In cases like this, the landlord can attempt to get buy-in for energy efficiency and upon renewal of the lease or

when a new tenant occupies the space, energy efficiency obligations can be enforced.

This approach ensures that in an expected space of time, typically when the end of the replacement cycle of

infrastructure has expired, and when the current round of all tenant lease agreements have expired, all components and

systems will be transformed to be energy efficient. Figure 25 captures this approach to transitioning an established and

operational site towards compliance with energy efficiency.



Figure 25: Approach to Transitioning an established and operational site towards Energy Efficiency

To secure the execution of all the initiatives identified over the time required to transition the site towards energy

efficiency, derive a roadmap to energy efficiency for the site that can be tracked and used for auditing the compliance

towards energy efficiency. The third principle to achieve energy efficiency is as follows.

Principle Three: Ensure that the approach to implementation of energy efficiency meets business

imperatives and supports operations, deriving “Standards and Guidelines for Energy Efficiency”, including energy

efficiency obligations in tenant lease agreements as well as embedding energy efficient culture in operations and

business functions, transforming the existing stock to best available technology, including all these initiatives in the

site’s roadmap to energy efficiency.

To achieve these three principles to achieve energy efficiency, there are factors that must be investigated and

established for the site concerned.

2. Key Factors to Successfully applying the principles of Energy Efficiency for an existing site

To apply the principles of energy efficiency successfully as outlined here, one must have knowledge of the site’s energy

consumption. It is imperative to know the quantity of energy demand and identify drivers for the energy consumption. This

will allow determination of whether energy consumption is controlled or out of order, so that action can be taken

accordingly to restore order or bring clarity around the energy consumption of the site such that it is predictable. Knowing

the technologies that make up the energy demand including their contribution to the total energy demand is imperative to

allow focus of effort, investment, and policy to achieve energy efficiency. It is also key to understand and consider the

organization that owns the site, their culture, financial imperatives, business focus, technical acumen of operational and

engineering staff.

In summary, the following key factors are vital in preparation for applying the principles of energy efficiency:



3.1 Know the energy consumption of the site:

(a) Identify drivers of energy consumption of the site

(b) Identify the baseload energy demand of the site

(c) Identify the significant energy users of the site (technical) making up over 70% of the site

This can be particularly challenging where large sites that lack sub-metering are concerned. Rendering a site even

more complex is when there are multiple stakeholders utilizing energy in the case of landlord and tenants are concerned

3.2 Know the significant energy using technologies installed at the site together with the installation context

(a) Lighting technologies (CFLs, halogens)

(b) HVAC (heating or no heating) – put in emails of the visits from each airport in the next paper

(c) Steel and glass structures with three “triple volume”

3.3 Know the site’s management/organization’s appetite for the implementation of energy efficiency

(a) Company culture and business focus

(b) Financial aspects such as return on investment, feasibility, internal rate of return

(c) Technical aspects such as maintenance support for the technology and the ability of internal staff to

operate the technology

3. CONCLUSIONS

Addressing energy efficiency in developing countries goes beyond component optimization or optimization of the system

that the component forms a part of, it involves looking at the entire value chain from where energy is derived, including

reviewing the energy source itself especially in the context of global warming due to increasing carbon emissions from

traditional fossil fuel energy sources. The approach to energy efficiency when addressing the demand side, must be from a

component, to system that the component operates within and the drivers of the system’s energy consumption.

To ensure that energy efficiency is achieved for a living site, it is vital to chart a roadmap to energy efficiency that

ensures:

no inefficient energy loads are added to the site’s energy grid,

tenants occupying space on site comply with energy efficiency obligations

existing technologies consuming energy are migrated towards best available technology and

energy efficient culture is embedded in the business and its processes.

To apply these principles to achieve energy efficiency, it is important that the quantity of energy consumed at the

respective site, the significant energy using technologies as well as their contribution to the total energy consumption is

known. This will allow focus for efforts, policies, development of “Standards and Guidelines for Energy Efficiency” and

which tenants will need audits towards compliance with energy efficiency. Understanding what motivates the business and

the culture of the owners of the site will guide the nature of interventions to be motivated for successfully applying energy



efficiency. Investigating these factors will allow the application of the principles for achieving energy efficiency resulting

in an energy efficient site within a defined duration of time.

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