Principal Sources of Energy (Renewables vs Fossil)
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Transcript of Principal Sources of Energy (Renewables vs Fossil)
Principal Sources Of Energy Renewable Energy Vs. Fossil Fuels & Sustainability Issues
ACX Executive Climate Change & Carbon Trading Course
KEFRI, Nairobi
12-16 November, 2012
Abbas S. Kitogo
1. What is Energy?
2. Types of Energy Sources
3. Renewable Energy/Alternative Energy
4. Non-renewable Energy
5. Energy and Sustainability/MDGs
Outline
The different forms of energy
(1) Chemical energy - due to chemical reaction(2) Electrical energy - due to flow of electron(3) Heat energy - due to thermal vibration(4) Light energy - due to radiation of light(5) Mechanical energy - due to moving parts(6) Nuclear energy - due to nuclear reaction
The SI unit of energy is Joule
Definition of Energy: Energy is the ability (or) capacity to do work
1. What is energy?
Renewable Fossil
Can be replaced
Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Hydro, Tidal, Biomass
Cannot replaced
Nuclear, Oil, Natural gas,
Coal
Courtesy of NEED
2. Types of Energy
• Solar
• Wind
• Hydropower
• Tidal Power
• Biomass
• Geothermal
Renewable Energy
Solar Power
Active Passive
Types of Solar Power
• Works on the principle that hot air rises and cool air sinks (convection)
• Solar heats air and it moves through convection through the structure or to thermal mass
Passive Solar Power
• Energy from sun is stored in a “thermal mass”
• When needed, heat from thermal mass is then pumped throughout structure
• This also refers to electrical generation using solar power
• Two ways to do this are photovoltaic cells and huge commercial electric facilities
Active Solar Power
• These facilities use solar power to heat water to form steam. The steam goes to generate electricity just as in fossil fuel or nuclear electric plants.
• No release of air pollutants
• No electricity generated at night
• They do work on cloudy days, though
Large-scale Solar Electric Site
Wind Power
• Can be used for mechanical tasks, e.g. pumping water
• Can be used for generation of electricity for direct use or storage in batteries
• High torque, low-speed to pump water, grind grain, saw wood
Mechanical Power Windmills
• High speed, low torque machines
• Will turn themselves off if wind speed exceeds their limits
Electrical Power Windmills
Electric Mechanical
Hydropower
How hydropower works?
• Essentially entails placing a dam across an ocean inlet and harnessing the energy as water moves in and out with the tides
• Positive & negative effects are same as hydropower
Tidal Power
Biomass Energy
Rice husks
Bagasse
Coffee husks
Animal waste Bamboo charcoal Landfill
Fuel plants Coconut husks
Biomass resources
• Drill to deep, hot rock
– Either wet system where heated water belowground is used
– Dry system sends aboveground water belowground to get heated
• Resulting steam can be used for a number of purposes
Geothermal Energy - How does it work?
• Using more than one form of energy to meet needs is an important way to ensure long-term energy needs will be met
• Just as in ecosystem ecology, we find that Diversity = Stability
• Depending on only one form of energy leaves nation vulnerable to all sorts of problems
An Energy Mix
• Coal
• Petroleum and Gas
• Nuclear Energy
Fossil Fuel
• Coal has the longest life expectancy
• Emit CO2
• Unless cheap alternatives to burning coal are found there is likely to be an increase in its use
Coal
• Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy
• Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the uranium is used, it is gone!
Nuclear Energy
• petroleum, and natural gas are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.
• Widely used in power generation and in our cars
Petroleum and Gas
Energy and the MDGs
• The Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) are a series of quantified development targets agreed at the UN General Assembly in 2000.
• There is no MDG on energy
• Access to energy is fundamental to all of the MDGs
• The quality, reliability and affordability of energy services are what matter from a human development point of view
What are the MDGs?
Energy
MDG 1: Eradicateextreme poverty
and hunger
MDG 2: Achieve universal primary
education
MDG 3: Promote gender equality and
empower women
MDG 4: Reducechild mortality
MDG 5: Improvematernal health
MDG 6: CombatHIV/AIDS, malaria
and other diseases
MDG 7: Ensureenvironmentalsustainability
MDG 8: Develop global
partnership
Energy and the MDGs
• Most staple foods must be cooked and processed before being eaten
• Transport of goods to market requires motive power
• Productive activities, jobs, agriculture and commercial trade all require energy (i.e. electricity & fuels)
MDG 1: Poverty and Hunger
• Many girls do not go to school in order to support family energy and water needs (carrying, grinding, pumping)
• Rural areas find it hard to attract teachers to unelectrified communities
• It is hard for children to study in the evening without lights
• Lack of energy services constrain women’s economic opportunities
MDGs 2&3: Education and Gender Equality
• Indoor air pollution from unvented cooking with solid fuels is the fourth largest cause of death for people in developing countries
• Physical burden of wood & water carrying causes exhaustion and undermines the health of child bearing women
• Lack of electricity limits healthcare services (i.e. night time deliveries, sterilization, etc)
• Lack of ITC limits people’s capacity to learn about healthcare and disease prevention
MDGs 4,5&6: Health and Disease
• National MDG reports treat energy mainly within the context of MDG 7
• Cleaner energy services can encourage a better management of natural resources, including better water quality
• Climate mitigation & adaptation
MDG 7: Environmental sustainability
Oil pressSaw
Grinding millDe-husker
Battery charging
Engine
The Multifunctional Platform supports a simple dieselengine that can power different tools : cereal grinding mills,de-huskers, oil presses, joinery and carpentry tools
Example: Multifunctional Platform
• Provides reliable, affordable energy services
• Fee for Service
• Reduces women’s/girls’ workload
• Frees up women’s/girls’ time
• Creates opportunities for income generating activities
Benefits
The Multifunctional Platform also provides water distribution
and lighting.
The advantages of the engine are its simplicity, sturdiness and
multiple uses - a perfect example of appropriate RE technology.
Benefits
Abbas S. KitogoMobile: +254 700 58 18 26Email: [email protected]: www.cdminafrica.ning.comNairobi, Kenya