PRIMO H2

Primonutra, Inc.

www.primoh2.com

How we create energy

C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ENERGY Glucose Oxygen

Carbon

Dioxide Water

The foodstuff, carbohydrate, is essentially a packet of hydrogen, a hydrogen supplier, a hydrogen donor, and the main event during its combustion is the splitting off of hydrogen. This way of representing it is meant to bring out the fact that our body really only known one fuel, hydrogen. So the combustion of hydrogen is the real energy-supplying reaction; Nobel Prize Winner Albert Szent Gyorgi

Hydrogen ATP

Car Engine Produces Harmful Byproducts During

Energy Generation

Harmful Pollutant

When Mitochondria Generates ATP, Free Radicals are produced as a byproduct of metabolism

Damages DNA Lipids, Proteins etc.

Free Radicals are Produced During Normal Metabolism

Inside the mitochondria of our cells, energy is produced in the form of ATP (Circled Blue). Much like car engines, however, the production of energy results in pollution. The pollution produced in the mitochondria is called a free radical, the most harmful of which is called the Hydroxyl Radical (•OH). Hydroxyl radicals go on to damage DNA,

Proteins, Lipids, and Cell membranes. The damage to these structures is called Oxidative Stress.

What is Oxidative Stress? Oxygen has the capacity to be both friend and foe. We need to breathe oxygen in order

to live because oxygen is a key element in breaking down GLUCOSE into energy in our cells. However, 2-5% of all the oxygen we breathe convert into Free Radicals. Free radicals are molecules that are missing an electron, and they will steal an electron from anything around them including DNA, Cell membranes, fats, and proteins. Free radicals cause oxidation, which is also known as oxidative stress.

A more intuitive way to think about oxidation is an apple turning brown or metal rusting. Oxidative stress caused by free radicals is essentially rusting the components of our cells, causing disease and aging.

What is Oxidative Stress? Another way to think about the negative impact of oxidative stress is to observe the lifespans of different animals. On average a cheetah lives approximately 12 years, while a tortoise can live up to 500 years. A cheetah must sprint to catch its prey. This sprinting

process causes the cheetah to breathe lots of oxygen, 2-5% of which convert into free radicals. Tortoises on the other hand never have to move very fast. Their low oxygen intake allows tortoises to minimize the oxidative stress damage in their bodies, one of the main reasons tortoises can live a long time compared to cheetahs.

Oxidative Stress Causes Disease and Aging Oxidative stress has been linked to 90% of all diseases, as well as aging. As shown in the

figure below, oxidative stress is the underlying cause of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s Disease, etc. You can find journals that link oxidative stress to each disease mentioned online.

What is the best way to eliminate oxidative stress? What can

we do to prevent disease and live a healthier life?

We can eliminate Oxidative Stress with molecular hydrogen.

HUMAN CELL

Hydroxyl FREE RADICAL

OH = HO*

One Unpaired Electron

The constant elimination of the most damaging Hydroxyl Free Radicals from

the Human Body , before they cause an Irreparable damage, is of crucial

Importance for maintaining Optimal Human health and Quality of Life.

How to Eliminate Oxidative Stress

Scientific Study of Miracle Water

Fiji Hunza Valley

Lourdes, France

Analysis of so-called “Miracle Water” from all around the world showed similar findings. All of the waters had minerals and trace elements dissolved in the water. However, the most peculiar ingredient was MOLECULAR HYDROGEN. MOLECULAR HYDROGEN typically does not exist on its own on earth, but it is dissolved in these waters. The discovery of Molecular Hydrogen in these waters ignited the research into Molecular Hydrogen as a therapeutic modality.

Nordenau, Germany

Proven Antioxidant

Therapeutic opportunities of hydrogen in a variety of disease models.

(Source: “Recent Advances in hydrogen research as a therapeutic medical gas” Free Radical Research, September 2010; 44(9): 971-982)

To take care of free radicals and oxidative stress, we need to take a powerful antioxidant. Since 2007, Molecular Hydrogen (H2) has been studied as a therapeutic modality and effective antioxidant for all sorts of cases. Over 200 papers confirm the benefits of hydrogen on human health and fighting disease. We have included a few examples in this presentation but you can view more at www.molecularhydrogenstudies.com.

Why is Molecular Hydrogen So Effective? - Size

1. Molecular Hydrogen is the smallest molecule in existence: Because hydrogen is so small, it can penetrate deep into the cells to eliminate free radicals at their source, in the mitochondria. (Representation of the molecular weights of different antioxidants vs. hydrogen shown below) Also due to its size, hydrogen can easily cross the blood-brain-

barrier to eliminate free radicals in the brain.

Hydrogen 2

Why is Molecular Hydrogen So Effective? - Selectivity 2. Hydrogen selectively eliminates only the harmful free radicals (sniper approach), the hydroxyl radicals.(Some free radicals are required in the body and other antioxidants at high dosages can disrupt even the useful free radicals which causes a negative change in

the cells)

Hydroxyl Radical

Picture From: “Molecular hydrogen is a novel antioxidant to efficiently reduce oxidative

stress with potential for the improvement of mitochondrial diseases” by Shigeo Ohta Link: http://1.usa.gov/1jQpV6H

Why is Molecular Hydrogen So Effective? – No Byproducts

3. Hydrogen neutralizes free radicals and turns it into water, leaving no byproducts.(Other

antioxidants turn into weaker free radicals themselves after neutralizing free radicals) The Hydroxyl Radical (•OH) is the most dangerous free radical because it directly attacks and damages cells, proteins, DNA, and Lipids.

Notice how Ascorbic Acid

(Vitamin C) becomes an Ascorbyl

Radical once it reacts with R•

(Free Radical). Therefore even

though Vitamin C and other

antioxidants neutralize free

radicals, they become weak free

radicals themselves.

Why is Molecular Hydrogen So Effective? – Synergy

4. Hydrogen upregulates antioxidant systems that are already present inside our cells. Our

cells contain antioxidant systems such as Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase that neutralize free radicals such as the Superoxide Anion (O2

-) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), an excess of which converts into the harmful Hydroxyl Radicals. Hydrogen increases the activity of these endogenous antioxidants. Link: http://bit.ly/1hZhqmJ

H2 Upregulates These Antioxidant Enzymes

Molecular Hydrogen Increases the Activity of Endogenous Antioxidants (Source: http://1.usa.gov/1nqxK88)

Athletes are Under Heavy Oxidative Stress During normal metabolism, our cells produce free radicals. Typically, we have antioxidant defense systems such as Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione peroxidase. However, when free radicals overwhelm the antioxidant defense systems, our cells are damaged. This damage is called oxidative stress. Most researchers agree that moderate exercise produces healthy amounts of oxidative stress, to the point they call it an antioxidant. When we recover from exercise, our cells have improved antioxidant systems, thereby improving our overall health. Our cells have a limited capacity to increase antioxidants and control free radicals. However, “Heavy and sustained exercise training generates large quantities of free-radicals that likely outstrip the buffering capacity of the system, leaving these individuals susceptible to oxidative stress…” writes Harshal R. Patil, M.D. Link: http://bit.ly/1i0o0ta This is thought to be true “even in superbly trained individuals.”(34) In theory, our cells run out of antioxidants during extreme exercise. Free radicals overwhelm our cells and oxidative stress rises far beyond healthy levels. Over time, this damage increases risk of injury, delays recovery, and even contributes to fatigue and overtraining.

Oxidative Stress is Linked to Fatigue and Inflammation,

Enemies of the Athlete

“High levels of reactive oxygen species (Free Radicals) promote

contractile dysfunction resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue”

Link: http://bit.ly/SeMRDJ

Oxidative stress causes inflammation, and inflammation in turn causes

more oxidative stress. This cycle occurs because oxidation causes

various protein dysfunctions, and that hinders the operation of functions

that restore a healthy oxidant/antioxidant balance.

Link: http://bit.ly/SeOXDx

Excess oxidative stress makes you sick, anxious, and moody. It destroys

your sleep, performance, appetite, and libido. It also perpetuates sore

or fatigued muscles, causes injuries, and usually makes you feel horrible.

Athletes and Oxidative Stress

Athletes have a high-resistance to oxidative stress damage due to their

genetic makeup for higher antioxidant capacity and their training.

However, even athletes have limitations to the amount of free radicals

they can neutralize. This is why in order to prolong an athlete’s career,

speed up recovery, and prevent injury, antioxidants are crucial.

Molecular hydrogen is unique because not only does it neutralize free

radicals, it also boosts the cell’s antioxidant capacity overall. Further, its

ability to prevent lactic acid build-up and its anti-inflammatory effects

allows for faster recovery of the athlete.

Molecular Hydrogen for

Athletes - Research

Effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on muscle fatigue caused by acute exercise in elite athletes

Author: Aoki et al, 2012 Link: http://1.usa.gov/1hRNfQx

Hydrogen water decreased the

elevation of blood lactate during heavy exercise. Furthermore it inhibited the early decrease in peak torque during maximal isokinetic knee extension.

Athletes consuming regular water did not experience this inhibition.

HW :

Hydrogen

Water

Molecular Hydrogen for Athletes - Research

A way of using hydrogen-

containing water for athletes Author: Noriki Nagao M.D., PhD.

Link: http://bit.ly/1hYUIva

Consumption of hydrogen-containing water

before exercise reduces the level of

8-OHdG(breakdown product of free radical

induced DNA damage) excreted in urine

by 20% compared with consumption of mineral

water.

Therefore consumption of hydrogen containing

water before exercise reduces DNA

damage caused by reactive oxygen species

(hydroxyl radical).

Hydrogen-containing water is an efficient

method to reduce DNA damage and fatigue

caused by physical stress and extreme training.

Molecular Hydrogen for Athletes - Research

Hydrogen-Rich Water Affected Blood Alkalinity

in Physically Active Men Author: SERGEJ M. OSTOJIC and MARKO D. STOJANOVIC (2014) Link: http://1.usa.gov/1f4ts0C The hydrogen water supplemented group had significant increases in fasting arterial blood pH (0.04) and serum bicarbonates (2.5

μmol/L) as compared with the baseline after 14 days of intervention. A significant increase in postexercise pH (0.07) was also observed. • Higher post exercise pH potentially indicates a better environment for repeated muscle

contraction, as water buffers inorganic cations generated by exercise. • No volunteers withdrew before the end of the study, and no participant reported any vexatious side effects of supplementation. • These results support the hypothesis that hydrogen water administration is safe and may have an alkalizing effect in young physically active

men.

22

• UVA radiation contributes to skin aging via the induction of collagenase mRNA (a matrix metalloproteinase enzyme) which increases ROS production and reduces Type I collagen in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Degradation of collagen type I in the dermis leads to formation of wrinkles. • Consuming hydrogen water significantly increased human embryo fibroblast Type I collagen production. • Hydrogen water was found to significantly suppress UVA-induced reactive oxygen species in OUMS-36

fibroblasts. • Consuming hydrogen water prior to UVA irradiation increased cell viability from 29% to 35%. In human keratinocytes. • Subjects bathing in hydrogen water displayed a significant decrease in wrinkle areas across the body. • Therefore, warming hydrogen water to 41C dilated hair follicles and allowed hydrogen to penetrate the dermis where it decreased intracellular levels of ROS induced by irradiation. This process inhibited cell death and DNA damage as well as promoted type I collagen production.

Summary

Efficacy of Molecular Hydrogen for Skin

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B : Biology, 2011.Oct. 20

Hydrogen-rich electrolyzed warm water represses wrinkle formation against UVA ray together with type-1 collagen production and oxidative-stress diminishment in fibroblast and cell-injury prevention in keratinocytes

Kato S, Saitoh Y, Iwai K, Miwa N. (Laboratory of Cell-Death Control BioTechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Nanatsuka 562, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan.) Link: http://1.usa.gov/1gdEE78

23

Medical Gas Research 2013, 3:20 Hydrogen water intake via tube-feeding for patients with pressure ulcer and its reconstructive effects on normal human skin cells in vitro Kosuke Aoki, Atsunori Nakao*, Takako Adachi, Yasushi Matsui1 and Shumpei Miyakawa

Link: http://bit.ly/P6BwUQ

Summary

Administering hydrogen water to hospitalized elderly

patients with pressure ulcers, showed a decrease in

wound size (91.4% reduction) and early recovery (113.3

hospital days vs. 155.4 hospital days, p < 0.05). -Results

above are attributed to the anti-inflammatory and anti-

oxidant properties of hydrogen water and reducing

intracellular ROS and facilitation of type-I collagen

construction in dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes.

Efficacy of Molecular Hydrogen for Skin

24

Nutrition Research, 28 (2008) p137 ~ 143

Supplementation of hydrogen-rich water improves lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2

diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance.

Kajiyama S, Hasegawa G, Asano M, Hosoda H, Fukui M, Nakamura N, Kitawaki J, Imai S, Nakano K, Ohta

M, Adachi T, Obayashi H, Yoshikawa T.

Link: http://1.usa.gov/1jWDqBy

Summary

In patients with Type II diabetes (T2DM) and Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), supplementation of hydrogen rich water significantly decreased levels of oxidized LDL and free fatty acids, as well as increased levels of plasma adiponectin and superoxide dismutase. In 4 of 6 patients with IGT, intake of hydrogen water normalized the oral glucose tolerance test

Efficacy of Molecular Hydrogen for Diabetes

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International Journal of Biological Sciences 2013; 9(9);887-894 Hydrogen as a New Class of Radioprotectant Liren Qian, Jianliang Shen, Yunhai Chuai, Jianming Cai Link: http://bit.ly/1cDAncu

Summary

Ionizing radiation damage is caused by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) created by radiolysis of H2O. • Molecular hydrogen (H2) has antioxidant activities by selectively reducing •OH and peroxynitrite(ONOO-). • Treating cells with hydrogen before irradiation significantly inhibited radiation induced cell apoptosis (decr. ROS and caspase 3 activation) in human intestinal crypt cells as well as human lymphocyte cells.

• Increased levels of anti-oxidants superoxide dismutase and glutathione-peroxidase • Hydrogen significantly reduced the severity of dermatitis caused by radiation, accelerated tissue recovery, and reduced the extent of radiation-induced weight loss. • Following brain irradiation, the hydrogen water group showed decreased hippocampal damage and decreased

levels of 8OHdG and MDA as well as increased levels of superoxide dismutase.

Efficacy of Molecular Hydrogen as a Radio-protectant

Methods of Hydrogen Intake

Eating a large range of fresh fruit and

vegetables is the best source of

antioxidants.

Fruits and vegetables contain a

powerful array of antioxidants that

provide protection for our bodies.

Undoubtedly the best way to get

antioxidants into your body is to eat

them in raw fruits and vegetables

Methods of Hydrogen Intake

Hydrogen-Enriched Saline Hydrogen Gas Inhalation

Hydrogen-Rich Water Hydrogen Capsules

Hydrogen-Rich Water Drinking Hydrogen-Rich Water is the most practical of the methods in consuming

hydrogen. However, Hydrogen-Rich Water has its own limitations such as:

1. Hydrogen is so small that once the Hydrogen-Rich Water is produced, it starts

to dissipate out of the water. Meaning you have to drink it as soon as

possible.

2. Hydrogen-Rich Water is obtained by simple bubbling of hydrogen gas (from

its compressed gaseous state in a stainless cylinder) through water until one

reaches a saturation point or saturating the water using electrolysis. However

these processes produce only 1.6 ppm of Hydrogen in the water. Any excess hydrogen that is produced cannot stay in the water. According to Henry’s

Law of Gas Solubility, in atmospheric pressure, only 1.6 ppm of Hydrogen can

be saturated in the water.

Even though drinking Hydrogen-Rich water is effective, there is a much more

efficient way to consistently get Molecular Hydrogen throughout the day.

Hydrogen Nano-Bubbles Our special formula containing a blend of alkaline minerals and inulin produces Hydrogen Nano-Bubbles (H2 Nano-

Bubbles) when it interacts with water. This addresses the two limitations of Hydrogen-Rich Water:

1. H2 Nano-Bubbles do not escape, they stay stable in a “stabilized form”. The H2 Nano-Bubble is so small that the electrical charges around the Nano-Bubble allow it to be stable for an extended period

of time. This is especially important because H2 needs to be stable until it is inside the body where it can begin to do its work inside the cells.

1. H2 Nano-Bubbles are also so small that Henry’s Law of Gas solubility does not apply. Electrolysis and Gas Saturation can only produce H2 Macro-

Bubbles and H2 Micro-Bubbles, both of which are subjected to dissipate quickly. H2 Nano-Bubbles are so small and so stable that we can have up to 8.5 ppm of Molecular Hydrogen saturated in the water. That’s up to 5 times more hydrogen! Since any excess Molecular Hydrogen dissipates from the body, consuming the highest potency of Molecular

Hydrogen will be the most effective.

H2

H2

H2 H2 H2

e- e-

e- e-

Mg2+

Mg2+

Mg2+

Mg2+

Mg2+

Mg2+

H2O H2O

H2O

H2O

H2O

H2O

H2 Macro-Bubble

H2 Micro-Bubble

Possible Structure of H2 Nano-Bubble

H2 Nano-Bubble

Evidence of Hydrogen Nano-Bubbles

• Evidence that Hydrogen Nano-Bubbles

are produced by our product was

confirmed using NMR (Nuclear

Magnetic Resonance) analysis.

• The figure to the left indicates a

broader spectrum caused by hydrogen

nano-bubbles. The control is the dotted

line and the thick line indicates a

difference in hydrogen nano-bubble

content. Notice the thicker line is wider,

indicating a chemical shift that is

evidence of nano-bubbles of hydrogen.

• Macro-Bubbles and Micro-Bubbles do

not stay in solution long enough to

cause this shift. Therefore, the presence

of nano-bubbles is clear.

• Our product not only generates high

concentrations of hydrogen, it

generates Nano-Bubble hydrogen that

can deliver optimal results to the user.

Source: http://bit.ly/1lVT12Y

• PRIMOH2 is the most efficient and effective way to consume molecular hydrogen.

• Our Proprietary PRIMO H2 blend interacts with water to produce high amounts of H2 Nano-Bubbles that effectively diffuse through the cells at maximum concentration to neutralize free radicals, and provide all sorts of health benefits.

PRIMO H2 Premium Molecular Hydrogen Formula

Hydrogen Concentration and ORP Tests

One PRIMO H2 capsule was added to tap water. After reaction, the water had a Molecular Hydrogen

concentration of 1.60 ppm (Saturation point of H2 in water) and an ORP of -769 mV

Product Safety

Animal No. 22.9.2011. 27.9.2011. 30.9.2011. 3.10.2011. 5.10.2011.

1. 21,5 24,4 26,8 30,4 32,6

2. 20,8 22,6 24,5 26,6 28,9

3. 19,8 22,5 25,2 28,7 31,5

4. 21,6 23,4 25,5 27,4 30,9

5. 21,7 24,1 27,9 29,2 31,2

6. 21,8 24,2 26,0 28,2 31,6

Table 2a: Body Weights of experimental animals (mice) treated by PRIMOH2 Active (dissolved in water) at a dose of 2 g/kg of body weight in the period 9-22-2011 to 10-5-2011.

Table 2b: Body Weights of experimental animals (mice) treated by Proprietary H-Active Principle (suspended in olive oil) at a dose of 2 g/kg of body weight in the period 9-22-2011 to 10-5-2011.

Animal No. 22.9.2011. 27.9.2011. 30.9.2011. 3.10.2011. 5.10.2011.

1. 19,5 25,2 27,2 29,5 31,3

2. 21,2 25,8 28,5 30,4 32,0

3. 19,8 23,4 25,3 27,2 29,6

4. 20,5 24,2 26,0 28,4 30,1

5. 21,0 24,9 27,5 29,5 31,9

6. 20,8 24,8 27,2 29,8 32,2

The control animals show almost identical similar results as above and are not shown here.

Before we put PRIMO H2 on the

market, an acute Toxicity Study with

our PRIMO H2 Active Ingredient was

conducted. Since that time, hundreds

of thousand tablets were

commercially produced (under GMP

conditions) and consumed by

thousands of humans without any

serious side effect observed. The first

Acute Toxicity Study experiment was

done according to the Current

standards for such experiments

established by USFDA and EU Food Agency.

Actual experiments: Concentrated

PRIMO H2 Active ingredient, in a dose

of 2 g/kg of body weight, was applied

in mice. This corresponds to a dose of

640 (six hundred forty) capsules a day

for an average human being!! As you

know, we normally recommend taking

only 3-9 capsules a day.

Some Benefits of PRIMO H2

• Anybody can take PRIMO H2 and see benefits

– Children, elderly, male and female

• Boosts energy, mental clarity, and focus

• Improves Blood Circulation (Warm Hands and Feet)

• Regular and Consistent Bowel Movements

• Raises the body temp from 0.5 to 1 degree celsius.

• Improves skin health

• Decreases body odors and gas smells.

– These are normally caused by free radicals