TBI Notes Test III You will do totally badass on this!!! You will do totally badass on this!!!
Prime Time I totally failed to give you your homework assignment on Friday so now you have nothing...
-
Upload
berniece-hicks -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of Prime Time I totally failed to give you your homework assignment on Friday so now you have nothing...
Prime TimeI totally failed to give you your
homework assignment on Friday so now you have nothing to turn in.
Debate RecapOn a sheet of paper, please respond to
the following questions:1. What worked well in the debate?2. What didn’t work so well? How could it be
improved?3. What area do you think Da Vinci
contributed to most after the debate? (You must choose an area different from your original.)
4. What contributions have you made and do you hope to make in your lifetime? Try to categorize them into one major theme.
Renaissance outside of Italy1440s-early 1600s
End of the Italian Renaissance
Two causes: Printing & gunpowderPrinting:
◦ Allowed ideas and artistic movements to be transmitted en masse people stopped having to go to Italy to exchange ideas
◦ Other people started attracting Italian artists to court◦ Art, philosophy and academia move away from Italy
Gunpowder:◦ Encouraged campaigning over long distances—more people
were able to conquer places further from home (printing also allowed them to govern from afar)
◦ Caused larger states like France and HRE to grow in strength◦ Causes them to attack into small Italian city-states and force
concessions out of them = loss of political influence
ThesisA combination of the increased trade and a newfound
emphasis on education (to combat superstition) led to a blossoming of Renaissance ideas in Northern Europe. However because it occurred much later and compounded with a series of political and religious tensions the Renaissance took more spiritual, ethical, introspective form in the North—one that would eventually go against the traditional Catholic Church. This, coupled with the rise of printing and subsequent flow over information led to unrest which would eventually lead to a series of violent upheavals known as the Reformation.
Northern Renaissance Beginningsstarted as a result of trade—
Flemish, Dutch, and English merchants made money and began to patronize artists (see artist lecture notes)
Church had more of an interest up north—caused Christian Humanism which is an attempt to boil down Christianity to help society
Big Christian humanists: Erasmus of Holland and Thomas More of England. More wrote Utopia; Erasmus wrote Praise of Folly
Life in the NorthPolitically Northern Europe had moved somewhat
past the Middle Ages (into a weird sort of limbo); from a cultural standpoint it was a society in decline:◦ Fake chivalry, bravery, and tournaments were still the
norm (Blind King John of Bohemia) Also led to excess, fake courtly love
◦ Increased interest in the macabre—danse macabre style—and fascination with occult communication and resurrection
◦ Devils, witches, and increased superstition—Malleus Maleficarum
◦ New fascination with relics and idolatry
TradeThe growth of cities and merchants had
monumental impact on the economyCommercial Revolution: Money, guilds appearCog was invented in 1200s, equated to
modern invention of Jumbo JetNorthern coastal cities set up Hanseatic
League of trade along the Baltic Sea centered at Lübeck
Entrepreneurship developed, economy now based on money
Salt, wool, amber, ale, etc. made up the trade market
The Hanseatic LeaguePowerful trading networkFirst commodity exchange—even created
own trade Parliament – Economics explanation
Went for economic enterprise to political juggernaut (whoever has the gold makes the rules)
Centered at Lübeck in modern day GermanyTrade was based around SaltOne of the first and only examples of
complete capitalism and democracy within trade
PoliticsSeries of wars in the Late Middle Ages (Hundred Years’
War is the biggest) lead to knew sense of unity◦ Groups of people begin to think of themselves as a unit
Most of Europe though is still smaller states…But, as Machiavellian ideas spread north various
leaders begin consolidation through violence and politics◦ French monarchy consolidates old vassalages and grows in
power with help of Estates-General◦ Spain unifies in Reconquista◦ Hapsburgs consolidate power over central Europe and
HREdo most of this through dynastic marriage Also marry into Spain and Low Countries
◦ In the East the real power is Lithuania, but Russia is emerging
One exception is England, which is reeling from losing Hundred Years’ War (more on this in a couple weeks)
Religion after Avignon Needless to say this weakens the church,
◦ But first they need money, so they sell indulgences to get it back, no problem
But then they want to be cool, so the church turns to the influence of Medicis and patronizes of the arts◦ Church embraces Renaissance (Raphael, Michelangelo, etc.) build St. Peters,
Sistine Chapel, etc. = Costs a lot of money ◦ And Medici’s get elected Pope (Leo X, Clement VII) and run through treasury
(and are nepotists)◦ Again uses indulgences to raise cash but this time it upsets people since it is
more for material gain First person to complain about this is Jan Hus—excommunicated and
burned Then English scholar John Wycliffe mentions the church may be out
of touch and maybe they should reform (More & Erasmus like this) But compatriot William Tyndale takes this too far—he wants the
Bible published in English and plans to mass produce it on the new printing press—ohh the heresy!!!!
END RESULT, CHRUCH IN NORTH IS BORDERLINE MESS
Academia & PhilosophyThomas Aquinas’s 13th century Scholasticism:
Summa Theologica human reason can embrace all truth and reconcile differences—but all this is a gift from God
Led to nominalists, who focused on the way the world was described, and what could be seen. The universe should be interpreted through direct experience.◦ Leader was William of Ockham: Ockham’s razor—
between two explanations, the simpler is always preferred
Eventually led to appeal to (spiritual) logic and reason known loosely as Neoplatonism
Oxford and Paris Universities took the lead
Erasmus and MoreErasmus is Dutch considered greatest thinker of his
age; educated by monksTried to use ideas of knowledge and religion to take
people past the middle ages◦ This does NOT mean he liked the church, he saw it as
uneducated, corrupt, and broken Used satire to criticize corruption and vice Praise of Folly
◦ Emphasized inner piety tried to go back to scriptures to find God
More was English, received classical education at Oxford
Good close personal friend of Henry VIII (and Erasmus)◦ Rose to the position of Lord Chancellor
Wanted to reform the church to created idealistic life—theme of Utopia
Hardcore Catholic to the end—would lose his head for this
Printing Arguably the single most important development in the
history of Europe Developed: Movable type by Johannes Gutenberg in
late 1440s in Mainz, Germany, imported from China (kinda). Gutenberg Bible printed 1455.◦ The spread to rest of HRE, Italy, Low Countries and Britain
Works by having blocks of letter that you put in order and then reprint
First printed advertisements seen in 1466 Allowed the masses to be educated, read, and form
opinions—greatly hurts priests and helps class mobility—people begin to question wisdom and education of the church
Led directly to social upheaval in a massive, massive way, most notably the Reformation
HomeworkNotes: Pg. 319-321
◦Start at "The Decline of the Church", stop at "Popular Religion in..."
Pgs. 362-364Study for map quiz on Tuesday