Primates and Its Classification
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PRIMATES AND ITS CLASSIFICATION
BY NEHA CHAUHAN
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WHAT IS A PRIMATES
• First, primates are mammals of the vertebrate class: mammalian.
• + 4000 mammals• Primates are part of the subgroups of
placental mammals.
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WHAT ARE PRIMATES
• Primates are difficult to characterize as an order.
• Because they lack the strong specializations.• Found in most other mammalian orders.• we can, however , point to several trends.• In their evolution that help define primates.• And are related to their arboreal.• Or tree- dwelling , ancestry.
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TRENDS IN PRIMATES
• These include changes in the skeleton • mode of locomotion,• an inc. in brain size,• a shift toward smaller, fewer,• and less specialized teeth ,• and the evolution of stereoscopic vision• and a grasping hand with opposable thumb• Not all these trends took place in every primate group,• Nor did they evolve at the same rate in each group.
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VARIATIONS
• In fact , some primates • Have retained certain primitive features, • Whereas others show all• Or most of these trends
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CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMATES
.Difficult to define by one or two common traits
.Primates are generalized ( rather than specialized ) mammals
.Defined by evolutionary trends
.Not all traits found in every member of the order.
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1. LIMBS AND LOCOMOTION
• Tendency towards erect posture• But, primates utilize a number of types of
locomotion– Bipedal– Brachiation– Knuckle walkers– Fist walkers– Limb jumpers, etc.
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HANDS AND FEET
• Great degree of Prehensility• Five digits on hands/feet (contra horses)• Opposable thumb• In most- divergent & partially opposable big
toe• Nails on all or some digits• Highly sensitive tactile pads on digit ends
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2. DIET AND TEETH
• Lack of dietary specialization – most primates are generalized feeders eating a wide variety of foods
• Therefore, primates have a generalized dentition
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3. SENSES AND BRAIN
• Vision enhanced• Olfaction reduced• Complex brain
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4. MATURATION AND LEARNING
• As placental mammals, primates have relatively long gestation periods
• Also have few offspring, delayed maturation, longer lifespan than other mammals
• Greater dependence on learned behavior
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5. BEHAVIORS
• Tend to be diurnal• Increased flexibility in behavior• Tend to live in social groups• In many primate social groups, males are
permanent members – unusual among mammals.
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CLASSIFICATION OF PRIMATES
• The primate order is divided into two suborders
• The prosimians , lower primates,• Include the lemurs , lorises, tarsiers, and tree
shrews,• While the anthropoids or higher primates• Include monkeys , apes, and humans
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• Order primates:• Suborder prosimii: ( lower primates) lemurs, lorises, tarsiers ,
tree shrews• Suborder anthropoidea ( higher primates)• Monkeys, apes, humans
• Superfamily Superfamily Cercopithecoidea: Macaque, baboon, proboscis monkey (Old World monkeys)
• Superfamily Ceboidea: Howler, spider, and squirrel monkeys (New World monkeys)
• Superfamily Hominoidea: Apes, humans– Family Pongidae: Chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas– Family Hylobatidae: Gibbons, siamangs– Family Hominidae: Humans
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ORDER PRIMATE
• “Primates differ from other mammals mainly in negative features, rendering more exact definition difficult and controversial. (Hill, 1972:1)”
• Presence of clavicle• Fully encircled eye orbit, • Three types of teeth• At least one pair of opposable digits• Nails instead of claws• Well developed caecum• Scrotal testes
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TWO SUBORDERS
• What do you think “rhine” refers to?– Rhino– Rhinoplasty
• Old system– Prosimians– Anthropoids
Order Primate
Sub orderStrepsirrhiniStrepsirhines
SuborderHaplorhiniHaplorhine
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PROSIMIANS
• Prosimians are generally small, – ranging from species the size of a mouse – up to those as large as a house cat
• They are arboreal, have five digits – on each hand and foot – with either claws or nails, – and are typically omnivorous
• They have large, forwardly directed eyes – specialized for night vision, – hence most are nocturnal
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PROSIMIANS
• As their name implies • pro means "before," and simian means "ape”,
– prosimians are the oldest primate lineage, – and their fossil record extends back to the
Paleocene• During the Eocene prosimians were
– abundant, diversified, and widespread – in North America, Europe, and Asia
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Prosimians: LORIS
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Prosimians: LEMURS
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Prosimians: TARSIERS
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OLD WORLD MONKEYS: MANDRIL, SNOW MONKEYS
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OLD WORLD MONKEYS: BABOONS
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NEW WORLD MONKEYS: SPIDER MONKEYS
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NEW WORLD MONKEYS: SQUIRREL MONKEY
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ANTHROPOIDS
• Anthropoids evolved from a prosimian lineage – sometime during the Late Eocene, – and by the Oligocene – they were well established
• Anthropoids are divided into three super families.
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Early History of Anthropoids
• Much of our knowledge about – the early evolutionary history of anthropoids – comes from fossils found in the Fayum district, – a small desert area southwest of Cairo, Egypt
• During the Late Eocene and Oligocene, – this region of Africa was a lush, tropical rain forest – that supported a diverse and abundant fauna and flora
• Within this forest lived many different – arboreal anthropoids as well as various prosimians
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GREAT APES
• The third superfamily is the great apes, – which include gorillas and...
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Chimpanzees
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Thousands of Fossil Specimens
• In fact, several thousand fossil specimens • representing more than 20 species of primates
– have been recovered from rocks of this region
• One of the earliest anthropoids, • and a possible ancestor of the Old World monkeys,
– was Aegyptopithecus, • a small, fruit-eating, arboreal primate, about 5 kg
– It had monkey characteristics and ape features• and is the closest link we currently have • to Old World primates
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One of the Earliest Anthropoids• Skull of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis
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THANK YOU!