WHY WE USE PRIMATES AS AN ANIMAL MODEL

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA,

KUANTAN

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COURSE NAME: FOOD SCIENCECOURSE CODE: AHD 1132

TITLE: WHY WE USE PRIMATES AS AN ANIMALMODEL FOR EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

LECTURER: ASST. PROF. DR. NORAZLANSHAH BIN HAZALI

STUDENT’S NAME: AIIN ATHEERA BT MAT NEPAMATRIX NO: 1319156

EMAIL: aiin_atheera@yahoo.comPHONE NO. : 016-4404156

WHY WE USE PRIMATES AS AN ANIMAL MODEL FOR

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

WHY WE USE PRIMATES AS AN ANIMAL MODEL

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION 3 - 6 Why we use primate What are the criteria Conditions

REFERENCES 7

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WHY WE USE PRIMATES AS AN ANIMAL MODEL

A primate is a mammal which inhabits every continent, and most primates live in tropical forest. Nowadays, primates have become one of the animal models for experimental research. Animal models have

physical characteristics or suffer from illnesses similar to those seen in humans. They allow comparisons to be drawn between animal and human physiology, and help our understanding of how the human body functions. Comparative biology studies the differences and similarities between species, allowing predictions to be made, and concepts to be extrapolated from one species to another.

Models can be either spontaneous, where an animal has natural characteristics like those of humans or a human disease-state, or induced where the animal has been altered. For example, through surgery or genetic manipulation. Spontaneous models show how factors, such as diet, genetics, environment and immunity can all contribute to a disease. Induced models are useful for studying the underlying causes of a disease, and are a common research tool for identifying potential drug targets.

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WHY WE USE

PRIMATES

WHY WE USE PRIMATES AS AN ANIMAL MODEL

In this new era, people used primates to understand and cure Parkinson disease. Experiments involving non-human primates (NHPs) include toxicity testing for medical and non-medical substances and also studies of infectious disease, such as HIV and hepatitis. In the Council Decision (1999), it is stated that “…, accepting nevertheless that man in his quest for knowledge, health and safety has a need to use animals where there is a reasonable expectation that the result will be to extend knowledge or to be the overall benefit of man or animal, just as he uses them for food, clothing and as beasts of burden;”. Does research with monkeys can help to understand a serious, debilitating, and often fatal disease by knowing that the use of some monkeys will certainly be harmful to them. But studies in monkeys will increase the probability of a benefit as well as minimize the extent of harms from those treatments to patients when the treatments are tested.

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As said by D. Eugene Redmond, JR (2012), Research with nonhuman primates is essential to medical progress and will still be necessary for the foreseeable future.

“I have great

empathy and

respect for

animals, but I

also accept

the fact that

the careful

selection and

use of

animals in

experiments

to understan

d biology or

to improve

medicine is

justified, even

though this

often

represents a

significant

harm to

them.”

Adams, E.S.

2005

WHY WE USE PRIMATES AS AN ANIMAL MODEL

What are the criteria for conducting research on monkeys?  

Basic research to understand diseases is ultimately as important as research with specific treatment goals. Rodents and other mammals are excellent models of many physiological processes and diseases in humans. But when comes to the central nervous system and higher brain functions monkey experiments are often essential for progress with neuropsychiatric and brain-related problems. Parkinson disease represents a research problem for which monkey studies can be justified. The brain systems responsible for dopamine function that underlie Parkinson disease differ between rats and humans. How should the research be conducted?  

When animal use is necessary, it should be carried out humanely and with concern for the comfort, general health, and well-being of the animals by scientists and staff who are qualified and trained to do the work successfully.

Conditions for Using Monkeys for Biomedical Research

1. The research should address a significant basic science or potential therapeutic question for humans or monkeys.

2. Preliminary research should be done to support and justify the experimental approach proposed.

3. Some research should have been done in nonprimes species to gather preliminary

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WHY WE USE PRIMATES AS AN ANIMAL MODEL

data and, if possible, to test the experimental design.

4. There should be research findings to support differences between other potential animal models and monkeys or humans that would therefore support the study of monkeys and the inferiority of other animal models or alternatives to animals.

5. The potential benefits of the research should be evaluated against the potential risks to the primate subjects.

6. The species of monkeys used should be justified, and the use of endangered or threatened populations avoided without special justification.

7. The number of monkeys used for the research should be justified and minimized.

REFERENCES

1. Adams, E.S.  2005.  Bayesian analysis of linear dominance hierarchies.  Animal Behaviour 69, pg 1191-1201

2. Animal research info, The Global Resource for Scientific Evidence in Animal Research, Research Animal. http://www.animalresearch.info/en/designing-

research/research-animals/

3. The American Anti-Vivisection Society http://www.aavs.org/site/c.bkLTKfOSLhK6E/b.6446369/k.66FC/Animals_Used_in_Research.htm#.UraP9_QW2Zc

4. Bullock.G and Petrusz.P , The Handbook of Experimental Animal : The Laboratory Primates, Soonia Wolfe Coote, 2005.

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WHY WE USE PRIMATES AS AN ANIMAL MODEL

5.  M.E. Emborg, “Nonhuman Primate Models of Parkinson’s Disease,” Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal 48, no. 4 (2007): 339-5

6.  D. Eugene.R. , Ethics of Medical Research with Animals, Utility and Morality, The Hasting Center, Primates cure Parkinson disease, 2012 http://animalresearch.thehastingscenter.org/report/using-monkeys-to-understand-and-cure-parkinson-disease/

7. Fagundes DJ, Taha MO. Animal disease model: Choice´s criteria and current animals’ specimens.Acta Cir Bras. 2004, 19:59–65.

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