Primate Society of Great BritainNo. 1142&72%(5�����

THE PRIMATE SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN Registered Charity No. 290185 Officers: President: Prof. Simon Bearder (14) (Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences & Law, Oxford Brookes University, Gypsy Lane, Headington,, Oxford OX3 0BP) Hon. Secretary: Dr Andrew Smith (13) (Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT) Hon. Treasurer Dr Clare Cunningham (12) (Department of Psychology, School of Social and Health Sciences, University of Abertay, Kydd Building (Level 5), Bell Street, Dundee, DD1 1HG) Council Members: Dr N. Alberts (UCL) (14) Dr C. Bettridge (Manchester Metropolitan) (14) Dr G. Donati (Oxford Brookes) – Convenor, Marketing Working Party (12) Dr G. Forrester (Westminster) – Membership Secretary (12) Dr B. Garrod (UCL, ZSL) (13) Dr E. Nelson (Liverpool) – Meetings Officer (13) Dr S. O’Hara (Salford) – Convenor, Research Working Party (12) I. Redmond OBE (GRASP) (13) J. Rode (Oxford Brookes) – Student Representative (13) Dr W. Sellers (Manchester) (13) Dr J. Setchell (Durham) (14) Dr S. Shultz (Manchester) (11) Dr B. Waller (Portsmouth) (14) Convenors of Working Parties: Dr C. Harcourt (National Centre for Zoonosis Research, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE) – Convenor, Conservation Working Party Dr P. Honess (Primate Behaviour and Welfare Consultant, Oxford) – Convenor, Captive Care Working Party Assistant Members of Council: Dr M. Blanchard (Liverpool) – official Society archivist Dr S. Evans (Du Mond Conservancy, c/o Monkey Jungle Inc., PO Box 246, Miami, Florida 33170, USA) – for US membership Dr T.C. Rae (Roehampton) – Editor, Primate Eye Honorary Members: Born Free Foundation Knowsley Safari Park Honorary Auditors: Messrs Morris & Co., Chester Subscription Rates: Annual subscription rates (send cheques and sterling drafts to the Treasurer): Full members and Associate members: Payment by Banker's Order £25.00 Payment by cheque, postal order, cash, credit card £27.50 Undergraduate and postgraduate student membership £15.00 (Membership of P.S.G.B. includes Primate Eye and supplements) Institutions wishing to receive Primate Eye and supplements only: Annual subscription £30.00 Overseas subscriptions may be paid at longer intervals by arrangement with the Treasurer

THE PRIMATE SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN founded on May 22 1967 by the Primate Group of the Zoological Society of London

Founding Council: J.R. NAPIER (President), R.P. MICHAEL (Hon.Sec.), R.J. ANDREW (Hon.Treasurer), E.H. ASHTON, L.D. BROOKES, C.R. COID, P. COTES, J.H. CROOK, J. DAVIES, R.N. T-W-FIENNES, R.A. HINDE, G.H. MANLEY, I. ROWLANDS, A.C. WARREN, L. WEISKRANTZ Past Presidents: 1967 - 1970 J.R. NAPIER 1989 - 1993 R.I.M. DUNBAR 1970 - 1973 R.P. MICHAEL 1993 - 1998 H.O. BOX 1973 - 1976 R.N. T-W-FIENNES 1998 - 2001 P.C. LEE 1976 - 1979 M.H. DAY 2001 - 2005 R. BARTON 1979 - 1982 R.D. MARTIN 2005 - 2010 A. MACLARNON 1982 - 1986 D.J. CHIVERS 2010 - 2014 K. BARD 1986 - 1989 B. WOOD Past Secretaries: 1967 - 1970 R.P. MICHAEL 1987 - 1990 R.C. HUBRECHT 1970 - 1974 K.R. HOBBS 1990 - 1993 P.C. LEE 1974 - 1975 V. REYNOLDS 1993 - 1996 C. ROSS 1975 - 1978 R.D. MARTIN 1996 - 1999 H. BUCHANAN-SMITH 1978 - 1981 A.F. DIXSON 1999 - 2005 J. LYCETT 1981 - 1985 S.K. BEARDER 2005 - 2010 C. SCHAFFNER 1985 - 1987 H.O. BOX 2010 - 2012 S. ELTON Past Treasurers: 1967 - 1970 R.J. ANDREW 1987 - 1990 S. KINGSLEY 1970 - 1974 A. JOLLY 1990 - 1994 R. CROMPTON 1974 - 1977 D.J. CHIVERS 1994 - 1998 G. R. HOSEY 1977 - 1980 E.B. KEVERNE 1998 - 2002 C. EVANS 1980 - 1984 L. AIELLO 2002 - 2009 R. HILL 1984 - 1987 A. MACLARNON 2009 - 2012 G. BROWN Past Editors: 1974 - 1977 N.R. CHALMERS 1993 - 1996 D. BRANDON-JONES 1977 - 1993 J.C. INGRAM 1996 - 2006 W. SELLERS Osman Hill Memorial Lecturers (established 1977): 1978 M.H. DAY 1998 C.B. STRINGER 1980 R.A. HINDE 2000 A.F. DIXSON 1982 F. BOURLIERE 2002 I. TATTERSALL 1984 P.M. BUTLER 2004 C. VAN SCHAIK 1986 J.P. HEARN 2006 A. JOLLY 1988 H. KUMMER 2008 W. MCGREW 1990 R.D. MARTIN 2010 A. WHITEN 1992 J.H. CROOK 2012 S. BEARDER 1994 R.I.M. DUNBAR 2014 P. LEE 1996 T. ROWELL Napier Memorial Medal Winners (established 1991): 1991 CHRISTOPHER PRYCE 2003 SUSANNE SHULTZ 1993 MARTA LAHR 2005 CORRI WAITT 1995 CARLOS DREWS 2007 ANNIKA PAUKNER 1997 NICOLA KOYAMA 2009 ERIK WILLEMS 1999 MARK COLLARD 2011 LAUREN BRENT 2001 RUSSELL HILL 2013 STEPHEN MONTGOMERY Occasional Medal Winners (established 1996): 1997 JANE GOODALL CBE: Conservation 2007 CYRIL ROSEN MBE: Conservation 2008 STEPHEN NASH: Special Contributions to Primatology 2011 DAVID CHIVERS: Conservation 2011 DAVID WINDMILL: Special Contributions to Primatology Charles A. Lockwood Medal Winners (established 2009): 2009 CLAIRE SANTORELLI 2012 NIENKE ALBERTS 2010 STEPHEN MONTGOMERY 2013 SALLY STREET 2011 NIENKE ALBERTS 2014 HAYLEY ASH The content of Primate Eye is printed on recycled paper by Top Copy, Bristol BS16 6JE

EDITORIAL As a person who makes my living from teaching evolutionary anthropology, I am (for better or worse) in the business of continually confounding my students’ expectations of what makes their species unique. Indeed, in many ways, this is the history of the subdiscipline; successive generations of anthropologists have posited various anatomical and behavioural traits as present only in people, only to have the next generation destroy those beautiful theories with a few ugly facts, from the Great Hippocampus Question of Huxley & Owen onwards. Except for a few fairly obvious features (e.g., large neocortex and bipedal locomotion), most alleged ‘uniquenesses’ of our species are inevitably trumped by their discovery in other organisms, particularly amongst the non-human primates. Recently, new analysic tools have shown yet another characteristic of ours is not, as it turns out, characteristic of only us. Work on Budongo Pan troglodytes has shown that cultural traits in this species can be transmitted via social learning (Hobaiter et al., 2014). Moss-sponging, while not exactly rocket science, is still a learned behaviour that spread within a population. The authors’ use of new network analysis techniques allowed them to show, for the first time in a wild population, that the explanation that this behaviour spread via social learning (previously thought by many to be specific to Homo) fits the observations best, while ruling out other possible explanations of how the information passed to individuals. The significance of this discovery lies not only in showing that other organisms share a characteristic previously thought to be exclusive to ourselves, as in Huxley’s demonstration of the hypocampus minor in non-human primate brains, but also in the fact that it supports the interpretation that other organisms have ‘culture’, in the sense of possessing behaviours that are specific to a particular population with a species. Culture had been a key diagnostic character of Homo sapiens; it was thought that no other extant species had the behavioural flexibility to develop significant differences between populations. Thanks to work spearheaded by PSGB medal winners (Whiten et al., 1999), we now know that culture is present in our fellow apes, and the new work provides the mechanism by which these behaviours can spread. All of which lends support to my personal crusade of neo-anthropomorphism. As a reaction to the naïve anthropomorphism of the past, folks have gone rather overboard in trying to emphasise how other primates are not just little people. I am always trying to get my students to see that the other side of the anthropomorphic coin is valid – i.e., that people are just big primates. Just as Darwin spent a whole book (1872) emphasising the similarities between the emotions of people and those of other animals, in my teaching I have always highlighted that the traits of

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other animals are also in us. I may be wrong, but I believe that the less we emphasise our differences from other species, particularly the other members of our order, the more we may be inclined to treat them with the respect they so clearly deserve. REFERENCES: Darwin C (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray. Hobaiter C, Poisot T, Zuberbühler K, Hoppitt W & Gruber T (2014) Social network analysis shows direct evidence for social transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees. PLoSBiol 12(9): e1001960. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001960. Whiten A, Goodall J, McGrew WC, Nishida T, Reynolds V, Sugiyama Y, Tutin CEG, Wrangham RW & Boesch C (1999) Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399: 682-685. Primate Eye is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License <creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/>. Individual authors retain ownership of the copyright for their contributions, but authorise anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy their work, as long as the original author(s) and source are cited correctly. No permission is required. The deadline for the next issue of Primate Eye is 15th January 2015. Items (manuscript or electronic in any standard format) for future issues should be sent to: Todd C. Rae Editor, Primate Eye Centre for Research in Evolutionary & Environmental Anthropology Department of Life Sciences University of Roehampton Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD Email: <editor@psgb.org> Tel: Intl. +44 (0)20 8392 3726 Fax: Intl. +44 (0)20 8392 3610 PSGB correspondence unrelated to Primate Eye should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary. Notification of change of address should be sent to the Membership Secretary. The PSGB WebSite can be found at <www.psgb.org>.

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PSGB PRESIDENT’S REPORT

International Primatological Society Congress, Hanoi While at the Congress in August I represented the Society at Council meetings of the IPS and the European Federation of Primatology (EFP). The congress was a great success, with excellent facilities and timetabling of activities as well as a successful pre-congress workshop for range-country students at the Endangered Primate Rescue Centre, Cuc Phuong National Park. The winner of the 2014 Lifetime Achievement award was Dr Jeanne Altmann. Our congratulations go to her, and the organising committee, their superb team of volunteers and the Vietnamese authorities who ensured the smooth running of the meeting. It highlighted the shocking reality that 20% of the world’s most endangered primates belong to the fauna of Vietnam. However, given the wonderful array of primates still to be found in and around Vietnam (some 23 species), there were many opportunities see them in the wild as well as to visit sanctuaries dealing with the gruesome wildlife trade. The next IPS Congress in 2016 will be held in Chicago as a joint meeting with the American Society of Primatologists, and in 2018 at the Great Apes Survival Partnership (GRASP) at the United Nations/UNEP Headquarters in Nairobi. The next EFP meeting in 2015 will be hosted by the Italian Association of Primatology in Rome (further details are given at the end of this report). The congress gave me the opportunity to meet representatives of the many national primate societies that are affiliated to the IPS. A new society has been established in China and Vietnamese primatologists are well on the way to doing the same there. In Africa there is a strong initiative to set up a federation to foster a growing interest in primates. Most societies have web sites and we will draw your attention to their activities through future editions of Primate Eye. I also attended the meeting of the IUCN Primate Specialist Group which reassesses the ‘25 World’s Most Endangered Primates’ for the period 2014 to 2016. At the start of this meeting a special award for a remarkable lifetime’s contribution to primate conservation was given to Colin Groves. The total number of primate species currently recognised is 496 and the process of listing just 25 to represent all those species actually in peril was achieved in a democratic way by asking delegates with specialist knowledge of each group to discuss any controversial cases and put forward an agreed candidate. Tess Lemmon Memorial Library Many of you will know that the Society has a library of books and articles held for us by Oxford Brookes University. We are very grateful to the

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families of Alison Jolly and Cyril Rosen who have donated their primate collections to this library. This includes a number of books of historical interest, particularly on lemurs, and early copies of journals and PhD theses. We also thank David Chivers who has added his collection of colour transparencies and a large number of PhD theses. Anyone wishing to consult the library should phone 01865 484938 to arrange an appointment. PSGB Council Two members of the Council are stepping down after years of active service, the Treasurer Clare Cunningham and the Student Representative Johanna Rode. Clare was originally our Membership Secretary and became Treasurer in 2012. Johanna recently took the lead, with Stuart Paterson of Fauna and Flora International, in organising a pre-meeting workshop on how to raise funds for research and conservation at our Spring Scientific meeting at Oxford Brookes University. We thank them for their useful guidance and hard work and wish them every success in the future. Primates as Pets In January 2014 the PSGB Captive Care Working Party members submitted written evidence to the Government on a move to ban the keeping of primates in private collections. This seven-page document was supported by a letter from our Patron, Jane Goodall, to the Environment Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee as part of the written evidence from a number of like-minded organisations, but the effect so far has been disappointing. EFRA is now calling for empirical information on the numbers of primates that are affected. The policy that no primates should be kept as private pets, already in force in some other European countries, will be brought to the attention of MPs at a Parliamentary Reception, organised by the Society and Wild Futures with the help of Howard Rosen and hosted by Andrew Rosindell MP, on 17 November 2014. We hope to bring together a number of experts and celebrities in order to highlight the serious misuse of primates which helps promote an insidious trade. Any members who would like to help should contact me at the address shown below. Dates for Your Diary EFP Meeting 2015, Rome, August 25-28 <host.uniroma3.it/eventi/EFP2015/> IPS Congress 2016, Chicago August 21-27 <www.IPSChicago.org> PSGB 50th Anniversary celebrations 2017, December 5-7, to be announced IPS Congress 2018, Nairobi, August 19-25 <www.unep.org/grasp> Simon K Bearder Oxford Brookes <skbearder@brookes.ac.uk>

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ANNOUNCEMENT: PSGB AGM The Annual General Meeting of the Primate Society of Great Britain will be held during the Winter Meeting at the University of Birmingham on the 15th of December 2014. The sixteen members of the Council and their assistants are given on the inside cover of this issue of Primate Eye. Clare Cunningham is retiring as our Honorary Treasurer, Johanna Rode as our Student Representative, Giuseppe Donati, Sean O’Hara and Susanne Shultz are also retiring from their seats on the Council. The Council propose Brian Machin as Honorary Treasurer, Stuart Watson as Student Representative, and Emily Bethell, Mary Blanchard and Sharon Redrobe as members of the Council. Any member wishing to put forward the names of any other eligible members in place of those on the list prepared by the Council should do so in writing to the General Secretary by 4th December 2014. In each case, if no fresh open nominations are received, the Council's nominees will thereby be deemed elected. Otherwise election shall be by ballot at the meeting. Members are invited to submit items for the agenda. Any items you wish to raise should be sent to the General Secretary by 4th December 2014. The address for nominations and agenda items is: Andrew Smith, Dept. Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT. email: <Andrew.Smith@anglia.ac.uk>

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PSGB WINTER MEETING 2014

Ecomorphology (cosponsored by the Anatomical Society) Monday 15th – Tues 16th December 2014

Edgbaston Campus, University of Birmingham

Organiser: Susannah Thorpe (Birmingham)

Summary This is a joint meeting that aims to bring together researchers from PSGB and the Anatomical Society to share ideas and expertise, supported by a poster, wine and curry-tasting reception! The theme of the conference is ecomorphology, which focuses on understanding how complex interrelated factors have guided the evolution of gross morphological structure in primates. We consider ‘environment’ in the broadest terms, to include a primate’s social and cognitive environment as well as their physical habitat, since functional morphology may be determined by all these factors. Schedule The conference will be centred around the Biosciences Building on the Edgbaston Campus, which is R27 on the campus map. <www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/university/edgbaston-campus-map.pdf> Coffee will be available from 10.00am on the 15th, and the conference will be opened by Kevin Hunt’s presentation at 11am to introduce the core theme of ecomorphology. The rest of the first day will be an open session for which we welcome abstracts for talks and posters on any topic within Anatomical Society or PSGB, from both established researchers and

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students. On the evening of the 15th we will have a poster and wine reception, supported by a curry-tasting event to celebrate Birmingham’s culture! The second day will be a focussed session on ecomorphology, and will conclude at about 5pm. There is also space for additional talks within this session, and we welcome abstracts that fit within our broad interpretation of the interaction between primate morphology and their physical, social and cognitive habitats. Travel and accommodation Birmingham has its own airport called Birmingham International. From here you can take a train to Birmingham New Street, which is the main train station in Birmingham. The University of Birmingham also has its own train station (University), which is just a 10-minute journey from Birmingham New Street. There are approximately 6 trains per hour from Birmingham New Street to University. Parking is available at the University on the North East car park off Pritchatts Road (£6 per day). Registration and abstract submission Online registration and links to accommodation will be available through the Anatomical Society website from late September. Further information to follow. Invited speakers: Osman Hill Memorial Lecture: A very conservative tribe: The Hominins Robin Crompton, University of Liverpool As a traditionally trained British anatomist who is only too happy to be out of step with received opinion, like Osman Hill himself, I argue that we should think very carefully before abandoning some of the ideas that early 20th-century anatomists developed in favour of more fashionable concepts. Typical of these recent fashions is the 'up from the apes' model of the acquisition of hominin bipedality which became popular in the 1960s, and has continued to flourish until very recently, as a consequence of a naive reading of the significance of the genetic proximity of humans and chimpanzees: namely, that humans must have evolved from something very much like a living chimpanzee. My argument is founded on our increasing knowledge of the behaviour of great apes in their natural habitat and on development of a genuine, quantitative, rather than merely lip-serving, comparative biomechanics of great apes, which has, most recently for example, demonstrated that the supposed uniqueness of the human foot is false, and that our feet simply lie towards one end of a spectrum of arboreal adaptation.

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Extant species as ecomorphological models for advances or constraints in the adaptive process of human locomotion Peter Aerts, University of Antwerp, Belgium With Gilles Berillon, Kristiaan D’Août & Susannah Thorpe The evolutionary acquisition of habitual bipedal locomotion in humans still is a source of intense debate that is excited whenever new fossil findings further complete (or puzzle) the scheme of hominin history. A component of this debate is the potential role and relevance of extant model species, in particular of great apes, in revealing insights in the adaptive evolution of bipedalism. Very often, discussions seem to boil down to semantics: obviously, everybody agrees that none of the extant species can be considered stand-ins for common ancestors but, since the conceptual meaning of ‘model’ is strongly context dependent, reaching consensus on what a good model is, is far from evident, if possible at all. With this contribution, we want to review the role and relevance of extant models in paleoanthropology and advocate that discussions on validity often have no object. Moreover, in the light of the Arnold’s 1983 paradigm of the process of adaptation by natural selection, we will argue that linking musculo-skeletal characteristics to degree and characteristics of bipedal performance of whatever species can point at specific constraints that may be generalized in an adaptive context. From this point of view, these species serve as valuable ecomorphological models for mechanistic aspects of the adaptive process (much less for the stepwise outcome of that process), thus helping to resolve the evolutionary history of habitual bipedalism. Examples taken from our studies on great apes, lesser apes and cercopithecoids will be provided. Functional ecology of the human gastrocnemius muscle Erin E. Butler and Nathaniel J. Dominy (speaker), Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA The human pygmy phenotype is normally defined by adult height – i.e., mean male statures of < 155 cm – but it is also associated with thin extremities. For example, calf circumference is among the smallest measures of human pygmies when expressed as a proportion of total height. A relatively small calf circumference is an indirect measure of muscular mass, and at least two compatible hypotheses have focused on the functional advantages of reduced muscular mass in a tropical rainforest, the habitat most strongly associated with the human pygmy phenotype. A relatively small gastrocnemius muscle could be a tissue-economizing response to food limitation and/or a mechanism for minimizing heat production in a warm and humid environment. Another possibility stems from recent ultrasonography. Rainforest hunter-gatherers in Africa and Southeast Asia have gastrocnemius muscles with smaller pennation angles and therefore longer individual fibers than do neighboring farmers, raising

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the possibility that smaller cross-sectional areas of the muscle are a consequence of selection for greater excursion at the ankle joint. These hypotheses are reviewed in the context of recent findings on the locomotor diversity of human hunter-gatherers. Does the environment really constrain primate skeletal adaptation? Sarah Elton, University of Durham, UK It is well known that most primates have a relatively generalised skeleton. In many ways, primates are ecologically dependent on trees, but are nonetheless found in an enormous range of habitats, from highly xeric environments to dense rainforest. In some cases, closely related species – or even conspecifics – inhabit almost the full primate habitat spectrum. Ecomorphological study of primate skeletal adaptation works on the assumption that primate skeletal form relates to function (locomotion and posture), and by extension that habitat preferences can be inferred from skeletons of extinct primates whose locomotor and postural repertoires can never be observed. But how accurate is this? Exactly how much potential for ‘adaptive flexibility’ is seen in the primate skeleton, and would relatively ecologically stenotopic primates be able to inhabit a range of environments should they come into contact with them? On the other hand, how does the environment constrain primate morphology? Why do we not see fully committed cursors among primates, for example? Here, I will examine these and related questions using a mix of evidence using ‘case studies’ from fossil and modern primates. What is ecomorphology? Kevin Hunt, University of Indiana, USA This presentation will explain the concept of ecomorphology and discuss how complex interrelated factors have guided the evolution of gross morphological structure in primates. A primate species’ functional anatomy is a coevolved feature embedded in adaptations to ecology, diet, the constraints of digestive physiology and performance. The intense sociality of primates places unusual selective pressures on ecomorphology, placing different demands on individuals according to social rank. This intraspecific competition plays out as individuals also respond to interspecific competition. Monkeys and apes have a particularly interesting competitive relationship. I will employ a comparative perspective with other mammals to help reveal that strategies that are unique to primates.

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Hominoid trabecular bone: are there signals of joint position/behaviour that we can ultimately apply to fossils? Tracey Kivell, University of Kent, UK Analyses of trabecular bone (also called cancellous bone or spongy bone) have been common-place for several decades in a clinical context for investigations of osteopenia and osteoporosis. However, the study of trabecular bone as a method of reconstructing joint position, joint loading and ultimately behaviour in humans and non-human primates is comparatively new. Since the first studies in the early 1990s, the utility of trabecular bone to reconstruct behaviour in primates has grown to include experimental studies, expanded to broader taxonomic samples and different skeletal elements, and has been used a tool to better reconstruct behaviour in the past in fossil taxa. This paper will review the use of trabecular bone within biological anthropology, how analyses and methods have evolved, and what aspects we do not yet fully understand. From morphology to environment in some fossil mammals: facts and challenges Brigitte Senut, Sorbonne-Universités, France It is usually accepted that the morphology of animals is adapted to their habitats and linking functional morphology (related to diet and/or locomotion) to ecology has been the core of numerous studies on vertebrates since the mid-1970s. Reconstructing past morphology is particularly challenging for palaeontologists who frequently deal with partial skeletons and fragmentary bones or teeth which can be damaged or distorted. Reconstructions are usually based on extant “models”, which may not have existed in the past as indicated by early hominids such as Orrorin or the australopithecines which exhibited their own locomotor pattern with a large component of bipedalism and climbing, a combination not known in modern hominoids. To address ecomorphology in fossils, studies must not be limited to morphology, but must include a broader data set concerning geological context. By this means, the combination of different approaches may lead to a better understanding of the palaeoenvironment and of animal-environment interactions. I will focus on a few examples concerning Lower and Middle Miocene hominoids and cercopithecoids (arboreality and locomotion) on a few aspects of bipedality in Mio-Pliocene hominids and on springing in pedetids showing variation through the Miocene and its connections with desertification in Africa. Data yielded by the faunal and floral context as well as results from isotopic analyses performed on associated large mammal remains will be provided to indicate the limits of the details we can obtain today.

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Contextualising primate origins – challenges to the study of in deep time Christophe Soligo, UCL Ecomorphology – the characterisation of the adaptive relationship between an organism’s morphology and its ecological role – has long been central to theories of the origin and early evolution of the primate order. This is exemplified by two of the most influential theories of primate origins: Matt Cartmill’s Visual Predation Hypothesis, and Bob Sussman’s Angiosperm Co-Evolution Hypothesis. However, the study of primate origins is constrained by the absence of data directly documenting the events under investigation, and has to rely instead on a fragmentary fossil record and the methodological assumptions inherent in phylogenetic comparative analyses of extant species. These constraints introduce particular challenges for inferring the ecomorphology of primate origins, since morphology and environmental context must first be inferred, before the relationship between the two can be considered. Nevertheless, recent developments have led to important advancements, including phylogenetic comparative methods based on more realistic models of evolution, and improved methods for the inference of clade divergence times, as well as an improved fossil record, in particular of plesiadapiforms, an archaic group of early Cenozoic mammals with possible links to early primates. This contribution will review current perspectives on the origin and early evolution of primates, paying particular attention to their chronological and phylogenetic contextualisation, before attempting an up to date ecomorphological synthesis of primate origins. Exploring the relationship between facial muscles, facial expression and sociality in primates and beyond Bridget M. Waller, University of Portsmouth, UK; Anne M. Burrows, Duquesne University, USA Facial displays (often termed expressions) are a primary means of visual communication among conspecifics in many mammalian orders. Similar facial displays can be seen throughout the primate order, and even in more distantly related mammals, indicating some degree of phylogenetic conservation of this means of visual communication. In order to fully understand the form and social function of these displays, as well as the selective pressures important in shaping them, we need to make detailed, systematic comparisons between species, and examine these comparisons in light of socioecological variables. Development of anatomically based, standardised coding systems has greatly facilitated such within-species and cross-species comparisons (FACS, ChimpFACS, MaqFACS, GibbonFACS, OrangFACS, DogFACS, CatFACS). Importantly, these systems minimise the temptation to attribute emotion and function to facial displays a priori, which is particularly crucial when making large-scale comparisons across species. Our initial studies using such tools are helping to build an evolutionary and adaptationist framework for a better understanding of facial expression.

ecomorphology

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FUTURE MEETINGS

PSGB Spring Meeting 2015 Roehampton

Organiser:

Todd C. Rae <t.rae@roehampton.ac.uk>

PSGB Winter Meeting 2015 London

Evolution/Social Behaviour

Organisers:

Emma Nelson & Caroline Bettridge <enelson@liv.ac.uk>

PSGB Spring Meeting 2016 York

Organisers:

Laura Fitton, Paul O’Higgins & Sam Cobb <laura.fitton@hyms.ac.uk>

REMINDER: PSGB will be 50 in 2017!

To celebrate this anniversary we are organising a special two-day meeting in London in early December. The event will kick off with a pre-meeting

gala dinner. Excellent speakers are being organised from the world of primatology and beyond. The venue and dates are still to be finalised, but

make space in your diaries now!

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PSGB FINANCE SURVEY 2013 The daily business of PSGB is overseen by three Elected Officers (President, General Secretary and Treasurer) and between twelve and sixteen Council Members and Assistants to Council. However, we feel it is important to keep in touch with the views and opinions of our membership as we steer the Society. We therefore asked our members to complete a survey to gauge opinion on how we currently operate and how they would like to see PSGB resources used in the future. Below is a summary of the responses we received. We were also provided with more specific comments from some of our members that are not included below. However, these can be viewed by typing the web address at the end of the summary into your browser. I would like to thank all members who participated. All responses have been forwarded to the PSGB President and Council who will take them forward. Clare Cunningham PSGB Treasurer Summary of responses 40 responses Section 1 Are you A Full member of PSGB 35 88%

An Associate member of PSGB 0 0%

A Student member of PSGB 5 13%

A representative of an Institutional member of PSGB 0 0%

An Honorary member of PSGB 0 0% How long have you been a member of PSGB in any capacity? < 1 year 0 0%

1 - 3 years 6 15%

4 - 5 years 3 8%

More than 5 years 31 78%

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Which of the following best describes your current position Full or part-time faculty member 21 53%

Post-doctoral research staff 9 23%

Post-graduate student 4 10%

Undergraduate student 0 0%

Employed/research in non-university setting 4 10%

Unemployed/retired 1 3%

Other 1 3% How many PSGB meetings (winter and spring) have you attended in the last 5 years? None 0 0%

1 - 2 6 15%

3 - 5 23 58%

More than 5 11 28%

If you have attended some of the PSGB meetings, have these been? Mainly winter meetings 15 38%

Mainly spring meetings 2 5%

A mix of winter and spring meetings 23 58%

Not applicable as I haven't attended any meetings 0 0%

Have you (or a student you were supervising) applied for funding from any of the PSGB working parties in the last 5 years? Yes 15 38%

No 25 63% If you have applied to PSGB for funding, have any of your applications been successful? Yes 12 30%

No 2 5%

Not applicable 26 65%

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Membership If membership fees were to increase, would you be happy to See an increase in line with inflation to allow the Society to cover its usual costs only

19 48%

See an increase in line with inflation plus an additional amount to alllow larger grants and awards to be offered by PSGB

14 35%

See an increase in line with inflation plus an additional amount to allow PSGB meetings to be subsidised

6 15%

I would not be happy with any increase in membership fees 1 3%

If we were to consider increasing membership fees to subsidise PSGB meetings, would you Be happy to pay an increased membership fee if the money went towards subsidising meeting registration for all members

9 23%

Be happy to pay an increased membership fee if the money went towards subsidising meeting registration for student members only

6 15%

Be happy to pay an increased membership fee if the money went towards paying for high quality speakers at the meetings, including overseas academics

7 18%

Prefer that the meeting registration fees were set to cover most of the meeting costs on a case by case basis and not subsidised by membership fees

18 45%

If we were to consider increasing membership fees to increase money available for grants, would you Prefer to see a larger number of small grants available to students only

6 15%

Prefer to see a small number of larger grants available to students only

2 5%

Prefer to see a large number of small grants available to all members

16 40%

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Prefer to see a small number of large grants available to all members

8 20%

I do not think membership fees should be used to support grants

8 20%

If we were to consider increasing membership fees for any of the above reasons, how much would you be prepared to pay? A £5.00 increase on all subscription prices 6 15%

A £10.00 increase on Full/Associate membership and £5.00 on Student membership

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40%

A £10.00 increase on Full/Associate membership and no increase on Student membership

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28%

Membership fees should not increase for these reasons 7 18% Meetings If you have attended any of the PSGB meetings in the last 5 years, how do you feel about registration costs? Registration fees for members are quite low 5 13%

Registration fees for members are a little high 7 18%

Registration fees for members are very high 2 5%

Registration fees for members have always been reasonable 26 65%

I have not attended any meetings in the last 5 years 0 0%

Would you be prepared to pay more for meetings to allow overseas speakers to be invited? Yes 11 28%

No 11 28%

Yes - for the winter meeting 17 43%

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Costs of venue hire in London for the Winter meeting are increasing making it difficult to keep registration fees low. Would you be happy to pay more for registration to keep the meeting in London? Yes 20 50%

No - would prefer to have the meeting moved out of London 15 38%

No - but I wouldn't want the meeting to move out of London 5 13%

Do you think more of PSGB funds should be used to subsidise meeting registration fees for members? Yes, for all members 11 28%

Yes, for student members only 11 28%

No, meeting registration fees should be set to cover costs without subsidies

18 45%

Grants and Awards Each of the working parties (CWP, CCWP, RWP) usually agree the number and size of grants they award within an allocated budget. Do you think they should Give three larger grants, meaning fewer awards 7 18%

Give more smaller grants (maximum £500.00), meaning more awards

3 8%

Keep the current strategy of small grants up to £1000.00 29 73%

I don't think the Society should be offering grants 0 0%

Would you like to see the Society give more money out in grants? Yes if this could be funded while maintaining membership fees at current levels

17 43%

Yes and I would be happy to pay more in membershipfees to subsidise this

13 33%

No, I think they give enough 9 23%

No, I think they should reduce the amount given in grantsand use funds for other things

1 3%

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Who should be eligible to apply for funds from PSGB? All members 27 68%

Student members only 5 13%

All members, charities and other worthy causes 8 20%

PSGB should not be offering grants 0 0%

General funding How happy are you in general with the way that PSGB uses its financial resources? (1 = very happy, 7 = no at all happy) 1 6 15%

2 18 45%

3 7 18%

4 3 8%

5 4 10%

6 1 3%

7 1 3% Last year, PSGB decided to spend some of its reserves which had reached approximately £20k by allocating additional funds for grants. If we were to continue reducing some of the reserves (we need to maintain a working balance of approximately £10k), how would you like to see the money used? Allocated to grant budgets gradually over next three years 2

870%

Offered as one or two large, one-off grants 1 3%

Donated to support a primate cause 0 0%

Not spent - we should retain it to ensure the future of PSGB 8 20%

Other 3 8% Full analytics are available at the following address: <docs.google.com/forms/d/1bd2TqjgAP-DpAoFfurdbkBE6MzGmZd9HSHOi2ri1MpU/viewanalytics>

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Announcement: Inaugural Recipient of the Ymke Warren Memorial Award

The Conservation Working Party of the PSGB is proud to announce Denis Ndeloh-Etiendem as the inaugural recipient of the Ymke Warren Memorial Award. Born in the Southwest Province of Cameroon, Denis received his undergraduate degree from the University of Buea, Cameroon, in 2004. After working with local NGOs on great ape conservation projects in the Cross-Sanaga region of his homeland, he undertook graduate studies in Human Ecology at the Vrije Universiteit, Brussels, Belgium. He earned his MSc in 2008 and his PhD in 2013 - the latter working on the interface between Cross River gorillas, chimpanzees and local communities in the Mawambi Hills- one of the lowest elevation areas where Cross River gorillas are found in Cameroon. Ymke was Denis’s initial PhD supervisor and as Cameroon’s first national to be awarded a Cross River gorilla associated PhD it seemed highly appropriate that we acknowledge this success through accepting Denis as the inaugural recipient of Ymke’s memorial award. The award was established to support young African professionals in undertaking gorilla/great ape field research or applied conservation. We made an exception on this occasion through supporting Denis’s attendance at the International Primatological Society (IPS) congress in Vietnam in August this year. Denis gave two invited talks focused on the research and conservation of the Cross River gorillas and also chaired the first ever African Primate Working Group Meeting aimed at encouraging African leadership in the study and conservation of primates. A further acknowledgment of Denis’s growing stature in gorilla conservation and research is the recent news that he has been offered the post of 'Director of Great Apes Field Research' at The Gorilla Foundation. Through this position, Denis will seek to develop and sustain strategic conservation education and research partnerships with organizations working in gorilla habitat countries. He also plans to seek support to study Cross River gorilla stress response to environmental seasonality with Prof. Colin Chapman at McGill University, Canada. CWP awards an annual grant of £750 in memory of Ymke Warren who was killed while working in Cameroon on the conservation of the critically endangered Cross River gorilla. The grant is intended for early career gorilla researchers and conservationists from gorilla range state countries. Anyone interested in applying for this grant (awarded for studies/projects that will benefit primate conservation) should contact Caroline Harcourt, CWP Convenor, at cwp@psgb.org for more information.

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REPORT - PRIMATES AS PETS CONFERENCE A few months ago I was horrified to wake up one weekend and switch on the television to see a programme called My Child is a Monkey. As a broadcast journalist I’m fully aware of how commissioning editors behave. The quirkier a story, the more entertaining it’s deemed and very often balance is not always achieved. In this case the programme followed a so-called ‘monkey whisperer’ in the USA who believed she could help knock the wild monkey out of people’s pets dubbed ‘Monkids’. These animals were sentenced to a life as an accessory: wrestled into baby clothes, fed a diet of salt and grease and then stuffed into tiny cages after dark. If they were human babies, social services would have been banging down the door. But the problem of primates as pets is not unique to the USA. In the UK legislation is currently being revisited. There are estimates that the UK pet trade in primates is anywhere between 3,000 and 9,000 with some organisations ‘guesstimating’ that figure as much higher due to internet sales and lack of regulation. Although MPs are calling for action to determine how many pets there are, some scientists argue it is not about numbers; it is about animal welfare. On May 29th the Humane Society International UK together with the Born Free Foundation hosted a one-day conference in London to debate the issue. The organisers invited a host of primatologists to present their findings on the impacts of keeping primates as pets. Audience members were made up of scientists, conservationists and students, as well as people from sanctuaries. There wasn’t anyone from ‘the other side’, such as monkey mums and dads, but not everyone was in agreement on all topics. Although there was general consensus that keeping primates in a domestic environment is incompatible with their complex social, behavioural, environmental and dietary needs, the room was divided when it came to distinguishing whether animal sanctuaries should be allowed to continue to keep primates unless they are licensed appropriately like zoos. Unlike zoos which have a clear legal definition, there is no universally-accepted definition of a ‘sanctuary’ which means the term is open to widely differing interpretations. Premises that are not open to the public, or open six days or less each year do not require a zoo licence; but may still need to follow other laws and have specific permits. This some argued has led to a spectrum of welfare standards and while there are some sanctuaries that are highly respected there are others more dubious. Another issue raised would be if those sanctuaries were to close, where would the primates be re-housed? Euthanasia was thrown into the ring as an option which once again

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split opinion and saw a sharp intake of breath from some young students. The capacity to cater for additional primates at already existing zoos is clearly not a realistic solution; funding, space and being under-staffed were just some of the reasons.

For the last four years a code of practice for keeping primates has been in operation in the UK, but politicians say it needs to be clearer and contain more detailed information. Can detailed information that satisfies everyone be achieved within the next year? Or is this debate likely to rumble on as we continue to the clash over minutiae? It is clear that the longer we delay, the worse it is for primates. Their plight is also driven by the illegal wildlife trade. This one-day session in London highlighted that this is not only an emotive subject but a very complex one. It needs careful but immediate focus from those working with primates to agree on what is in their best interest before we can expect those less well-versed to enforce the law. Current legislation is due for review in the next 12 months. Asha Tanna broadcastjournalist [Asha, who holds a Masters in Primate Biology, Behaviour and Conservation, moderated the debate held at the conference. –Ed.]

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REPORT - THE CAT BA LANGUR CONSERVATION PROJECT VIETNAM

The Cat Ba langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus poliocephalus) is endemic to Cat Ba Island in north eastern Vietnam. By the end of 2000 there were only around 50 langurs left in the wild, a 98% population drop from approximately 2500 animals in the 1960s. The population crash was primarily a result of uncontrolled hunting for sport and for a traditional medicine called “monkey balm”. Today the Cat Ba langur is listed as Critically Endangered by IUCN and is protected by Vietnamese law. The species has also been consistently listed as one of “The 25 Most Endangered Primates” in the world since the document was first published in 2000. The Cat Ba Langur Conservation Project (CBLCP) was established in November 2000 by two German organizations, Münster Zoo and the Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populations. The CBLCP’s main objective is to prevent the extinction of this primate species, although the implemented conservation measures also help protect the overall biodiversity of the Cat Ba Archipelago. The CBLCP is a small non-profit NGO with only 5 project members (2 foreigners and 3 Vietnamese) stationed on Cat Ba Island. The project’s headquarters are at Münster Zoo. Financial support comes primarily via grants and donations. The first step in the protection of the Cat Ba langur was to achieve a permanent no-hunting status of the species. Thanks to extensive awareness raising and public education programmes, today the langurs are a source of pride on the island and local residents have a better understanding of the importance of protecting this primate species. Instead of hunting the monkeys, they now help with the monitoring and conservation of the remaining Cat Ba langur groups. Although the Cat Ba Langur Conservation Project’s primary objective is the protection of the langurs, they also support subsidiary programmes in forest protection, reforestation, and anti-poaching activities. These programmes are run in collaboration with local partners and concerned citizens of Cat Ba Island. Members of local communes help the CBLCP’s work as Langur Guards and Forest Protection Groups. The Langur Guards monitor and protect specific langur groups, while the Forest Protection Groups’ main task is to monitor and prevent illegal activities within the forest around their communities where medicinal plant collecting, illegal logging, and hunting for small forest animals is prevalent. This work often involves destroying traps in the forest, releasing captured animals, educating their fellow villagers, and reporting illegal activities to the National Park and the CBLCP. The rangers of Cat Ba National Park also work closely with the CBLCP staff.

IN

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The CBLCP also runs an interactive environmental education programme in all seven secondary schools on Cat Ba Island. These Conservation Clubs educate children on topics such as Cat Ba Island’s flora and fauna, sustainability, and of course the key facts about the Cat Ba langur via games and by encouraging discussions among the students. Today the Cat Ba langur is the subject of local pride and they are no longer hunted. Protection allows these majestic golden-headed monkeys to slowly but surely increase their numbers. Currently there are at least 58 Cat Ba langurs in the wild – due to the difficult terrain an exact population count is not possible. There is anecdotal evidence for the presence of several more animals but owing to the challenging topography and the langurs’ elusive nature, the existence of these individuals has not yet been verified by CBLCP staff.

Reproductive group of Cat Ba langurs In 2014 the population is fragmented into four confirmed subpopulations. In 2012 the CBLCP successfully translocated an all-female group, consolidating the population and providing better reproductive opportunities for the langurs. Of the isolated subpopulations two contain only single-sex groups; one of females, the other of males. Encouragingly, a single female was recently confirmed in close proximity to the all-male group. The two reproductive subpopulations consist of four mixed-sex groups. Since it is believed that these langurs reach sexual maturity at an age of 4-6 years and have an interbirth interval of 2-3 years, population growth has been slow,

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although five babies have already been born into the small population of wild Cat Ba langurs this year, the newest discovered only the beginning of August. Little is known, however, about the ecology, biology, or behaviour of the species; thus there may be other underlying causative factors that are not being addressed due to the lack of available information. The CBLCP has been working with several partners (most recently Vietnamese Forestry University, Fauna & Flora International, and Australian National University) to conduct more research that will be used to support the long-term in-situ management and conservation of this rare species. The CBLCP managers welcome the queries of interested researchers. The Cat Ba Langur Conservation Project <www.catbalangur.org> <www.facebook.com/catbalangur>

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GRANT REPORTS

Leaping in the ears? A test of the semicircular canals as locomotor indicators in closely related primate taxa Paul M. Johnson <p.m.johnson2008@googlemail.com>

Awarded a PSGB Research Grant in May 2012 The semicircular canals of the inner ear are part of an organ of balance which tracks head rotation during movement, facilitating reflexive stabilisation of vision. During arboreal movement, species display varying degrees of agility. Previous research has identified characteristics of the canals that are related to a multivariate measure of agility in a wide range of species; more agile species have a correspondingly larger anterior canal size. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether the semicircular canals can be used in closely related taxa as a more specific locomotor indicator; in particular, to see if there is a relationship between canal size and the proportion of leaping in an animal’s daily locomotor repertoire. Two closely related primate species, Colobus guereza and C. polykomos, were selected for comparison. C. guereza has been observed to display a higher percentage of leaping in its locomotor repertoire. High resolution x-ray computed tomography (CT) was used to examine the morphology of the semicircular canals through the creation of 3-D models from the CT data. The mean canal radius of curvature (R) and the enclosed planar area (PA) for each of the three canals in the inner ear were recorded. Two body mass estimates were used to create a ratio of the results for comparison between species. Independent sample t-tests were used to identify any significant difference in the canal size between the two closely related species. Both R and PA identified a significantly larger posterior canal in C. polykomos than in C. guereza. This larger posterior canal size was the reverse of the expected hypothesis based upon observed daily leaping. Alternative explanations are suggested. Firstly, an unidentified factor involved in leaping benefits from a reduced posterior canal size. Secondly, changes in the anterior canal may have an influential effect on the posterior canal, as they both share a proportion of their length. Finally, it is proposed that the difference in observed daily locomotor repertoire is insufficient to apply selective pressure on semicircular canal morphology. The difference in size in the posterior canal observed is therefore most likely the result of genetic drift due to species divergence during the last 1.6 million years.

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Both R and PA methods were sufficient to identify a significant difference in morphology, even though the variation in canal size between the species was minimal. Reliable identification between closely related taxa lends itself to future applications in the study of extinct species where canal size can be used as a taxonomic measurement.

Figure 1: Three dimensional model of a Colobus polykomos semicircular canal system derived from micro computed tomography with a resolution of approximately 0.04mm. The three canals are: anterior, posterior and lateral. The remaining inner ear system was cropped from the lower edge of the model. Living on the edge: Critically Endangered San Martin titi monkeys (Callicebus oenanthe) show a preference for forest boundaries in C.C. Ojos de Agua, Peru Silvy van Kuijk <silvyvkuijk@hotmail.com > Awarded a PSGB Conservation Grant in February 2013 Supported by Knowsley Safari Park The San Martin titi monkey (Callicebus oenanthe) is a medium sized arboreal primate that lives exclusively in the department of San Martin, Peru. Its small distribution range together with numerous threats, including habitat fragmentation and hunting, severely imperil this Critically Endangered species. However, little is known about the habitat requirements of the species. Even though many animals seem to avoid forest edges, it has been suspected that the San Martin titi monkey might have a preference for this type of habitat.

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Figure 1: Callicebus oenanthe. Photo by Eduardo Pinel. This three-month study, conducted from April 16 to July 14 2013, tested one main hypothesis: San Martin titi monkeys in conservation concession Ojos de Agua prefer the boundary of primary and secondary forest over forest interior. This hypothesis was tested by estimating population density in the area using a triangulation survey method. Population density estimates were compared between primary and secondary forest. The density in the boundary between primary and secondary forest was 26.1 groups/km2, compared to a density of 3.6 groups/km2 in forest interior, confirming that these cryptic primates have a preference for the forest boundaries in Ojos de Agua. The differences found in group density led to the idea to examine the possible differences in vocal behaviour of the primates between areas with different population density. We found no difference in length of the singing events and in both areas the maximum number of singing events is recorded approximately an hour after they started duetting. However, C. oenanthe in areas with high population density start their duets about half an hour earlier than the titi monkeys in low density areas. This shows that the vocal behaviour of these primates is influenced by population density. Ojos de Agua is one of the few larger areas where Callicebus oenanthe is still found. Consequently, the area is of great importance to the conservation of the species. Even though the secondary forest adjacent to the conservation concession is not part of the protected area, it is a crucial factor to the survival of the species. If all secondary forest will be cleared, all preferred habitat for the species will disappear. It is consequently important to determine how adaptable the species is to large changes in their

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habitat. Only then will we know if the San Martin titi monkeys in C. C. Ojos de Agua have a chance of survival in the near future.

Figure 2: Poisonous frog, endemic to the area.

Figure 3: Guide Joaquin learns how to use the compass with the help of my assistant Jaime (who took the picture). All the guides that helped us throughout the study are members of ABOFOA, a local association of farmers managing conservation concession Ojos de Agua. Our guides and president of the association were taught how to conduct density measurements. We also taught the president how to use his newly acquired GPS device (a donation from a Peruvian conservation NGO, supporting the association in their work). Photo by Jaime Sierro.

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“Tangkoko Conservation Education” - Conservation Education project around the Tangkoko-Duasudara nature reserve, Sulawesi, Indonesia Victor Wodi Tangkoko Conservation Education Awarded a PSGB Conservation Grant in February 2012 The Tangkoko-Duasudara Nature Reserve (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) is a unique protected area of around 8800 hectares and is the principal habitat of the crested macaque (Macaca nigra), one of the seven endemic Sulawesi macaques. Despite being a protected area, poaching, illegal logging, agri-business, and non-sustainable farming practices occur around the area. Due to these threats, crested macaques are listed as critically endangered by the IUCN red list since 2008 and population surveys documented a 80% decline, leaving as few as 5,000 individuals left in the wild. This is why an urgent and sustainable action is needed locally to avoid the extinction of this species.

Figure 1: Crested macaque in Tangkoko. Photo by Jérôme Micheletta. Tangkoko Conservation Education is a conservation education programme, aiming at increasing the long-term survival chances of this species in the reserve. We develop education and conservation activities for local population (especially school interventions for young people), in order to increase their knowledge about the crested macaques and the local biodiversity and raise awareness about the threat they face and their importance for the local ecosystem and economy.

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The project started in 2011 in one village at the entrance to the reserve, followed by another school year project in 2011-2012 including two more villages. The Conservation Grant Award provided by PSGB has helped us to intervene during a third school year and include two additional villages for 2012-2013. So far we have worked with 7 primary schools and 4 junior schools, for a total of 330 pupils between 8 and 15 years old. The activities for our 2012-20013 school year consisted of bimonthly educational interventions such as theoretical presentations, field trips in the reserve and a wildlife rescue centre, and various workshops about the Tangkoko reserve and its wildlife (especially the crested macaques). These interventions are implemented with the help of stakeholders such as local guides, researchers from the Macaca Nigra Project, Tasikoki wildlife rescue and education centre, Selamatkan Yaki conservation programme and the local government authorities for nature conservation (BKSDA).

Figure 2: Map of the Tangkoko-Duasudara reserve and the villages involved in our programme. Image by Macaca nigra Project. Additionally, we have created an education booklet, providing a concrete material for teachers who wish to implement the lessons and activities that we have designed. In September 2012, we successfully developed and delivered the first lesson made up of exercises and illustrations by a scientific illustrator. The support provided by PSGB helped us to create this education booklet by covering part of the fees of the illustrator. The booklet was finished by June 2013 and the whole content is now implemented by

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our team and will hopefully be part of the curriculum for the 2014-2015 school year. We are currently part of the Primate Education Network and we plan to share this booklet with other organisations working in the field of primate education for them to benefit from our work. For this 2012-2013 school year, we gave evaluation questionnaires to the pupils before and after the programme, in order to measure the effectiveness of our action on their knowledge, attitudes and behaviours regarding the reserve and its wildlife. The first results show that we do not perceive yet an improvement about the pupils’ habits regarding the forest, such as taking wood from the forest. However, we can see an improvement regarding pupils’ habits towards wildlife, as they seemed to realise that wild animals should remain in the wild and not being kept as pets. Regarding their knowledge about the fauna of Sulawesi and Tangkoko, we can mention a significant improvement, as pupils are more familiar with recognising all the animals of Sulawesi based on pictures. They also have a better understanding of the protected and endangered status of the crested macaque. The results also demonstrate that there is an improvement regarding children’s attitudes when encountering crested macaques in their local environment (the forest) or in their gardens/crops. They perform less disturbing activities such as approaching or feeding the macaques.

Figure 3: One exercise of the education booklet (Lesson 5: Threatened species): Link the animal to the main threat he faces. Illustration by Elodie Philippe.

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These first results are encouraging and show that our project has a positive impact on the pupils’ knowledge and attitudes. However, we consider that we need to continue our efforts to help the pupils and their family improve their habits on a regular and long-term basis.

Figure 4: In the classroom in Batu Putih village: testing the illustrated booklet with the pupils (Lesson 1: Environmental changes). Photos by Tangkoko Conservation Education.

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BOOK REVIEWS Please note: We actively encourage our members to volunteer reviews or proposals of relevant titles. If you would like to suggest a book or offer a review, please contact Book Reviews Editor Kara Moses on <mail@karamoses.com>. ANIMAL PERSONALITIES: BEHAVIOR, PHYSIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION C. Carere & D. Maestripieri (Eds) (2013) University of Chicago Press ISBN: 9780226922058 The study of individual differences in behavioural consistency, or personality, is a rapidly growing discipline within the animal sciences. In their timely book, Animal Personalities: Behavior, Physiology and Evolution, Carere and Maestripieri (editors) review the animal personality literature along with the enlisted help from a range of other leading experts within the field. The book is divided into four sections. Section 1 provides an impressive review of the evidence for personality across a wide range of taxa, such as insects, cephalopods, birds, fish, and primates. Section 2 provides an in-depth review of the genetics, ecology, and evolution of animal personality, and addresses intriguing questions like what are the heritable components of personality?, are some traits more heritable than others?, and how does natural selection select for individual variation in behavioural consistency?. This section also provides the reader with a discussion of several methodological considerations when studying personality gene expression and heritability (e.g., gene mapping, identifying candidate genes) and how best to measure selective pressures on personality variation (e.g., behavioural responses across environmental gradients). Section 3 focuses more on the developmental aspects of animal personality, and includes thorough discussions of the role of epigenetics (e.g., DNA methylation, acetylation) and early life experiences (e.g., mother-offspring relationships) on personality modification. This section also includes a synthesis of literature pertaining to the neuroendocrinological and autonomic correlates of personality (e.g., serotonin deficiency, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis). Finally, Section 4 illustrates various ways in which animal personality may be useful to colleagues working within the fields of conservation biology (e.g., reintroduction programmes, effects of habitat fragmentation and pollution on behavioural diversity), animal welfare (e.g., coping with stress, captive rearing), and human/non-human health (e.g., depression, blood pressure, stress).

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and is therefore likely to be a first-rate choice for anyone wishing to learn more about animal individuality. I highly recommend this book. F. Blake Morton University of Stirling THE MACAQUE CONNECTION: COOPERATION AND CONFLICT BETWEEN HUMANS AND MACAQUES S. Radhakrishnan, M.A. Huffman & A. Sinha (Eds) (2013) Springer ISBN 978-1-4614-3966-0 Hardback £117.00 Ebook - £93.50

This volume is the result of a symposium on human and macaque interactions held at the 23rd IPS meeting held in Kyoto in 2010. The book’s goal is to highlight the many facets of the associations between people and macaques through the ages. The subject matter is complex but this book makes a positive contribution to the literature with some useful reviews of the current human-macaque interface situation in parts of Asia. In part I, Sindhu Radhakrishnan puts human-macaque relations into context and introduces the sections and their chapters.

Part II deals with traditional relationships between people and macaques and begins with a reprint of Harlow’s experimental studies of affection using macaques. This controversial study represents an important facet of human-macaque relations in regard to their widespread use as laboratory animals. Mirto and Sprague present an excellent review of the long and complex relations between Japanese macaques with the people of Japan. This chapter succinctly summarises the multiple meanings and interactions characterising human-macaque relations in Japan which have been the subject of intense study by John Knight. The final chapter in this section describes how macaques are represented in classical Tamil poetry to illustrate the historical acceptance of macaque-human coexistence around 2,000 years ago.

Section III discusses the cooperative relationships between humans and macaques. Neel Ahuja deconstructs the “domestication” of the rhesus macaque in post-war USA when many thousands were imported from range states and killed to produce polio vaccine. Ahuja suggests that primates went from being constructed as “wild and untamed” to being nationalised to enable the deaths of many macaques to be justified in the development and manufacture of the polio vaccine. In Chapter 6, Avanti Mallapur reviews the substantial literature on macaque tourism and its effects on macaque health and welfare. Agustin Fuentes then reflects on how macaques are often perceived as commodities. Fuentes points out that the cultural and social aspects of human-macaque relations have been neglected.

Collectively, Animal Personalities embodies an impressive range of topics,

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Part IV deals with the inevitable conflicts arising between people and macaques in numerous contexts. In a translation of one of his stories, the Sri Lankan poet and novelist, KP Poornachandra Tejaswi describes the cultural and practical difficulties he experienced when dealing with crop-raiding macaques on his farm. In Chapter 9, Nahallage & Huffman review Sri Lankan primates as the focus of different beliefs and behaviours amongst local people which are heavily influenced by the rich cultural history of the island. Peterson and Riley then reflect on the many complex relationships linking people and macaques in Indonesia. These relationships are characterised by the multi-cultural beliefs of the many ethnic groups inhabiting the archipelago all of which influence human-macaque coexistence in various ways. These were my favourite chapters as they discuss the rich socio-cultural nature of the macaque-human interface which is my particular interest. Their suggestion to complement ecological data with ethnographic data collection in conservation work is reinforced by the lack of the latter in the chapter about the Barbary macaque where Majolo et al. concentrate on describing the ecological effects on the species caused by their close interactions with people.

Part V looks at how living beside people has affected macaques. Sinha and Mukhopadhyay present research on the effects of human provisioning on bonnet macaque group structure and aggression levels at a site in India. This chapter is followed by Chakrabaty and Smith, who discuss how anthropogenic influences strongly affect macaque populations at a genetic level. The authors recommend long-term genetic monitoring of at-risk macaque populations in order to understand human influences on their dispersal and demography. Priston and McLennan conclude the book by discussing the future management of human-macaque interactions in the context of mitigating conflict which so often characterises human-macaque coexistence.

I felt that some chapters were placed in sections where they didn’t really belong. The Macaque Connection, however, provides a useful introduction for students of human-macaque relations and complements Gumert et al.’s 2011 book about long-tailed macaques entitled Monkeys on the Edge. My main impression after reading this book is that much more ethnographic research is necessary if we are to meaningfully engage and manage human-macaque relations for positive outcomes.

Sian Waters Durham University

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GARDENERS OF THE FOREST (TEDx Talk) Ian Redmond (2014) Southampton University https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvsWXyIseS0 Ian Redmond delivers a dynamic TEDx Talk on wildlife conservation that is equal parts’ passionate and practical. He engages us by opening with a personal story of a silverback gorilla and memories of working alongside Dr Dian Fossey in the 1970s. He interjects strategic questions throughout, giving his talk the feeling of a charged conversation versus a speech. He asks us to reframe a central conservation concern by looking at the possibility that a species might flourish instead of merely survive. He delivers a convincing argument for why it is a necessity, not an option. Over the course of the talk, Redmond takes us seamlessly from a microscopic to macroscopic view of the situation at hand, giving us a well-rounded picture of what’s at stake and what’s in play. He reminds us that on the smaller scale, mutual trust is an important element in the study of an endangered species. Through trust, observations can begin and important information can be gathered. We can learn not only about the species but about how they are interacting with their environment. He comes across in a credible way, offering both personal and pragmatic reasons for why he cares. Ian’s friendship with animals and people that run anti-poaching patrols set up by Dian Fossey inspire his commitment to protecting species. His talk is enhanced with powerful visual elements including projected images, snares and spears that he references while discussing work done by the Dian Fossey research center. His delivery is well balanced, with a mention of obstacles and triumphs along the way. Through his efforts as Chair of the Ape Alliance, conservation education is being shared within the countries of origin for various species. One such member – the Great Ape Film Initiative – spreads the message by way of educational videos powered by bicycle. Vecotourism.org provides interactive on-line tours of conservation projects to the general public. Throughout the talk, Redmond excels at keeping our interest with his ability to convey not just what’s in it for them, but what’s in it for us. He illustrates the bigger picture by explaining how weather patterns, seeds for the forest, the animals themselves, and human actions are all interconnected. One group cannot survive without the other. In fact, he says that we all have an unlikely element to thank in part for our own existence: gorilla dung. Gorillas produce 10-20 kilos a day or about a ton of manure over the span of ten weeks. The seeds within gorilla manure are what help to propagate our forests and shelter the animals, while sheltering us from harsher weather patterns.

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He strengthens his argument by moving to a macroscopic approach and why we should care. Fields depend on water that comes out of the forest. Weather systems that pulse away across the ecosystem are vitally important and if we continually destroy the forests, we destroy our collective longevity. Animals need our protection because the forest will not be the same if we lose them. And simultaneously, helping these species to flourish will help economies flourish as well. Mountain gorillas in Rwanda, Uganda and DRC deliver important funds via tourism and their babies have better survival rate than ones in non-tourist areas. Redmond doesn’t give us neatly packaged answers or solutions. He wants us to question the situation. If some conservation efforts are good for the economy, environment and gorillas then how do we protect those that aren’t supported by tourism efforts? How do we help communities that need to make an income without killing the gorillas? And how do we help the people within the communities if we remove their livelihoods as poachers? The talk is well-structured and Redmond succeeds at showing the interconnectedness of key players. A smattering of statistics is woven into carefully chosen stories that drive home his points. He reminds us that gorillas are not the only ones helping to tend to the gardens of the forest; elephants do as well. They go underground to mine the rock because it is rich in minerals. Many people think the value of the elephant is the ivory, but they are more valuable to us alive than dead. Elephants also leave their legacy of dung in forest. They eat 4% of their bodyweight a day in the forest and produce a ton of manure every week. To say that they are valuable players in the ecosystem is an understatement. Yet poaching of elephants and other animals is causing a 95% decline in the workers of the forest that are helping to keep all populations of living things alive. We lose the chance to recycle seeds and disperse nutrients for a sustainable forest for the future. We falsely believe that these magnificent animals are indestructible and don’t grasp the larger, bleaker picture of what we are losing when we lose these beautiful creatures. Redmond gets his message across in a straightforward way that is easy to understand, and that is what makes it accessible to a wide audience. His talk doesn’t feel preachy or angry – just matter-of-fact and concerned. Our purchasing habits of buying the latest electronics drives up the demand of mining for components they contain. And the mining threatens the fragile wildlife and overall environment in the DRC. To make matters worse, in the illegal mines controlled by rebels they are feeding their workers bushmeat. Conservationists that are trying to protect areas are at battle with larger corporations that are trying to develop those same regions.

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Redmond contends that we need to think about protecting wildlife and forests because they are protecting us. While some may view gorillas, elephants and the forests that they live in as simply ornamental, Redmond does an excellent job of showing how their survival is critical. Wildlife and the regions they live in are actually working for us, dispersing seeds for the forest of tomorrow. We have to make sure these precious seeds continue to be planted. They are integral to the health of the planet and sustaining them means sustaining us. Ian makes his message abundantly clear. If you value the forest, protect its gardeners. Anne-Marie Mascaro Oxford Brookes University �

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Primate Society of Great Britain

PRIMATE EYE No 114 OCTOBER 2014

• CONTENTS •

Page

Editorial 1 PSGB President’s Report .. 3 Announcement: PSGB AGM 5 PSGB Winter Meeting 2014: Ecomorphology (cosponsored by the Anatomical Society) 6 Invited Speaker Abstracts 7 Future Meetings 12 Spring 2015 – Roehampton Winter 2015 – London Spring 2016 – York PSGB Finance Survey 2013 13 Announcement: Inaugural Recipient of the Ymke Warren Memorial Award 19 Report – Primate as Pets Conference 20 Report – The Cat Ba Langur Conservation Project in Vietnam 22 Grant Reports: Leaping in the ears? A test of the semicircular canals as locomotor indicators in closely related primate taxa 25 Living on the edge: Critically Endangered San Martin titi monkeys (Calliicebus oenanthe) show a preference for forest boundaries in C.C. Ojos de Agua, Peru 26 “Tangkoko Conservation Education” – Conservation education project around the Tangkoko-Duasudara nature reserve, Sulawesi, Indonesia 29 Reviews: Animal personalities: Behavior, physiology and evolution 33 The macaque connection: Cooperation and conflict between humans and macaques 34 Gardeners of the forest (TEDx talk) 36 ISSN 0305-8417