PRIMATE Husbandry and Nutrition By: Monica Morgado .

PRIMATE Husbandry and Nutrition

By: Monica Morgado

http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm

Conservation Status

Total # of Species 254

107 Endangered 102 Lower Risk 8 Critically Endangered 6 Not enough data 4 Threatened 3 Rare

https://secure.worldwildlife.org/ogc/ogcAC_speciesDetail.cfm?gid=69

http://www.escapeartist.com/efam/44/primates.gif

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Taxonomy of Extant Primates

Kingdom = AnimaliaPhylum = Chordata

Class = MammaliaOrder = Primates

Prosimians*6 F

Tarsiers*1 F

New WorldPrimates*2 F

Old WorldPrimates*1 F*2 SF

OWPLesser Apes*1 F

OWPGreat Apes*2 F

http://afarensis.blogsome.com/2005/11/06/what-is-a-primate/

Prosimians and Tarsiers

Prosimians and Tarsiers

Most primitive of the primates They’re NOT monkeys nor apes Nocturnal and sensitive Socialized and tropical Most are endangered


Where can Prosimians and Tarsiers be found?

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New World Primates

New World Primates (Monkeys)


New World Primates

Family Callithricidae Smaller tamarins and marmosets

Family Cebidae Sakis Spider and Woolly Owl Capuchin Howler Titi and Squirrel Uakaris

New World Primates

Live in the neotropical forests Central and South America.

Range vastly in size 6 inch pygmy marmoset 3 feet howler monkey

Long tails (sometimes prehensile) No buttock pads No cheek pouches

Old World Primates(OWP)

Old World Primates (Monkeys)

Old World Primates

Family Cercopithecidae Subfamily cercopithecinae

Macaques Baboons Mandrills Vervet monkeys Patas monkeys

Subfamily Colobinae Colobus monkeys Langurs Leaf monkeys

Old World Primates

Live in Africa and Asia. Larger than the New World monkeys. They

are diurnal. Longer hind legs than forearms. Prominent buttock pads that they can sit on. Tails, but not prehensile.

OWP-Great Apes

OWP-Great Apes

They have no tails. The face is almost naked. Live in complex social groups. The arms are longer than the legs. Rely mostly on vision and hearing rather than smell.

Orangutans Chimpanzees Gorillas Humans Bonobos

OWP- Lesser Apes

OWP-Lesser Apes

Smaller and more slender forms No tail Gibbons live in pairs for life. Siamangs are

the largest type of gibbon.


Nonhuman Primates as Pets

Most common Pet-Primate species: Squirrel monkey Capuchin or “organ

grinder” monkeys Spider monkeys Marmosets Baboons Chimpanzees Orangutans

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Nonhuman Primates as Pets Most Common Reasons

People Buy Pet Monkeys:

"They're so cute!!"

"I wanted an unusual pet.“ "They're so adorable

dressed up like people!“

Child substitute http://lolayabonobo.wildlifedirect.org/2008/03/14/tigers-in-the-backyard/

http://petmonkeyinfo.org/laws.htm

Require Permit

Partial Ban

Must Be Banded

No Requirements

Ban

Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must… Make sure your primate has been bred in the

U.S. and not imported. Center for Disease Control of the United States

Public Health Service Regulation in 1976

Realize that monkeys are complex social/emotional animals "high-care/high-need", "difficult" pets

Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must…

Know that they are Virtually impossible to toilet train Can be destructive of property Have a high propensity for biting As they mature, their behavior becomes less

predictable

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Nonhuman Primate vs. Newborn Child

http://www.superlaugh.com/pets/babymonkey.jpg http://blog.mlive.com/chronicle/2007/12/02Grevel_family2.jpg

Nonhuman Primate vs. 2yr Old Child

http://www.pepperspollywogs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/WindowsLiveWriter/MonkeyingAround_7FE6/j0428530%5B3%5D.jpg

Nonhuman Primate vs. 5yr Old Child

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Nonhuman Primate vs. 15yr Old Kid

Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must…

Know that they can have

different relationships with

members of a family: liking the most dominant adult picking on weakest or youngest family member

Monkeys have a life-span of 20-40 years.

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Health Concern: Common Diseases Nonhuman primates have a high potential for

carrying zoonotic diseases: Hepatitis Tuberculosis

Owners should test their pets at least once a year. Owners should be tested once a year.

Shigellosis Salmonellosis Herpes viruses

Herpes Simplex Viruses

Herpesvirus simiae (Herpes “B”) Host: Macaques Rhesus monkeys may develop ulcerations in the

oral mucosa.

http://www.ccac.ca/en/CCAC_Programs/ETCC/Images/ZoonosisHerpesBRhesus.jpg

Herpes Simplex Viruses

Herpesvirus tamarinus (Herpes “T”) 1ry Host: Squirrel monkeys and spider monkeys

Asymptomatic Tamarins, marmosets, owl monkeys, and titi

monkeys Clinical disease

May develop ulceration in lips, oral mucosa and conjunctiva.

Herpesvirus tamarinus

Ulcerative dermatitis in a titi monkey

The Ideal Caretaker (patience….etc.)

Patience

Commitment

Do not over estimate their force for their size.

http://www.orlandosentinel.com/media/photo/2008-04/37512900.jpg

http://www.sptimes.com/2004/10/11/images/large/primate2.jpg

Primate Housing Have the proper sized

housing setups from day one.

Should allow large motor exercise, running and leaping.

Primate Housing

Cages for display are not usually large enough.

Cage must be setup with easy, hands-off cleaning in mind.

Primate Housing

Not recommended: Kennel crates Cat cages Bird cages

http://www.freewebs.com/birdcages/chrome%20plated%20large%20parrot%20cage.jpghttp://www.staffordmall.com/media/dog-crate.jpg

http://pet.imageg.net/graphics/product_images/pPETS-3763322t400.jpg

Primate Housing

Primates of different species should not be housed together. Prevent disease

transmission Species-specific

behaviors Interspecies

aggression.

http://www.salem-news.com/stimg/november122007/monkey_rhesusx2350.jpg

Primate Housing

A collar or harness should be worn continuously around the house.

Nonhuman primates should be caged while unattended.

Do not allow them to run loose in the home.

http://www.fordogtrainer.com/pics/dog-training-equipment-choke-leather-collar.jpg

http://www.wildcatcommerce.com/productimages/large/28/monkeykidsharness.jpg

Cage Accessories

Durable and easy-to-clean materials.

Special housing needs depending on the primate: Arboreal Nocturnal Ranging

http://www.primatecare.com/cage1.jpg

Cage Accessories

Lighting and climate controls should be on automatic.

18-17 ْْْْ C (65-80 ْْ F) 55-70% Humidity

Marmosets 70-80%

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Acrylic mirror

http://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/LAREF/jennifer.html Foraging for fallen treats Treats out of the cones“pylon surprises”

Mop heads strung with pasta and treats knotted on the ends

Toys and enrichmentdevices

Disinfectants Cleaning cases, dishes, and toys

Roccal-D Winthrop, New York, NY

One-Stroke Environ Ceva Laboratories, Overland Park, KS

http://www.valleyvet.com/swatches/21361_L_vvs_000.jpg http://www.animart.com/productimages/439.jpg

Nutrition for Old World and New World Primates Nutritional deficiencies:

Owner’s lack of knowledge

Common protein deficiencies high level of fruits and

starches

Many owners feed table foods an not commercial biscuits or canned diets.

http://ephemerist.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/monkey.jpg

Vitamin Deficiency

Vitamin C Supplements needed due to decreased levels in

diet after 90 days of storage. Daily fresh fruits or monkey vitamins 1-4 mg/kg of body weight every day Causes:

Swelling of long bones and hemorrhaging of the gums

Vitamin Deficiency

Vitamin D3 (New World Monkeys) Supplements needed due to insufficient sunlight. 2000 IU per kg every day Causes:

Soft bones, bone deformities and multiple fractures.

How much should I feed my primate? Consumption of adults:

3% to 5% of their body weight DAILY

Waste a lot of food Greater quantity should be

offered. Offer “meals” 2-3 times a

day instead of once daily. http://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/LAREF/Jen-Salad%2014.jpg

How about treats? Commercial food

80% to 90% of daily intake

Treats Fresh fruits Vegetables Commercial “treats”

New World monkeys Mealworms Crickets Canned dog food Hard broiled eggs

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http://tarrant.tamu.edu/garden/images/Fruits.gif

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Water and Fruit Juices

Water Fresh and clean Available at all times Sipper-tube or valved water

system.

Fruit juices Offered occasionally as a

treat.

http://www.primatecare.com/water.jpg

http://www.fehd.gov.hk/safefood/food_safety_plan/images/control_juice.jpg

OVERVIEW:

Do RESEARCH!!

Check with your state and county for local laws.

Have the right cage size for your primate.

Feed the right diet depending on the specie’s requirements.

References Horne, William A. Primate Anesthesia.

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice. 2001;4(1): 239-66.

Johnson-Delaney, Cathy A. Primates. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 1994;24(1):121-56.

Satterfield, William C. and William R. Voss. Nonhuman Primates and the Practitioner. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 1987;17(5):1185-202.

Wallis, Jannette and D. Rick Lee. Primate Conservation: The Prevention of Disease Transmission. International Journal of Primatology. 1999;20(6):803-826.

Whitney, Robert A. Primate Medicine and Husbandry. Symposium on Non-Domestic Pet Medicine. Veterinary Clinicis of North America: Small Animal Practice. 1979;9(3):429-45.

QUESTIONS?

http://saldf.stanford.edu/images/primates3.jpg

PRIMATE Husbandry and Nutrition By: Monica Morgado .

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