Primary Health Care A

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PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

MIDWIFERY COURSE AUDIT

SUMMER, 2014


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A. HEALTH AND ILLNESS

DEFINITION OF HEALTH

DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS

MODELS OF HEALTH LEVELS OF PREVENTION

FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH


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HEALTH (defined by WHO and some

theorists

- A state of complete physical, mental, and

social well-being and not merely the absence

of disease or infirmity (WHO)

- Is the ability to maintain homeostasis or

dynamic equilibrium. Homeostasis is regulated

by the negative feedback mechanism (Walter

Cannon)


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theorists

- Is the ability to maintain the internal milieu

(Claude Bernard)

- Is being well and using ones own power to

the fullest extent. Health is being maintained

through prevention of disease by

environmental health factors (Nightingale)


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theorists

- Is viewed in terms of the individualsability to

perform the 14 components of nursing care

unaided (Henderson)

- Positive health symbolizes wellness. It is a

value termed by the culture or individual

(Rogers)


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theorists

- Is a state and a process of becoming and being

an integrated and whole person (Roy)

- a state characterized by soundness or

wholeness of developed human structures

and of bodily and mental functioning (Orem)


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theorists

- Is a dynamic state in the life cycle; illness is an

interference (King)

- Wellness is the condition in which all parts

and subparts of an individual are in harmony

with the whole system (Neuman)

- Is an elusive, dynamic state influenced by

biologic, physiologic and social factors.

(Johnson)


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WELLNESS AND WELL-BEING

- Wellness is well-being. It involves engaging in

attitude and behaviors that enhance QOL and

maximize personal potential

- Subjective perception of balance, harmony

and vitality

- Is a choice


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- Is a way of life

- Is the integration of boy, mind and spirit

- Is the loving acceptance of onesself


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ENVIRONMENT

OCCUPATION

INTELLECTUAL

SPIRITUALPHYSICAL

EMOTIONAL

SOCIAL

WELNESS


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SEVEN COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS

1. PHYSICAL

- Ability to carry out daily tasks, achievefitness, maintain adequate nutrition, lifestyle

habits

2. SOCIAL

- Ability to interact successfully with people and

within the environment (intimacy, respect)


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3. EMOTIONAL

- Ability to manage stress and express emotionsappropriately

4. INTELLECTUAL- Ability to learn and use information; continued

growth


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5. SPIRITUAL

- Belief in some force that unite beings;meaning and purpose to life; morals and

values

6. OCCUPATION

- Ability to achieve balance between work and

leisure


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7. ENVIRONMENT

- Ability to promote health measures thatimprove the quality of life and standard of

living


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DISEASE

- An alteration in body functions resulting in

reduction of capacities or a shortening of the

normal life span

Common causes of disease

a. Biologic agents

b. Inherited genetic defects

c. Developmental defects


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DISEASE

d. Physical agents

e. Chemical agents

f. Response to irritation/injuryg. Faulty metabolic process

h. emotional/physical reaction to stress


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CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISEASE

A. ACCORDING TO BIOLOGIC FACTORS

a. Hereditary h. Idiopathic

b. Congenital i. Degenerative

c. Metabolic j. Iatrogenic

d. Deficiency

e. Traumatic

f. Neoplastic

g. Allergic


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B. ACCORDING TO DURATION/ONSET

a. Acuteshort, intense

b. Chroniclonger than six months; remission and

exacerbation

c. Subacutemore pronounced but longer than

acute


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C. Other classifications

a. Organic g. Endemic

b. Functional h. Pandemicc. Occupational i. Sporadic

d. Familial

e. Venerealf. Epidemic


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ILLNESS

- A personal state in which the person feels

unhealthy

- A state in which a persons functioning is

diminished or impaired

- NOT synonymous with disease


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ILLNESS

STAGES OF ILLNESS

1. Symptom experience

- Transition stage- Believes something is wrong

- Experiences some s/sy

2. Assumption of the sick role- acceptance; advice, support


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ILLNESS

STAGES OF ILLNESS

3. Medical contact

- Seeks advice- Validation, explanation

4. Dependent patient role

- Dependence- Passive


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ILLNESS

STAGES OF ILLNESS

5. Recovery

- Gives up sick role and returns to former roles


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OLOF

POLITICAL

BEHAVIOR

HEREDITY

HCDS

ENVIRONMENT

SOCIO-

ECONOMIC


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1. POLITICALgreat influence

- Has the power/authority to regulate

- E.g. safety, oppression, people

empowerment, safety/crime2. BEHAVIORALhabits, lifestyle

3. HEREDITARYgenetically influenced diseases

- Understanding, increase knowledgepreventivemeasure

- Anticipate and counteract


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4. HCDS

- PHC, 4 As, community-based

5. ENVIRON MENTAL INFLUENCES- Pollution and sanitation

6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES


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LEVELS OF PREVENTION

1. PRIMARY PREVENTIONGoal: Health promotion and specific protection

Objective: enable clienteles to maintain health andrealize full potential

- encourage optimum health and increasepersons resistance to illness

- Prevents disease; stop something to happen

- E.g. :quit smoking, avoid/limit alcohol intake,

exercise, eat well-balanced diet, avoidoverexposure to sun, maintain IBW, completeimmunization program, wear hazard devices


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2. SECONDARY PREVENTIONGoal: Early diagnosis/detection/screening and

prompt treatment

Objective: to halt progress and prevent/reduce

complications- health maintenance

- Identify specific illnesses or conditions at earlystage

- Prompt intervention to limit or prevent disability- E.g.: annual PE, Paps smear, BSE, TSE, sputum

exam, stool and rectal exam


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3. TERTIARY PREVENTIONObjective: restore OLOF

- occurs after disease or disability

- Stop the disease or injury process and assist

patient in attaining optimal health

- E.g.: self-monitoring of blood sugar, PT,

rehabilitation, therapy


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THEORIES AND MODELS RELATED TO

HEALTH

1. CLINICAL MODEL

- views people as physiologic system with

related functions and identifies health as the

absence of signs and symptoms of disease or

injury

2. ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL

- defines health in terms of ability to fulfill

societal roles


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HEALTH

3. ADAPTIVE MODEL

- focuses on adaptation

- illness is a maladaptation

4. EUDAMONISTIC MODEL

- actualization or realization of personspotential


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HEALTH

5. AGENT-HOST-ENVIRONMENT MODEL


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HEALTH

6. HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUA

- Used to measure a persons perceived level of

wellness

- Health and illness or disease at the ends

- From good health to death

- Subjective and objective perceptions- Environmental axis and health axis


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HEALTH



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HEALTH


- Two axes form four quadrants:

a. High level wellness in favorable environment

b. Emergent high level wellness in an

unfavorable environment

c. Protected poor health in a favorableenvironment

d. Poor health in unfavorable environment


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HEALTH

7. ILLNESS-WELLNESS CONTINUUM

- Believe it is possible to be physically ill and at

the same time oriented toward wellness


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HEALTH

7. ILLNESS-WELLNESS CONTINUUM



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HEALTH

8. HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

Perceived

susceptibility to

disease

Perceived

seriousness of

disease

Perceived threat ofdisease X

Cues to action,

mass media, advice,

illness of others

Likelihood of taking

recommendedpreventive health

Demographic

variables,sociopsychologic

variables, Structural

variables

Perceived benefits

of prevention

minus perceivedbarriers to

preventive action

INDIVIDUAL

PERCEPTION

MODIFYING

FACTORS

LIKELIHOOD


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END OF FIRST TOPIC

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Primary Health Care A

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