Primary Alcohols and Hexane

8/10/2019 Primary Alcohols and Hexane

1/28

Ca

ndida

tes m

ust

com

pl et e

this

p ge

and

hen

g ive

th is c

ove r

and

their

final

ver s

ion o

fhe

ext e

nd ed

e

ss y

to

th eir

su pe

rv isor

C

an d

ida t

es e

ssio

nnu

mb

er

Ca

ndid

ate

nam

e

I

-

Sc

hoo

l num

be

r

S

cho

ol N

am e

I

E

xam

inat

ion s

ess

ion

(M ay

or

Nov

emb

er)

I

l

Yea r

I

Dip

loma

Pro

gra

mme

su

bjec

t

in

w

hich

thi

s ex

tend

ed e

ssa

y is

regis

tere

d:

-= '-

'--

'-

.:..s

...: ;-

= --

'- -+

-- -

(Fo

r n

exte

nde

de s

say

in

th

ear

ea o

flan

gua

ges

, sta

te th

e la

ngu a

ge

and

whe

the r

it

is

gro

up 1

or g

rou

p 2.)

dec

la r

a tio

n

f

his

d ec

lara

tio n

is

not

si

gne

d b

y th e

ca nd

idat

e th

e ex

te nd

ed e

ss a

y wi

ll

not be

a ss

es se

d

I c

onfi

rm t

hat

this

wor

k is

my

own

wo

rk a

nd i

s the

fin

al v

ersio

n. I

hav

e a

ckn o

wle

dge d

ea

ch u

se

of th

e

wo

rd s

r

id

eas

of a

no th

er p

erso

n, w

het h

er w

ritte

n, o

ral o

rvis

ual.

Ia m

aw

are

tha t

the

wor

d lim

it fo

ral

l ex t

end

ed e

ssa y

s is

400

0w

ord s

an

d th

atex

ami

ners

are

no t

req

uired

to readbey ond this lim i

t.

Ca

ndid

ate '

s sig

natu

re:

D

ate:


2/28

S u

pe

rvi

sor

s

..nr

T

he

su

pe rv

iso

r sh

ou

ld c

om

plet

e t

he

re po

rt

be lo

w

an d

the

n g

ive

t h

is c

ove

r, e

ncl

os in

g t

he

fina

l ve

rsio

n o

ft

he

ext

end

ed

ess

ay,

to

the

D i

plom

a

Pro

gra

mm

e c

oor

dina

tor

. Th

e

su p

er v

isor

m u

st

sign

th

is r

epo

rt; othe rwise theextend ed

essay

will n ot be

a

sse

ss e

da

nd m

ay

be

r et

urn

ed to

th

e s

cho

ol.

N

am

eo

fsu

per

vis

or

CAP

ITA

Ll

ette

rs )

f ap

prop

riat

e,

plea

se

c om

m

en t

on

the

c a

nd id

ate

s p

erf

orm

anc

e,

the

con

tex

t

i

n

wh

ich

the

ca

ndi

da te

u

nde

rtoo

k

t

he

res

ear

ch

fo r

the

e

xten

de

d es

say

, a

ny

d if

ficu

lties

e

nc o

unt

er e

d a

nd

o

wth

es

e w

ere

ov

erc

om

e. The

se

co

mm

en

ts c

an

he

lp t

he

exa

min

er

aw

ard

a l

ev e

l fo

r c

riter

ion

H Do

no

t c

om

men

t on

a

ny

adv

ers

e p

ers

ona

l

circ

um

stan

ce

s th

at m

ay

ha

ve a

ffe

cted

the

ca

ndi

date

.

I

ha v

e re

ad

the

f in a

l v

er si

on o

f th

e e

xt e

nd e

d e

ss a

y th

at w

ill b

e s

ubm

it t

ed t

o th

e e

xa m

in e

r.

T

o th

e b

e..s

rof my

Kn o

wle

dg e

, th

e e

xt en

de

d es

sa y

is

the

au t

he n

ti c

wor

k o

f the

c a

nd i

da t

e.

I sp

e t

h

ou r

s w

ith t

he

ca n

di da

te

di sc

us s

in g

th e

p r

og re

ss

oft

he

ex te

nd

ed e

ss a

y.

S

up e

rv is

or

s

D

ate

:


3/28


4/28


5/28

co

T

TS

Abst ract

Page 1

1

I

n t roduction

Page 2

2

H

ypothesis

Page 4

3 Methodo

logy o D ata Collec

tion

Page 5

4

Ra wData

o

Co

llection

Pa ge 9

5

Raw Data Proce

ss ing

Pa ge 15

6 Eva

luat ion

Pa

ge 18

7 Conc

lusion

Pa g

e 19

Bibliogra

phy

Page

21

Appendix

Page 22


6/28

Chemist

ry Extended

E

ssay

bst

ract

The experi

m en t was aimed a t th

e investigation

of

pr o

perties of the combus

tionof

primary alcohols when mixed

wit h

Hexane to em ulate gasoline. 4 differen t primary alcohols

and

4

different alco

hol concentrations we

re considered which

could show a correlat

ion as to how

conce

ntration of alcohol

as well as carbon chains

affects the enthalpy of

co mbustion. Thus th

e

research question

ofthis exper iment w

as the following:

t

w

hat concentrat ion of

alcohol in a hexane-a

lcohol m

ixture

wi

ll

p

roduce the

most

amount

of

energy and

thereforecould be a viabl

e a l ternative against

co mmercial diesel in the

fuel market?

In order to inves

tigate this,

it

was nec

essary to

collect expe

rimental data: enthalp

y

o

f

combustion thr

oughcalor imetry.

To collect this, differen t

variables were taken,

including: Mass of

Wate

r b eing burned

in

Ca l

orimeter, Temperatur

e

Change

and the mol

es

of

Alcohol.

Enthalpy

ombustion

m o X

X f T

o

M uel

In addit ion ex

pe rimental data

in

th

e fo rm of Alcohol type

and A lcohol conc en

tration

were also taken

to beanalyzed for th e

e va luation of which A

lcohol-Hexane compo

sition would exert

the mos

t energy per unit

mass.

The results showed

that fo

r

most

of

the alcohols,

as

the concentrationtends towards

SO

from

40

the en

thalpy of combustion

reaches a peak. It

is enough to assume tha

t in complete combus

tion

may have been

less fr equent a t these co

ncentrations.

Also, the re

sults revealed that th

e am ount of carbon a

toms within the alcoh

ol molecule may

be

related to its entha

lpy of combustion. A

lthough Butan-1-ol's

average concentration

s were lower

th a

n propan-1-ol, there w

as still an increasing

trend of average enth

alpyof combustions f

ro m

methanol to pr o

pan-1-ol. It

can be

as

sumed that because

of th eprominent sourc

es of error wi th in

the experimental proc

ess , this may have af

fected the values of b

utan-1-ol. However, e

xp erimental it

can also

be assumed that bu t

an-1-ol mixtures do e

xhib it a larger incomp

letecombustion frequ

en cy

than o ther alcohols.

ord Cou

nt : 299 Word s


7/28


8/28


9/28

Che mi

stry Exten

ded ss

ay

po

ssible. Als

o the bas

is behind

the ch oice

of he xan

e as a g as

oline-m ix t

ure stand -

in is

th

t

firs t ly

gasoline is

highly c

arcinogen

ic and

t

h

burning o

f such in s

chool pre

mises w ou

ld be a

fire ha

zard. Thu

s as hyd r

ocarbo ns

are const i

tuents in the

pro duc

t ion of ga

soline for

cars

and

it

is

not

as

much

of

afire hazard

to

co mbust; it see med like afeasible choice.


10/28

Ch

emistry E x

tended s

say

2 Hyp

othesis

The main

factor that

affects the

Enthal p

y

of

Com bustion

of

the Alcoh ols

is

the a mo u nt

of

Carbon-C a

rbon Cha

ins

th

e Alc

ohol has.

I predict that th

em

ore carbo n

atom s in

th

e alco h

ol,

t

he larger i

ts enthal p

y and therefor

e I p r

edict

th

at

a Butan- 1

-o l mixtu r

e wou ld h

ave

t

he

la

rgest en th

alpy valu

e as co m p

ared

to

oth

er alc oh

ols.

S

ince alco h

ols gener

ally exh ib i

t largeren

thalpy of

combustio

n, I th ink that

a m ix

ture with

a

h

igh conce

ntration of

alcohol w

ill have a

high e n th

alpy ofco

mbust ion .

One s ou r

ce of

hi

ndrance for

energy

outputf

or a fuel

is

i

ncomplete

comb us t

ion. The i

ncomplete

co

mbust ion

of

an Alc o

hol wil l re

sult in Ca

rbon M on

oxide and

aterVa

por to fo r

m . On the

ot

her ha nd an

incom p

lete com b

ust ion of

Hexanew

il l result in

Carbo n D

ioxide, Ca

rbon

M

onoxide, a

ter and

Carbo n

to fo rm.M

oreover, the

presen

ce of Carb

on in the form

of

soo

t may hin er

theca

lor imete r

heat in g p

rocess as it

may in s

ulate the c

opper. Pe

rhaps if

an

ev

en concen

tration of

both Alc o

hol and E

thanol w e

re to bem

ixed, th is

could res

ult

in

a

hi g

her entha l

py of com

bustion b

ecause either

th e re

wil l be les

s incom pl

ete com b

ustion of

either

Alcoho

l

o

r He xan

e or pe rh

aps Carbo

n f rom the

Alkane s

incom p le

te reactio

n and

Ca r

bon M ono

x ide from th

e Alc o

hol s inco m

plete co m

bustio n

will react tog

ether

to

for

m

Carb

on Dioxid

e, thusa v

oiding m u

ch inte rf e

rence from

soot.


11/28

Chem

istry Extended

ssay

3 M e

thodology for

DataCollection

S

ince

the

re are two d

ependent variables

being explored and

evaluated inthis in

vestigation,

inorder

to

co llect relevant data there needs

to

be 16

different

calor imetry experiments

4

run

with 3

repeats eachto ac c

ount for un cer ta inty

in

t

he results. More

over, since each m

ixture

will be

used only to burn a

small

a

mount of water

100.00cm

3

0.1

0c m

3

it seems eff ic

ient to

only use

a small a

moutit

of

m

ock gasohol solutio

n: 20.00 mi.

Due to it being

only a 20ml mixtur

e ,

th

e entha lpy of c

ombust ion w ill be

m

iniscule in change

asconce

ntration changes. Th

erefore t

he

graphin

g of results w il l hav

e very miniscule sca

les

to

be able to fi n

d a t rend. In addit io

n, because there are

only 4 concentratio

ns being tes ted

per alcohol, it w

ill be diff icult to dist

inguish whether th e

re

is

a linear, expon

ential or

logar i thmic corre lat ion to

the

concentration graph. Therefore,

it

will be assumed via excel

that each relatio

nship wil l be linear.

The gradients wi l l b

e comparedper alc

ohol and

evaluated on how

much the alcohol a

ffects and de termin

es

t

he solution. Bec

ause

of

the

differ

ent

specific

Gravities of Alcoho

l and Hexaneit is as

sumed that

they aren t complete ly

miscible and thus th

ey are shaken to m

ix them.

To measurethe E

nthalpy

of

Combusti

on

of

Gasoho l Solut

ion I used

the

stand

ard equationof

an

enthalpy of co m

bust ion of a fuel:

nthalpycom ustion

The value for

specif ic heat capa

city of waterwill be

taken as 4.18a

s

all

values will be

rounded

to

2

decimal points. The

mass

of the

water was measured usin

g a

mass

balance

that me

asures up to 2 decim

al points of grams.

This was done by putting

the ca lor ime

ter

on

the

ma

ss balan

ce and was synced

back to zero before

water

was added. Water

was added

and was as clo

se as possib le adde

d

till1

00 00cm

3

.

In

ord

er

fo

r

th

e exper imen t to be

as fair as po ssible, I

needed to make sur

e

that th

ere is not

much dif ferenc

e in the apparatus that

was usedfo

r

ea

ch trial and the re fo r

e I used t

he

same

calor ime ter

if

p

ossible but brush off

the carbon from the

calor imete r from the

combustion

before

e

ach tes

t and repeat. In add

it ion, before each tr

ial, I allowedthe ther

mometer to

cool

o

ff with a b

eaker

oftap

water .

I also did each repea

t

at

the same statio

n

w

ith the same

protect ivescreen

as

draught shields

in the same place

so

that

there is not m

uch difference

in the system wh

en I do each trial.


12/28

3 1 A

pparatus List

C

opperCalo

r imeter

He xane

Etha

nol

M ethano

l

Propan-1

-ol

B

utan-1-ol

32

Variables

Co n

centration

of Alcoho

l and

He

xane in so

lution Fu

el make-u

p)

Mass W

ater

Height fro

m burner

to

Calorimeter

Sy st

em interfe

rence

Co n

ductivity o

fCalorim

eter

T

emperatu

re of W at

er

Mass of ue

l

Chemistry

Extended

ssa

y

Sp

irit Burner

s

{w

Sm m

thick wic

ks

Glo

ves

Prote

ctiveScre

en {Draug

hts Shield

s

Insulatio

n ards

Therm om

eter

St

anding Cl

amps

10

ml P ipette

Ma ss B

alance {2.

dp

Paint

Brush

Us

e the

sa

me

SpiritB

urner wit

h

same

fuel c

ompositio

n for each

repea tof

a

fu e

l composi

tion. Us

ea differen

t Spirit

Bu rn

er for each

fuel com

position.

S

ame appa

ratus use

d to trans

fer

same

substance

s

burner.

W

ater add

ed: 100.

Stable

object (b

ottle) used

as a

seat

f

or calorim

eter befor

e clampe

d on

w

indows a

nd

Use th e

same

Ca

lorimeterf

or each

tria

l.

fter

ea

ch trial, co

ol with w

a ter

in

prepar

ation fort

he

nex

t tr

ial. Any

soot

on the ca

lorimeter

is brushe

d

w

ith a

brush.

Use t

he

same

T

hermome

ter each tr

ial.

After

ea ch

trial, coo

led to bas

e level

w

ith separ

ate can of

water.

T

emperatu

re Before

is read a

fter

3


13/28

C

he

mi

st ry

E

xte

nd

ed E

ssa

y

33

M

e t

ho

d

1

S

et u

p

P ro

te c

tiv

es

cre

en

s

a

s

d

raw

gh

t s

hie

lds

fr

om

m

ost

po

ss

ib le

so

ur

ces

of

in t

er f

er e

nc

e(

i.e.

w

in d

ow

s.

doo

rs

an

d b

ys

tan

de

rs )

2

Usingapi pe tt e, meas ur e tra nsfe r

an

am ount

of

al coh ol (de pe ndent

on

c

on c

en

tr a

ti o

n b

ein

g

me

as

ur e

d)

in t

o a

sp

ir it

bu

rn e

r.

3 W

it

h

a

dif

fer

en

t p i

pe

tt e

, m

ea

su r

e a

nd

t ra

ns

fe r

a

n a

mo

un

t

o

f

he

xa

ne

in

tothe

sp

ir it

b

ur

ne r

, c

or r

es

po n

di

ng

wi

th t

he

co

nc

en t

ra t

io n

of

al

co h

ol

p re

se

nt

inth

e

sp

ir i

t b u

rn

er .

4

P

lace

w

ic k

th

ro u

gh

S

pi r

it b

u rn

e r

an

d s

ea

l of

f.

5

S

hak

e b

ur

ne

r in

o

rde

r fo

rt

he

alc

oh

ol

and

h

ex a

ne

to

pr

op

er l

y m

ix

(th

ey

ha

ve

s

ep a

ra

te g

ra

vi ti

es )

.

6

M

e

as u

re

th

e

m

as

s of

th

ef

ue

l w

ith

th

e b

urn

er

m

ix tu

re

be

fo

re t

he

co

m b

us

tio

n a

nd

re

co

rd it

o

n

a ta

ble

.

7

Putcopper ca lo rim e te ron

mass

bala nc eand ze ro theun its on

the

mass ba

lan

ce

.

8

C

ar

ef u

ll y

ad

d w

at

er

int

o t

he

ba

lan

ce .

G

et as

c

los

e t

o 1

00

.0 0

cm

3

Re

co

rd

th is

ma

ss o

n

ta

b le

.

9

C

la

mp

th

e c

a lo

ri m

e t

e r

a fi

xe d

d

is ta

nc

e fro

m

the

wo

rk

su

rfa

ce

and

p

lac

e w

ic k

u

nde

ri

t

(

ma

ke

su

re

to

ha v

e

a h

ea

t pro

of

m

at

un

de

r th

eb

ur

ne

r fo

rs

afe

ty

pre

ca

uti

on

s)

10

. Pl

ace

i

ns

ul a

ti n

g c

ard

o

n

top

o

fc

op

pe

r c

a lo

ri m

e t

e r

and

th

ro u

gh

t

he

ho l

e,

pla

ceth

e

the

rm

om

et

er.

Ta

ke

st a

rt in

g

te m

pe

ra

tu r

e a

nd

re

co r

d i

t o

n ta

bl

e.

1

1. L

igh

t b

u r

ne

r w

ic k

.

1

2.

W

a it

un

ti ltem

p

era

tu

re

r

eac

he

s a

su

ff ic

ie n

t am

ou

nt

b

ut

av

oid

bo

il i

ng

po

in t

10

0

de grees Ce

lsiu

s.

B lo

wo

ut

w

ic k

an

d q

uic

kly

p

utth

e

sp

ir it

b

urn

er

onth

e

ma

ss

b

ala

nc e

.

Re

cor

d tem

p

era

tur

e

a

nd

Ma

ss

o

f

the

F

uel

af

te r

co

m b

us

ti o

n.

1

3.

Re

pe

atp

ro

ces

s3

ti

m e

s fo

r

eac

h c

on

ce

nt r

at io

no

f

eac

h a

lc

oh o

l.

3

4 Sa

fet

yP

rec

au

tio

ns

T

he r

e a

re

so

me

sa

fe t

y p

re c

au

ti o

ns th

at

m

u

st b

et

ak

en

wh

en

do

in g

th

is

ex p

er

im

en t

. F

irs t

ly ,

w

he

n h

an

dl in

g

he x

an

e, i

t

is ne

ce

ss a

ry

t

o

w e

ar

glo

ve

s b

eca

us

e i

t is

av

ola

ti l

e, f

la m

m

ab

le

s

ol v

ent

w

ith

lab

els

H

a

rm

ful

an

d

Da

ng

er o

us

.

In a

dd

it io

n, it

w

as

im

pe

ra

ti ve

th

at

I w

ea

r

go

gg

les

a t

all

ti

me

s

n

ea r

t

he

e

xp

eri

me

nt .

In

th

e e

ve n

t th

at

ch

em

ic

als

co

me

in

co

nta

ct

w ith

sk

in,

af

fe c

te d

ar

ea

m

ust

be

im

m

edi

a te

ly

wa

she

d

th o

ro

ugh

ly

wi

th

w a

te r

. If

ey

e c

on

ta c

t is

m

ad

e,

a r u

bb

er

tub

e

is a

tta

ch

ed

to

th

e

ta

p

and

w

at

er b

lo w

n

in t

ot

he

af

fe c

te d

ey

e.

Be

cau

se

th

is

ex p

er

im

ent

in

vo l

ve s

co

m

bus

ti o

n,

an

y b

urn

s m

u

stb

etre

ate

d

wit

h c

old

wa

te

r. S

ec

on

dly

,

t

he

ma

tch

es

m

us

t be

s

tr uc

k

aw

ay

fro

m

the

pe

rso

n

in or

de

r

to

av o

id

bu

rn i

ng

clo

th

in g

o

r

th

e

p

ers

on .

H

ow

ev e

r,

m a

tc h

es

m

ust

be

st

ru c

k a

wa

yf

ro m

f

la m

m

ab

le o

bj

ec t

s s

uch

as t

he

a

lco

ho

ls a

nd

he

xa

ne

. F

ina

lly ,

t on

gs

m

us

t be

u

sed

w

he n

h

an

dl in

gh

ot

ca

lo r

im

et e

rs .


14/28

4 Ra

w Da

ta C

ollec

tion

Me

thanol

100 0

4

1

74 35

17 3 11

1 2

4

2 1

0 0

85 00

1

0004

1

73 09

171 86

1

23 22

0 0

86 00

10002

1

76 35

174

97

1

3 8 2

1 00

65 00

100 07

174 96

173

97

0 9 9

21 00

53 00

10

0 04

1

73 55

172 65

0 90 21

0 0

50 00

10

0 00

1

82 09

0 8

7 2

1 00

37 00

P

age


15/28


16/28

Propan 1 ol

Mass

of

Water g)

:t0.02g

100.09

100.05

100.07

100.06

100.06

100.08

100.07

100.06

100.06

100

.02

100.06

100.06

Mass

of

Fuel

Before g)

:t0.01g

175.55

172.42

170.78

177.01

175.50

172.66

177.30

175.60

173.67

178.09

175.82

173.27

Mass

of

Fuel

Ajter g)

:t0.01g

174.08

170.80

168.85

175.51

174.

07

170.65

175.79

173.83

171.73

176.59

173.79

171.24

LlMass

of

Temperature

Fuel g) Before

(c)

:t0.02g :to.soc

1.47 21.00

1.62

20.00

1.93 20.00

1.50 21.00

1.43 21.00

2.01 21.00

1.51

21.00

1.77 21.00

1.94 21.00

1.50

24

.00

2.03 21.00

2.03

21.00

Page

Temperature

After (c)

:to.soc

85.00

80.00

82.00

90.00

85

.

00

95.

00

90.00

93.00

98.00

80.00

88.00

88.00

Ll

o


17/28

Butan

-1 -ol

177 13 175 4

6 1 67

100 07

175 75 174

22 1 53

100 08

175 35 173

89 1 46

100 06

173 86 17

2 42 1 44

100 04

172 49 171

05 1 44

100 06 181

05 179 60

1 45

100 06

179 46 17

7 96 1 5 0

100 04 17

7 94 176 42

1 52

100

05

18

2 32 180 95

1 37

100 05 1

80 90 179 4

4 1 46

100 07

179 34 1

77 74 1 60

Temperature

efo

re c

)

o soc

23 00

22 00

2 1 0 0

20 00

21 00

21 00

21 00

21 00

21 00

20 00

20 00

20 00

Temperature

fte r

c

)

o soc

1

00 00

85 00

80 00

80 00

85 00

80 00

81 00

83 00

85

0 0

80

0 0

80

00

85 00

1

o

Du r

ing the experiment ,

th ere were inconsis

te ncies in results that

r o ~ e which could

be ttributed to th

e un

the

s

t nd rd ca lo r ime t

er experiment. This

af fected the sp read of

results in repe ts

an d co _ sequently none

mi

xt ure were even conc

ord nt of each

other

t

o lOOKJ/mol.

The com

bustion of fuel

seemed incomplete f rom

the heavy soot , b l

ac ksmoke and

the

r

ed tinged f lamesof

the M ethanol-Hexane

mixture. One resul

t (C oncentration M e

th ano l 80 : Trial

3 was considered an

an oma

other results to more

than

lOOO

OKJ/mol. An observat ion of

th is exact trial revea

ls

th

at there

w s

a c

onsider

also the insula

tion card was se t

on

f ire by this flame thus

the additional

heatenergy from

the ca rd as a fuel

water not only

b eing affected b

y the burning fuel and

otherwise

colder sys

te m, there

now

al

so additional

Pa

ge12


18/28

Chem

istry Exte

nded ssay

O

nce

th

eE

nthalpyof

Combus t

ion wasc a

lculated for

eachtr i

al it

can

b

e displaye

d on

th

e

grap

h.

Be

cause of t

he mount of

da ta i

n

t

he gra p

h, no ver t

ical error sweread ded in order

to

av oid

con

fusion cau

sed byo v

erlapped er

ror bars

.

The

graphs h

ows th t there

isa c

lear trend

on how c

oncentrat

ion

o

f al c

ohol affe c

ts the

ent

halpy of c

ombustion

in a moc

k gasohol

mixture. I

t seems

as

if

w he n there

mount o

f an

alc o

hol to ga s

oline tend

s toward s

even,t he

re seems

to

be ahi

gher en th

alpy of co

mbust ion

fo

r Et h

anol, Pro p

an-1-ol, B

utan-1-ol

and 40

concentr a

tion ofM e

thanol .

Inad

dit ion it s

eems

t

h t

higherca

rbon chain

s in alco h

ol haveal

so becom

e a fac tor

on the

ent h

alpy ofco

mbust ion of

the m o

ck gasoh o

l mixture .

Pa

ge13


19/28

Che

mistryE x

tended

ssay

Up

on closer

examin a t

ion it seem

s as th ou

gh

th

t e t

hanol al t

hough w id

ely used i

n

the

w o

rld) show

s the sma

llest value

s

for

ent h

alpy ofco

mbust ion

be tween

Ethanol, P

ropan-1- o

l

and

Butan-1 -

ol. Althou

gh Butan -

1-ol has a

larger ca r

bon toca

rbon chain

, Propan -

1-ol

m ixtures seem

to

perf o rm muc hbetterand at a much more consistent rate.

On

th

e other

hand, the

methano

l mixtures

did

not

m

anage to

create a v

alue of sig

nificance

as there

is

a l

arge gap b

etween i

ts values a

nd there s

t . Thiscan

be

t

tributed

by the

lackof

ene

rgy wit hin

the mol e

cule of m

ethanol.

Pag

e 4


20/28

5 R a

w D a ta Proces

sing

ethanol

Average

Tota l

Enthalpy

o

Posit iv

e

ria l

Co

mbustion

Error

(KJ/mol

)

2 880 .94

57.48

3

2

867 .53 63

.74

3

4

04 .62 47.6

4

3

2

45

2.61 35.50

3

Et hanol

1204

.93

166.11

121

0 49 172.64

11

25 70

70 .87

880 .22

133 .59

hemist r

y Extended ssay

Tota l

Concentration

Negative

o

A l

cohol{ )

Error

-56.98

2

-60.5

7

4

-45 .37

60

-34.92

8

-165.05

2

-171 .27

4

-69 .77

6

0

-132.71

8

agel

ssay


21/28

Chem

istry Exte

nded

Propan

1 ol

1317.3

5

7

8.7 1

-77.60

2

1435.3

1

10

4.74

-103.47

4

1374.02 55 .00 -53.83 6

1307

.7 5 48 .75

-47.6

1

8

BU

tan 1 ol

1

27 2.54 238.05

-2

36 .81 2

1347 5

8 190.9

8 -1 8

9.66

4

12 39.92 126.6

8

-1 25.66

6

94 1.10 90.04

-

89 .22 8

E

rrors are c

alculated

through th

m etho

d in th A

ppendix

P

age 6


22/28

Che

mistry

Extend

ed

Essay

The

error ba

rs in

thegra

ph are

consid

erably

la rge

but this

is

to eexpe

cted

asthe

expe

riment

al proc

ess inv

olved

ameth

od

thatit

is

v

ery in

ef ficien

t. Tho

ug h th

ere are

o verla

ps

in e

rror bar

s fo

r them aj

ori ty o

f data,

it is cle

ar that

meth

anol m

ix tures

do n

othave

h ighe

r

Enth

alpy of

Com b

ustion

th an a

ny oth

er alco

hols. T

his

can e

seenin

thegrap

h as th

e re is

no

over

la p i

n

e

rrors

fo

r

an y

m etha

no l m

ix tures

o ver a

ny o

ther alco

hol mi

xt ures

. The m

ain

ob

se rvati

ons

fromthis

graph

is

that altho

ug h th

ere is

a

p ersis

tent t r

end

within

co

ncentr

ations

b e twe

en alco

hols, t

here

is an in c

onsist

en cy

with this

obse

rv ation

a

s

m

ethano

l s mix

tu res d

id no

t hold u

p: m o

st nota

bly, m

et hano

l

60 .

Page

7

Che mistry Ex

tended ssay


23/28

6 Ev

aluation

There a

re two ma in sources

of

error within

the

exper iment. The fir

s t is heat loss or ga i

n

from

the surrounding system. Although Protective screens that w ere

uses

as

Draught

S

hields were in plac

e, this didnot stop

the open system tam

per ing with the co p

per

c

alor imete r and thus

,

as

well as heat ing

the coppe r calorime

ter,

the

fuel was in

fact heating

the systemas wel l as

heat

from

the fuel

t ransferred to th

e

c

alor imete r and then

to

the

s

ystem. However, si

nce the la boratory w

as large and not a

closed system, th

e

h

eat fromthe

fuel

from

each fue

l mixture experience

d heatingbo th th

e calor ime ter and the

system.

M oreover , be

cause thelaborator

y was a considerabl

y large size, and due

to

therm a l

equil ibriu m, fuel ad

ded heatamounts

to negligible change

to

the system over

t ime.

The second source

of

error

is

that because this

is

combust ion

of

hy drocarbon s and alcohol,

there w il l a lmost

always certainly be

incomplete combu

stion and this wi l l

tamper with the

amount of energ

y

that

thefuel puts

o

ut

as

the product i

on

of

so ot and carb

on monox ide

hindersthe energ

y output .

f this exper imen

t was to be repeate

d, in order to get m

ore accurate results

,

it

wou ldb e

more eff ic ient

to us an Adiabatic B

omb Calor imetry

test

as

it does not los

e heat asmuch

a

s anordinary

Copper Calorimeter

test. In addit ion if

his

test

was to be c

arried out once

more it sh

ould be at a lab withou

t mu ch system i

nter ference as co m

pared to a school

laboratory

as some heat loss and

gain mayhave com

e from the changing

temperatu

re of

the

classroom

as wel l asthe body

heat

of

pe ople wi

thin the cla ssroom wh

en th is was carried

out .

In te rms

of the

pr opagat ion

o

f errors , because of the

mount of n

dependent errors,

it

would b

e difficult to

us

pe

rcentage errors

as the repeats.

In

addit

ion, the us of perc

entage

uncer ta

inty assumes that the

value

of

the po s

it ive errorand nega

tive errorsare almo

st

equal

. However, the

re is still scopefor its usa

ge.

The mount of

repet i t ions

tha

t w ere done pr

esented alarge mount of

error

for

valu

es. f

perha

ps, a bigger mount of

repeti t ions were

made, this could p

erhaps highl ight an

y

anom

alies that were tak

en into account bec

ause

of

the spread of

data notably on

Ethanol

mixtu

res) and thus

error values may have be

en smaller. Due

to time m an agement,

it was

suita

ble to only do three

repeats for each m

ixtures because of h

ow manycombina

tions of

conc

entrat ionand type of

mixtures that are

possibleto tr ial.


24/28

Chem

istry Extended

Essay


25/28

m ost ly u

nder in value by the

enthalpy of combu

stion of Propan-1-o

l mixtures. The

comparative g

raph produced coul

d visually be improv

ed because the ov e

rlapping errors by

changingthe for

mat to placethe po

ints side by side.

Even th ough m

ethanol mixtures pr

oduced a sm aller en

thalpy

of

co m bustio

ns as compared

to

the other mix

tures, its gasohol is

stil l more widely pr

oduced in the wor ld

as

compared

to

butyl and propy

l alcohol-gasoline fu

els because, althoug

h

it

is more toxic

to burn, it is st ill a

lot cheaper to pr o

duce. Perhaps

if

n

the

futu

re it is possi

ble

to

get around

the problems of

the produc t ion o

f butyl and propyl alc

ohol and

the

wor ld '

s economy w ere to

invest

i

nto the

product ionof suc

h, it wou ld be possi

ble to f ind much mo

re effective and thu

s viable

alternatives

to

co

mmercial gasoline. A

s

for

the de mands

of fuel

fo r

the mode

rn wor ld 's

t ranspor tat ion, co

mmercial gasoline is

still the p

rominent choice

fo

r fu ell ing c

ars. It

is

the

hope of chemical en

gineers, wor l lead

ers and other stakeh

olders of

the

earth

that perhaps

a

n alternative such

as the mixtures that

this investigation a

t tempts to em ulate can

hinder

the

commercial gas

ol ine ma rketand th

us reduce the emiss

ions of greenhouse gases

ont

o

the

ozone layer.

f

the

opportunity to

repeat the exper im

ent arose using the

same methodology

of data

co

llection, I

woul

ma

ke the concentratio

ns being con templa

ted

t

o a smaller de

gree (for

example

adding5 o

r

even

2

each tria l)

within

th

e regionof 40

concentrat ion and

60

co ncentr

ation. The apparatu

s would alsoneed a

lteration in

or er

to

get more accurate

results. f the exper im ent had been conducted with real draught shields,

it

wou ld perhaps

prevent m

uch error from he

at loss. Furthermore

,

if

the exper iment

was conducted in a

sy stem with

minimal in terfere

nce, th is wo uld also

prevent much error

from heat loss

from

the

open system.

C

he m

is try

E xte

nd ed

E

ssay


26/28

B

iblio

gra

phy

h

tt p :/ /

w w w

.a fdc

.e ne

rg y .g

ov /f u

e ls /

em er

g in g

b iob

u ta n

o l. ht

m l

Date Ac cessed: Febr ua ry

25th

20 13

h tt p :

// w w

w .a fd

c .e n

erg y

.g ov /

fu e is

/e m e

rg in

g m e

th an

ol .ht

m l

Da te

Acce

ssed

: Feb

ru ar

y 25

th 20 1

3

Da

te Ac

ces se

d: M

ar ch

i 2

01 3

ht

tp://w

ww.

docb

rown

.info

/pag

e07/d

elta

1Hc .

htmb

y Dr

Phi B

ro wn

200

0)

Date

acc

ess ed

: O c

to ber

30t

h

20 12

, Feb ruar y

25th

20 13

http

:Uw w

w.e

thano

l.org

/pdf

/con

ten tm

gmt

/200

7 Eth

an ol

Fac

t Bo

ok. pd

f

Dat

e Acc

esse

d: Fe

br ua

ry 25th

201

3

ht t

p://w

ww. f

uele

cono

my.g

ov/fe

g/hy

drog

en.sh

tml

Dat

e Acc

esse

d: N o

ve m

be r

18th

2

01 2

Life

-Cyc

le As

sess

me nt o

f Co

rn-B

ased

Buta

no las

aP

ot ent

ial Tr

an sp

or tat

io nF

uel b

y M .

W u,

M

. Wa

ng ,

J Liu,

and H

H

uo Ce

nt er

fo

rT

ra ns

po rta

ti on

Rese

arch,

En er

gy Sy

ste m

s Div

ision,

Arg on

ne N

at io n

al L

ab ora

to ry

D

ate

Pu bl i

sh ed

: N ov

em b

er 20

07

Da

te Ac

cesse

d: Ja

nu ar

y 18t

h 20 1

3, Fe

br ua

ry 25th

201

3

h

ttp://

www

.oilg

ae.co

m/r e

f/g o

s/ga

soho

l.htm

l

D

ate A

cce ss

ed: N

ove

m ber

18th

20 12

, Feb

ruar

y 25th

20 1

3

h tt

p :/ /w

w w .s

ig m a

a ld r

ic h .c

om /c

hem i

s tr y /

sol ve

n ts /h

exan

e-ce

nt er

/m isc

ib ili t

y

im

m isc

ib il ity

.h tm

l

D

ate A

cces

sed:

Marc

h ih

20 13

h

ttp:/

len.w

ikipe

dia .

org/w

iki/A

icoh

ol fue

l

D

ate A

cces

sed:

Ja nua

ry 23

rd 20

13

h t

tp :U e

n .w i

k ip ed

ia .o

rg /w i

k i /E t

hano

l fue

l in

Braz

il

D

ate

Acces

sed:

Ja nu

ar y23

rd2

01 3

Chemistry Extend

ed

Essay


27/28

ppendix

:

Pro

pagation o Un

ce rtainties

Since

the er

ror in

measurem

ent

of

amount of a

lcohol and hexane put

in to the fue l burn

er

does

not

dire

ctly affect the

mass

of

fue l burned as the

value burned was

signif icantly smalle

r

est imated ataround one tenth

of

the fuel originally added)

it

shall

be

ig nored.

In

order

to

p

ropagate this I need

to

consider the w h

ole equation in term

s

of

constants and

measured

value:

I)

m H

o XC X

l lTH

o

llHc =

:::_

::: __

M lcoholx[ lcohol]C

6

H

4

x

6

H

4

]

Th e

re are no error value

s

for th

e specif ic he

at capacity

o

f w ter

as

it

was taken from an

exte

rnal source thus this

leaves

the

equat io

n at:

mHo

X l lTH o

Un

certainty

in = Uncertainty

in M

2

2

lcoholx [ lcohol]

6

H

4

x [

C

6

H 4]

There is still

a problem with the

denomina to r in

th t

the unit i

n the equ

ation

is

in

Moles but

the measur

ed

un

it

is

in Mass an

d also

th t

there ar

e

two

substances in

the mixture at

diff

erent co n

centrat ions thus us

ing

the mass to

m ol e

equation, I am goin

g

to

conver t the

mas

s uncer t

a inty

into

a mole un

certainty.

In

addit io

n,

in

order to get ar

ound

the

problem

of

having one m ole

of

two

dif ferent substances at d ifferent concentrations, each substance will

each have an

erro r value and the

summat ion

o

f both

taken

to

present a m

aximum and

min

imum error

value.

malcohol

.

)

mhexane . )

M

x

conc

en tratwn +

M

x

concentratw

n

ralcohol

rhex

ane

This

assumes

th

tthe r

at io

of

alcohol to he

xane

of

the fuel burnt is the

same as the

inte n

ded concentrat ion

ratio.

The equat ion contemplated

for the

errors

is

I )_

ffiH

o X llTHzO )

llHc -

malcoh

ol x

concent

ra tion)

+ mhexane

X

concentration

)

Mralcohol

Mr

hexane

Once all errors a

re found,

i

n order to

propagate errors a

maximum value an

d a m in imum

value should be fo

und, th is

can

be do

ne by formulat ing th

e e rror values in su

ch a way

th t

it

wil l

br ing about e i the r t

he largest value

for

Enthalpy

of

Combu

stion

or the

smalles

t value

for

Enthalpy

of

Combustion.

Chemistry Extended Essay


28/28

For the maximum value, the numerator of

the

errors must be added to the

numerator

values in order to increase the value of enthalpy. On the contrary, the denominator error

must be deduced from the denominator values in

order

to increase the value

of

enthalpy.

For the maximum value, the numerator of the errors must be deduced from the

numerator

values in order

to

decrease the value of enthalpy. On the contrary, the denominator

error

must be added to the denominator values in order to decrease the value

of

enthalpy. From

this

the

absolute Uncertainty

can

be deduced by deducting the minimum value

from the

calculated experimental value or by deducting the calculated experimental value from the

maximum value.

Each of these was found

for

each trial and then had a random

error

for

each

uncertainty

taken and added

to

that error

as

well

as

the

random

error from the

enthalpy

of

combustion.

For example

for

Methanol

20 , the

maximum enthalpy, minimum enthalpy and enthalpy

of

combustion was calculated. From this

the

absolute uncertainties were taken:

aximum

inimum

Enthalpy

of

Enthalpy

of

Enthalpy

of

Trial Combustion

Combustion Combustion

KJ/mol)

KJ/mol) KJ/mol)

Absolute Absolut

Uncertainty

Uncertainty

aximum

inimum

1

861 23 814 84 837 79

23 45 22 95

2

924 40 877 08 900 49

23 91

23 41

3

928 59

880 98

904 53

24 06

23 55

Averages and Random Errors were taken for Enthalpy

of

Combustion, Maximum Enthalpy

of

Combustion Uncerta inty and inimum Enthalpy

of

Combustion Uncertainty:

Average Absolute Absolute

Random Random

Random

error ax

error

in

Enthalpy

of

Uncertainty Uncertainty

error

Enthalpy of Enthalpy

of Enthalpy

of

Combustion max) min)

Combustion Combustion

Combustion

880 94 23 80 23 30 33 37 0 31

0 30

Thus errors for the positive were taken by adding Absolute Uncertainty {max)

with

Random

Error Enthalpy of Combustion and Random Error Max Enthalpy of combustion. Whereas

negative errors

were

taken by adding Absolute Uncerta inty {min)

with

Random Error

Enthalpy of Combustion and Random Error

in

Enthalpy of combustion.

Primary Alcohols and Hexane

Documents

Transcript of Primary Alcohols and Hexane