Prices and Decision Making Chapter 6. Goals & Objectives 1.Prices as Signals in the marketplace....
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Transcript of Prices and Decision Making Chapter 6. Goals & Objectives 1.Prices as Signals in the marketplace....
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Prices and Decision Prices and Decision MakingMakingChapter 6Chapter 6
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Goals & ObjectivesGoals & Objectives
1. Prices as Signals in the marketplace.
2. Prices & allocation of resources.
3. Scarcity without prices: Communism
4. Prices in competitive markets.
5. Price changes and influencing factors.
6. Elasticity and price changes.
7. Fixed prices and market shortages.
8. Loan supports, deficiency payments, target prices: Gov’t involvement.
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Prices as Signals in the Prices as Signals in the MarketMarket
Monetary value Monetary value of a product of a product established by supply and demand in established by supply and demand in the marketplace.the marketplace.
1. 1. SubsidiesSubsidies effects: effects:
2. 2. EntitlementEntitlement effects: effects:
3. 3. RegulationRegulation effects: effects:
4. 4. MonopolyMonopoly effects: effects:
Provide examples for each.Provide examples for each.
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Dairy SubsidiesDairy Subsidies
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Advantages of PricesAdvantages of Prices
1.1. Serve as a link Serve as a link between Consumers between Consumers and Producers. and Producers.
Prices determine: What, How, and For Prices determine: What, How, and For Whom to ProduceWhom to Produce
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Gov’t Regulation & Gas PricesGov’t Regulation & Gas Prices
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Advantages of PricesAdvantages of Prices
2. 2. Prices are neutral Prices are neutral (Competitive (Competitive Market).Market). They favor neither the producer or They favor neither the producer or
consumerconsumer Willing seller & a willing buyerWilling seller & a willing buyer
Explain how government subsidies Explain how government subsidies affect prices in the short and long run.affect prices in the short and long run.
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Subsidies & Iron TrianglesSubsidies & Iron Triangles
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Advantages of PricesAdvantages of Prices
3. 3. Prices are flexible Prices are flexible (Market (Market Economy)Economy)
Explain how government regulations Explain how government regulations affect flexible prices: Fads, Fashions, affect flexible prices: Fads, Fashions, trends Natural Disasters, profit motivestrends Natural Disasters, profit motives
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Price Gouging Laws & Price Gouging Laws & ShortagesShortages
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Advantages of PricesAdvantages of Prices
4. 4. Prices have no administrative Prices have no administrative costs or tax base needs from the costs or tax base needs from the marketplacemarketplace
Fewer GovFewer Gov’’t employees to determine: t employees to determine: What, How and For Whom To ProduceWhat, How and For Whom To Produce
Example: Social Security, Welfare, Food Stamps, Example: Social Security, Welfare, Food Stamps, Regulation of Indian Affairs, etc…Regulation of Indian Affairs, etc…
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Taxes are Administrative Taxes are Administrative CostsCosts
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Advantages of PricesAdvantages of Prices
5. 5. Prices are familiar and easily Prices are familiar and easily understood understood by mostby most
1. Minimum wage requirements and 1. Minimum wage requirements and price offsets. Explain: Price-Wage price offsets. Explain: Price-Wage Spiral.Spiral.
2. Obamacare and market-prices?2. Obamacare and market-prices?
3. Oil & gasoline prices and 3. Oil & gasoline prices and government regulation?government regulation?
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Health Insurance RegulationHealth Insurance Regulation
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Allocations without PricesAllocations without Prices
1.1. Without prices; Who decides who Without prices; Who decides who gets what, how and for whom to gets what, how and for whom to produce? produce? Government Government allocatesallocates, , rationsrations, , redistributes redistributes wealth wealth by answering the For Whom by answering the For Whom To Produce question. To Produce question.
1. 1. rationing couponrationing coupon: Food Stamps: Food Stamps Government deciding Government deciding ““everyones fair shareeveryones fair share””
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Wealth Redistribution by RationingWealth Redistribution by Rationing
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The Problem of FairnessThe Problem of Fairness
1. 1. High Administrative CostsHigh Administrative Costs: : Bureaucracy and TaxesBureaucracy and Taxes
2. 2. Diminished IncentiveDiminished Incentive: Why be : Why be productive if your needs are provided for productive if your needs are provided for by taxpayers. (Unemployment by taxpayers. (Unemployment Compensation Insurance, Welfare, Food Compensation Insurance, Welfare, Food Stamps, Housing, Obamacare)Stamps, Housing, Obamacare)
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Unemployment & Unemployment & Diminished IncentiveDiminished Incentive
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Prices as a SystemPrices as a System
Prices serve as signals.Prices serve as signals.• 1. 1. Higher oil prices in the 1970Higher oil prices in the 1970’’s led to: s led to:
A. smaller automobiles more fuel efficientA. smaller automobiles more fuel efficient B. Carpooling to work B. Carpooling to work C. New technology in the auto industryC. New technology in the auto industry
• 2. Lower oil prices in the 1990’s led to a 2. Lower oil prices in the 1990’s led to a booming consumer economy. Why?booming consumer economy. Why?
• 3. How would cheap gasoline affect green 3. How would cheap gasoline affect green energy prices and demand for green energy energy prices and demand for green energy products?products?
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RebatesRebates
What is a What is a rebaterebate??
• A partial refund of the original price.A partial refund of the original price.
• Why offer? Competitive advantage over Why offer? Competitive advantage over smaller retailer/whole-sellers.smaller retailer/whole-sellers.
• Who Benefits? Consumer and Retailer.Who Benefits? Consumer and Retailer.
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Milton FriedmanMilton Friedman
Capitalism and FreedomCapitalism and Freedom 1. Agricultural subsidies?1. Agricultural subsidies? 2. Price controls?2. Price controls? 3. Minimum Wage Requirements?3. Minimum Wage Requirements? 4. Federal Reserve System?4. Federal Reserve System?
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The Price System at WorkThe Price System at Work
Market EquilibriumMarket Equilibrium: Market Price: Market Price Supply and Demand curve cross.Supply and Demand curve cross.
1. 1. SurplusSurplus: quantity supplied is : quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded greater than the quantity demanded JIC TheoryJIC Theory
2. 2. ShortageShortage: quantity supplied is : quantity supplied is less than the quantity demanded. JIT less than the quantity demanded. JIT TheoryTheory
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Surplus & ShortageSurplus & Shortage
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Explaining Market PricesExplaining Market Prices
Causes in Causes in Supply ChangeSupply Change: Expectations: Expectations
Causes in Causes in Demand ChangeDemand Change: Fads, Trends: Fads, Trends
A A Competitive Price TheoryCompetitive Price Theory: the : the market runs itself without gov’t market runs itself without gov’t interference. interference.
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Distorting Market OutcomesDistorting Market Outcomes
Social GoalsSocial Goals: Gov’t setting prices at : Gov’t setting prices at “socially desirable” levels.“socially desirable” levels.
Marketplace Effects of Social Goals: Marketplace Effects of Social Goals: 1.1. Medicaid: 50% doctors do not accept; Trillion dollars in Tax Medicaid: 50% doctors do not accept; Trillion dollars in Tax
RevenueRevenue
2.2. Medicare: Govt decides who gets care; Trillion dollars in Tax Medicare: Govt decides who gets care; Trillion dollars in Tax RevenueRevenue
3.3. Obamacare: Govt decides who gets care; Shortage of suppliersObamacare: Govt decides who gets care; Shortage of suppliers
4.4. Food Stamps: Inflation of food prices.Food Stamps: Inflation of food prices.
5.5. HUD or Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac: Housing bubble & burst; HUD or Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac: Housing bubble & burst; deflation of housing prices; increased foreclosures.deflation of housing prices; increased foreclosures.
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Medicaid & CostsMedicaid & Costs
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Medicare CostsMedicare Costs
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Food Stamps & CostsFood Stamps & Costs
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Social Goals vs. Market Social Goals vs. Market EfficiencyEfficiency
Government goals of: Full Employment, Government goals of: Full Employment, Price Stability, Economic GrowthPrice Stability, Economic Growth
Are in competition with: Profit Motives, Are in competition with: Profit Motives, Economic Freedom, Economic EfficiencyEconomic Freedom, Economic Efficiency
Price ceilings Price ceilings and and Price floorsPrice floors::
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Price Ceilings & ShortagesPrice Ceilings & Shortages
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Price CeilingsPrice Ceilings
Rent ControlRent Control: Some people can not : Some people can not afford rent = Govafford rent = Gov’’t Rent controls = t Rent controls = Lessened quality of available rental Lessened quality of available rental units = Govunits = Gov’’t Regulations on rent t Regulations on rent quality = Lessened number of quality = Lessened number of available units for rent = Government available units for rent = Government built rental units!built rental units!Gov’t caused Gov’t caused ShortagesShortages
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Price FloorsPrice Floors
Some people make too little money = Some people make too little money = Government Government minimum wage minimum wage requirement requirement = lessened productivity = = lessened productivity = expensive workers = more unemployed expensive workers = more unemployed persons = need for Welfare, Food persons = need for Welfare, Food Stamps, Unemployment CompensationStamps, Unemployment CompensationGov’t caused: Unemployment or Labor Gov’t caused: Unemployment or Labor ShortagesShortages
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Agricultural Price SupportsAgricultural Price Supports
Commodity Credit Corporation 1930; Commodity Credit Corporation 1930; Today’s Department of Agriculture: Today’s Department of Agriculture:
Loan SupportsLoan Supports: : Nonrecourse loan:Nonrecourse loan:Effects: Effects: Surplus of Food owned by Gov’tSurplus of Food owned by Gov’t
Deficiency PaymentsDeficiency Payments: Gov’t subsidy : Gov’t subsidy for prices under target prices or profitsfor prices under target prices or profits
Target PricesTarget Prices: Govt established : Govt established wages/profits for farmers. wages/profits for farmers.
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Subsidys, Surpluses, Subsidys, Surpluses, ShortagesShortages
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Loan SupportsLoan Supports
Farmers receive government loans to Farmers receive government loans to grow certain crops for a guaranteed grow certain crops for a guaranteed price to the government in return.price to the government in return.
Peanuts!!! Cotton!!!Peanuts!!! Cotton!!!
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Deficiency PaymentsDeficiency Payments
Result of CCC: Huge surpluses of peanuts Result of CCC: Huge surpluses of peanuts and cottonand cotton
Government sells product in market below Government sells product in market below market price. Long term affects of low market price. Long term affects of low prices equals fewer suppliers. prices equals fewer suppliers. ExampleExample: : Dairy or Milk producersDairy or Milk producers
Government allows farmer to sell product Government allows farmer to sell product and receive an additional payment for lost and receive an additional payment for lost profits.profits.
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Reforming Price SupportsReforming Price Supports
FAIRFAIR– 1996-2002: Federal Agricultural – 1996-2002: Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform: Improvement and Reform: 1.1. WinnersWinners: Big Corporate Agricultural : Big Corporate Agricultural
IndustryIndustry
2.2. LosersLosers: Private farms and family farms. : Private farms and family farms.
Gov’t caused Gov’t caused surplusessurpluses in short run. in short run.
Gov’t caused Gov’t caused shortagesshortages in the long run. in the long run.
Gov’t created Gov’t created monopoliesmonopolies..