Previously on Bio308 Types Similarities 2 nd Messengers IP 3 DAGCa ++ AdvantagesCoordination...
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Transcript of Previously on Bio308 Types Similarities 2 nd Messengers IP 3 DAGCa ++ AdvantagesCoordination...
Previously on Bio308
Types
Similarities
2nd Messengers
IP3 DAGCa++
Advantages Coordination
Nucleotides
Large intracellularsignaling proteins
Others
On to Off
BUT Internal signaling in Graves’ Patients is fine…
There goes another perfectly good hypothesis, rejected due to data.
Next on Bio 308Graves’ disease:
Comparing information from other situationsand Disease specific information to come up withhypothesis for the molecular basis of this disease
Causes
How does it all add up?
Treatments
Introduction to paper discussion:
What could this case suggest about the cause of Graves’ disease?
Return visit 5 weeks laterFemale smoking again (but ‘never’ around
baby) Graves’ symptoms have increasedInfant no longer exhibiting symptoms
Case outline: 31 year old Caucasian female
Smoker (before pregnancy)Previously diagnosed with Graves’ disease4 weeks post partum Symptoms lessened during pregnancy but
now have rebounded4 week old Caucasian male
Exhibiting symptoms of Graves’ disease
Possible causes of Graves’ disease?:
Genetic predisposition, appear to need multiple ‘hits’
Gender hormonal role suggested
Environment exposure to toxins (smoking), radiation, stress
“Diffusible/Destructible signal” antibodies
What are antibodies?
Fig 3-21
General structure of an antibody (Ab)
Antigen (Ag) binding domain
How are antibodies made?
How does the body knowwhen to make Ab?
Why make Ab? What do they do?
Antibody production
Self vs. Non-self
+Invasion by ‘foreign body’Adenovirus
Poliovirus
What is foreign?
+Immune response mountedHow?
Peptides presented to B cells, ‘Designer’ Ag binding domain created
+End result
T cells, macrophages attack Ab-Ag complex (attack invader)
B cells and plasma cells produce specific Ab
Invader forcibly removed
Woman and child caseSometimes just not feeling like ‘self’
Autoimmune responses
www-immuno.path.cam.ac.uk/~immuno/part1/lec12/lec12_97.html
Relatively common
5% exhibit chronic, debilitating symptoms
Causes– not known in allcases
Graves’ disease patientsshow high titer of TSI (alsocalled LATS)
Predicted effect of TSI binding?
Clinical effect of TSI binding
www-immuno.path.cam.ac.uk/~immuno/part1/lec12/lec12_97.html
Is activation by TSIsurprising?
Why do TSI get made?
Yersinia entericolitica and Graves’ disease : ONE hypothesisREMEMBER DISEASES CAN HAVE MULTIPLECAUSATIVE FACTORS
Dennis Kunkelgram negative coccobacillus
Food borne pathogenGenerally porcine sourceCan invade body through structures in intestineCan cause dysenteric diarrhea
Thyroid
Lipoprotein epitope
TSH-ReceptorLigand binding site
Molecular Mimicry
(Remember this is a hypothesis supported byevidence in a small % of Graves’ cases. Most people do not contract Graves’ this way.)
Cures for Graves’ Disease
Treatments:
Radioactive IodineDrugs –regulate thyroid or alleviate symptoms Surgery
All require lifetime drug therapy
Graves’ disease does not appear to have one causative factorbut results from a combination of genetic predispositions andenvironmental factors
Case study 1: Graves’ disease
Extracellular signaling
Role of biological membranes
Signal transduction
Signaling cascades
Protein structure (and its importance for protein function)
3-D protein structure (and its importance for binding)
Protein modifications and their importance for activity
Antibodies –specificity, role, and the importance ofbinding specificity
Next on Bio308
Discussion of journal article:
Tuesday 9/20:
Thursday9/22 : The paper-- figure by figure
Paper and study questions are found as links under Assignments and Quizzes on BlackboardThe questions will take time to complete and thearticle will be ‘heavy reading’ do not put it off.
Terms and technique questions