Preview

• Objectives

• Scientific Method • Observing and Collecting Data• Formulating Hypotheses• Testing Hypotheses• Theorizing• Scientific Method

Chapter 2

Objectives

• Describe the purpose of the scientific method.

• Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative observations.

• Describe the differences between hypotheses, theories, and models.

Section 1 Scientific MethodChapter 2

Scientific Method

• The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data.

Section 1 Scientific MethodChapter 2

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Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Method

Scientific Method

Observing and Collecting Data

• Observing is the use of the senses to obtain information.

• data may be • qualitative (descriptive)• quantitative (numerical)

• A system is a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation.

Section 1 Scientific MethodChapter 2

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Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Method

Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Activity 3: Which of the following is quantitative and which are qualitative data?1. The car has a red color

2. The spider has 6 legs

3. John weighs 80Kg

4. The orange tastes sour

5. The distance to Dubai is 120Km

6. The liquid floats on water

7. The metal is malleable

8. The temperature is 55.6OC

Formulating Hypotheses

• Scientists make generalizations based on the data.

• Scientists use generalizations about the data to formulate a hypothesis, or testable statement.

• Hypotheses are often “if-then” statements.

Section 1 Scientific MethodChapter 2

Formulating Hypotheses

Section 1 Scientific MethodChapter 2

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Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Method

Hypothesis

Activity 4: After watching the video answer the following questions1. The two scientists first saw that penguins are more efficient when

swimming than boats. This is an _____________

2. Then the scientists wanted to build a more efficient boat. They started with a ___________

3. Then they wrote a ____________ is based on ____________ and it can be ______________.

4. The hypothesis in the video is: Boats that use normal propellers are _________ efficient than if they moved like penguin wings

5. They then __________ their hypothesis by building a boat and taking _________

Tested Question Less Measurements Observations Hypothesis Observation

Testing Hypotheses

• Testing a hypothesis requires experimentation that provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory.

• During Testing, the experimental conditions that remain constant are called Controls .

• And any experimental conditions that change are called Variables .

Section 1 Scientific MethodChapter 2

Theorizing• When the data from experiments show that the

predictions of the hypothesis are successful, scientists try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a model.

• A model in science is more than a physical object; it is often an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related.• Model may be : visual, verbal, or mathematical• example: atomic model of matter

• A theory is a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena.• example: atomic theory

Section 1 Scientific MethodChapter 2

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Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Method

Models

Scientific Method

Section 1 Scientific MethodChapter 2