Preview - IngWare · PDF fileSupportBook AxisVM 2016 © 2016, IngWare AG Version 7.0 Autor...

AxisVM ― SupportBook

Information, Tips & Tricks

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CONTENT

GENERAL & THEORY.......................................7

INSTALLATION & ADMINISTRATION......................55

GEOMETRY..................................................81

MODELING................................................101

LOADS.....................................................143

MESH GENERATION.....................................171

CALCULATION.............................................181

VIBRATION & SEISMIC DESIGN......................197

SPECIALITIES.............................................225

R.C. DESIGN............................................235

STEEL & TIMBER DESIGN.............................245

RESULTS & INTERPRETATION.........................255

DYNAMIC..................................................279

Die vorliegenden Unterlagen einschliesslich aller Teile und Abbildungensind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung ausserhalb derGrenzen des Urheberrechtsschutzgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung derIngWare AG unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere fürVervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen und die Einspeicherung inelektronischen Systemen.

SupportBook AxisVM 2016

© 2016, IngWare AG

Version 7.0

Autor Daniel Gass

Koreferat Dirk Mennenga

Preisgruppe C (CHF 150.-)

Heruasgeber IngWare AGSeestrasse 78CH-8703 Erlenbach+41 44 910 34 34www.ingware.ch

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CONTENT

Preface.....................................................................3

General & TheoryDifferences 2d-/3d-Analysis.....................................8Verification Examples.............................................11Optimisation of Calculation Time............................18Coordinates & Signs...............................................20Selection of Objects...............................................23Parts.......................................................................25Differences between Beams / Ribs........................27Bottom Ribs............................................................29Effective Slab Width for Ribs..................................30Membranes, Plates & Shells..................................32Sandwich Method...................................................33Displacement according to State II.........................34Design Situations...................................................37Response Spectrum Method..................................38Spectral Micro-Zoning for Switzerland....................41Seismic Safety of Existing Buildings in SIA 2018. . .46Legal Aspects of Seismic Safety............................48Non-linear Properties.............................................503d-PDF...................................................................52

Installation & AdministrationFirst Installation......................................................56License Files..........................................................58Network Dongle......................................................59Local Copy.............................................................61Page Header..........................................................62Undo Function........................................................63Screen Shots..........................................................64Data Integrity..........................................................65File Recovery.........................................................67Data Base Error.....................................................68RTF Report Templates...........................................69Index of Messages.................................................70Material & Cross-Section Library............................77Save & Restore Settings........................................78

GeometryDXF & PDF Files....................................................82IFC-Import..............................................................86Auxiliary Geometry Construction............................89Not needed Nodes & Lines....................................91Dragging Nodes and Lines.....................................92Ramps....................................................................93Nodes in a Plane....................................................94Inclination of the Slope Line in a Plane..................96Surfaces Interpenetration.......................................97Rotationally Symmetric Surfaces...........................98

ModelingDraw Objects Directly...........................................102Property Editor.....................................................104Principles of 3D Modeling.....................................105Rotate Elements...................................................106Small Domains & Surfaces...................................107Modifying Domains...............................................108Multi-Layer Domains............................................109Multi-Layered Timber Domain (XLAM).................113Stiffness of Domains.............................................114Diaphragms..........................................................115Slab Recess.........................................................116Foundation Recess...............................................117Local Force Application........................................118Surface Weakening..............................................119Hinges for Walls...................................................120Efficient Definition of Edge Hinges.......................121Interpenetration Beam/Wall..................................122Bottom Ribs..........................................................123Column with Eccentricity / Console......................124Elements with Variable Cross-section..................125Beam Grid............................................................127Shear Joint...........................................................128Stiffness of Timber Connections...........................129Static Principles of Cables....................................130Definition of Nodal Supports.................................132Subgrade Modulus according to Winkler..............133Interface Elements...............................................134Chain of Interface Elements.................................136Non-Linear Properties..........................................137Support with Compression Only...........................139Exclusion of Tension in Masonry..........................140

LoadsLoad Groups & Load Combinations.....................144Sum of Load.........................................................146Copy & Move Loads.............................................147Changing Multiple Loads......................................148Load Direction......................................................149Live Load Arrangement by Field...........................150Linear Distributed Domain Load...........................152Surface Loads on Domain Edges.........................153Derived Surface Loads Over Line Elements........155Moving Loads.......................................................156Traffic Loads LM1 (SIA)........................................158Trapezoidal Load over Multiple Beams................161Thermal Loads.....................................................162Self Weight of Ribs...............................................164Support Displacement..........................................165Fluid Load............................................................166Prestressing | Quadratic Parabola........................167Tension/Compression...........................................169

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Mesh GenerationRecommendations for Mesh Generation..............172Manual Mesh Refinement....................................175Different Mesh Sizes............................................176Plane Tolerance....................................................177Line Mesh.............................................................178

CalculationUnstable Models..................................................182Relative Error.......................................................184Nodal Degrees of Freedom..................................185Avoiding Non-Linear Calculations........................186Parameters for the Non-Linear Analysis...............188Convergence of Non-Linear Calculations.............190Geometric Non-linearity........................................194Limit Forces..........................................................195

Vibration & Seismic DesignNatural Vibration...................................................198Local Vibrations....................................................200Introduction to Seismic Analysis...........................201Procedure for Seismic Analysis............................208Number of Mode Shapes Required......................211Seismic Analysis Parameters...............................212Total Seismic Load...............................................214Seismic Deformation............................................216Seismic Sensitivity................................................217Custom Design Spectrum....................................218Manual Combination of Seismic Loads................220Compliance Factor...............................................221Assessment of Existing Buildings according to SIA2018.....................................................................222

SpecialitiesCross-Section Editor............................................226Interaction Diagram..............................................228Buckling of Concrete Columns.............................230Calculation of the Buckling Length.......................231Calculation in Cracked State / State II..................232

R.C. DesignReinforcement Direction.......................................236Rib Design............................................................237Actual Reinforcement...........................................240Reinforcement Can Not Be Determined...............242

Steel & Timber DesignSteel Structures – Design Parameters.................246Results of the Steel Design Calculation...............249Steel- & Timber Cross-Section Optimization........251

Results & InterpretationDisplay Parameters..............................................256Color Legend........................................................259Dimensions and Labels........................................260Special Characters in Text Boxes.........................261Links in Text Boxes...............................................262Drawings & Images..............................................263Creating Reports..................................................264Report Templates.................................................267Print to Scale........................................................269Linear Static Analysis Results..............................270Display Results During Model Modification..........273Punching Force....................................................274Masonry Check according to SIA 266..................275

DynamicSine Motion..........................................................280Wave Pulse..........................................................282Rayleigh Damping................................................283Time Increment....................................................285

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General & Theory

DIFFERENCES 2D-/3D-ANALYSIS

DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THE STATICAL SYSTEM

The essential difference between 2d- and 3d-models is that 2d-models usually distribute internal forcesbased on geometry, but 3d-models use the stiffness of individual members to distribute the loads. Thisensures, that in 3d-models the deformation of all members correspond to their respective internal forces,while 2d-models can produce contradictory results.

EXAMPLE | STRUTTING

This is a simple example. Itconsists of two slabs and a total offive columns.

Slabs

□ Thickness d = 220 mm□ Span LX = LY = 10.00 m□ Load q = 5 kN/m² (Surface load)

Columns

□ Crossection, quadratic 200×200 mm□ Height h = 3.00 m□ Hinged at the column head, corner columns are rotationally restraint at their base (system stability)

Material (columns and slabs) concrete C25/30, E = 32'100 N/mm²

In the 3d-system the columns are represented by beams, in the 2d-system as supports. The 2d-systemfeatures an additional load in the center of the lower slab to represent the normal force in the center column.

ResultsThe deformation shows visuallythe obvious differences betweenthe two models. But theredifferences can be seen in thebending moments of the slabs andin the normal forces of thecolumns as well.

Slabs bending moment (center)

□ Top slab mx = my = 44.7 kNm/m□ Bottom slab mx = my = 59.1 kNm/m

Column normal force

□ Corner column Nx = -119.3 kN□ Center column Nx = -22.9 kN

Slabs deflection (center)

□ Top slab eZ = -41.14 mm□ Bottom Slab eZ = -41.09 mm

Change of length ΔL = L0⋅N

E⋅A=−0.05mm

□ Model DL = -0.05 mm

□ Slabs bending moment (center)

□ Top slab mx = my = 83.6 kNm/m□ unten mx = my = 192.4 kNm/m

□ Column normal force (support force top slab)

□ Corner column Nx = -44.2 kN□ Center column Nx = -323.1 kN

□ Slabs deflection (center)

□ Top slab eZ = 0.00 mm□ Bottom slab eZ = -87.95 mm

Change of lenght ΔL= L0⋅N

E⋅A=−87.95mm

□ Model DL = -87.95 mm


3d-System 2d-System

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General & Theory

The results of the 2d-model in this case are clearly unreliable, since all supports have been assumed to be'completely rigid'. But the deformation of the columns and the lower slab have a significant influence on thetop slab. Both slabs are identical (span, thickness, material and load) with the exception of the centercolumn, so the resulting deformations should be the same. This is why there is almost no normal force in thecenter column. The small remaining value of the column load is caused by the deformation (compression) ofthe corner columns.

In a section the effect can be seenparticularly good. The 3d-modelshows a realistic deformation,while the 2d-model overestimatesthe deflection of the lower slab andunderestimates the deflection (andinternal loads) of the top slab andthe corner columns.

In addition it can be seen easilythat the center column length is increased, although it's normal force is a compression force.

Adaptation of the ModelIf the support stiffness in the 2d-model are set to realistic values, theresults match the results of the 3d-model quite exactly.

Corner support (top slab)

□ RX = RY = 1010 kN/m (for stability reasons)□ RZ = 4.06·105 kNm□ RXX = RYY = RZZ = 0 kNm/rad

Center support (top slab)

□ RX = RY = 0 kN/m□ RZ = 5.29·102 kN/m□ RXX = RYY = RZZ = 0 kNm/rad

corner support (bottom slab)

□ RX = RY = RZ = 1010 kN/m (analog the 3d-model)□ RXX = RYY = 4.28·103 kNm/rad□ RZZ = 0 kNm/rad

The partial restraint on the corners of the bottom slab (RXX, RYY) represents the restrained column bases. Thesupport moment corresponds to the bending moment of the columns at their base.

Determination of StiffnessThe support stiffness of the 2d-system have to represent the deformability of the underlying structure. Forsimple examles (like here) the stiffness can be determined more or less easily. For complex systems thestiffness can be calculated from the 3d-model only and in many cases with considerable effort.

Simpification on the 'Safe Side'Some sources (wrongly) mention that the simplification to 2d-models is on the 'safe side', since the internalforces of the center column and the bottom slab are overestimated. While this is basically true, but theinternal forces of the corner columns and top slab are underestimated in the process. So the simpifiedcalculation (2d-model) is on the 'safe side' fore some, but on the 'unsafe side' for other structural members.


3d-System 2d-System

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Geometry

RAMPS

The definition of curved ramps can be, depending on the geometry, relatively complex. Below, someprocedures to simplify the input will be described.

CIRCLE SPIRALS

A circle spiral can be almost automatically generated.

Define the base line (line on thebottom of the ramp, )

Rotation of the base line aroundthe center point in the groundplane with height offset

□ Rotation "Incremental","Distribute" or "Spread byangle"

□ "Connect all nodes"generates the ramp side lines

Circle Spiral with Variable WidthTo create a circle spiral with variable width, the procedure described above can be used independantly forthe inner and outer base points of the spiral.

RAMP WITH ARBITRARY GROUND PLAN SHAPE

Ramps with arbitrary plan view shapes must be defined by hand. Inmay cases the slope of the ramp center line should be constant.

Construction of the plan view including the 'rays' in a single plane

Center line definition with constant inclination ( )

□ Start at base point□ Fix the Z coordinate with [Alt]+[Z]□ Point with the cursor (without clicking) on the center point the next

'ray'□ Read the distance ("L") from the coordinates window and insert

the height difference by keyboard ([Z])□ Cancel the coordinate fixation ([Alt]+[Z)□ Repeat for center points of all 'rays'

Draw the 'rays' on the correct height ( )

□ Fix the points Z coordinate on the center line (point with the cursor, [Alt]+[Z])□ Click on the inner and outer points of the rays on the plan view

Draw the inner and outer corners of the ramp ( )

The described procedure can also be adapted to ramps along non-vertical walls.

ELEMENTS DEFINITION

On both ramp types described above, twisted surfaces occur.

To defined the domains, the twisted rectangles have to be divided in triangular parts. This way, planarsurfaces are created, which can be defined as domains.

A better approximation to the twisted surfaces is the use of "Surfaces" and "Surface elements".This alternative can accelerate the calculation, since small domains with only a few mesh

elements are avoided.


plan view

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Geometry

SURFACES INTERPENETRATION

FUNCTION

The determination of interpenetration lines of surfaces can be quite tedious in some cases. That iswhy, AxisVM offers a function to calculate surfaces interpenetration lines.

Activate the function "Domain interpenetration lines" ( )

Select the domains to intersect and confirm with "OK"

The function "Domain interpenetration lines" creates interpenetration lines as geometry lines. The domaindefinition is not changed with this procedure.It is possible to create interpenetration lines of several domains in one single step.

In certain circumstances, an auxiliary domain can be defined and then deleted after creating theinterpenetration lines.

EXAMPLE

Interpenetration of a cylinder anda cone

Definition of the cylinder andcone as domains

"Domain interpenetration lines"for all displayed surface

Deletion of the 'protruding' linesand their geometry

PIERCING POINT

Using the same function, the piercing point of a line element through a domain can be determined.


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Modeling

SMALL DOMAINS & SURFACES

MODELING SMALL SURFACES

If small areas in relation to the intended mesh sizehave to be modeled, it is advantageous to use"surface elements" (manually defined mesh element,finite element). The insertion of domains (containingonly few finite elements) would lead to significantlyincreased computing times.

Domes

Curved walls (e.g. silo)

Local slab reinforcements

Slender slab parts

DEFINITION OF SURFACE ELEMENTS

"Geometry-Surfaces" serve as definition basisfor surface elements. These can be individually

defined by their contour or by division oflarger surfaces (even distorted areas) into

individual surfaces. Surfaces can be defined astriangles or quadrilaterals.Geometry-surfaces are shown in the model with gray points on their center point.

For the definition of surface elements a triangular shape should be preferred over quadrilateral shapes(except very thin surfaces, e.g. steel plates). But in various cases the definition of quadrilateral elements issimpler, so that quadrilateral elements (possibly with reduced edge length) are used in many cases.

The definition of surface elements is done by selecting the geometry-surfaces. Their propertiescorrespond the properties of domains.

For surface elements no mesh can be generated, since they already are finite elements.

COMBINATION OF SURFACE ELEMENTS AND DOMAINS

Surface elements and domains can be combinedarbitrarily. If surface elements are defined within adomain (e.g. for local slab reinforcements), thedomain will be substituted by the surface elements. Asuperposition of both elements is not considered.


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Loads

DERIVED SURFACE LOADS OVER LINE ELEMENTS

DEFINING SURFACE LOADS ON LINE ELEMENTS

"Surface loads over line elements" are surface loads, that act onframe constructions. The surface load is converted to line and

nodal loads over each individual line element.

The load distribution type can be selected afte activating the function.

Automatic The load is distributed to all line elements if their respective axis is in the plane of the load application area

Selected elements only The load is distributed to user-selected elements only

The load intensity and load application area can be defined as for"Distributed loads on domains".

The form of the load application areacan be defined as the geometry.

The function "complex loads" allows the insertion of a load application areaconsisting of straight segments and arcs. The pop-up icon bar allows the selection of different types of

segments for the load application area.

If the load is given as "intelligent distributed load", line elements can be selected as boundaries for theload application area.

With the speed button "Loads", the display of "Surfaces", "Load distribution scheme" and "Surface loaddistributed over line elements" can be turned on/off.

LOAD DISTRIBUTION

The load distribution over the line elements is done based exclusivelyon the geometry (load influence area, assumption of an infinitely softplate). Consequentially a continuous bearing behaviour is not taken intoaccount.

The size of the line load is calculated based on the width of the loadinfluence area perpendicular to each line element.

If the boundaries of the loadapplication area are not placed onbeams, elements outside the loadapplication area can be loaded, ifthe automatic load distribution isselected. This can be preventedby choosing "only on selected elements".

SURFACE LOAD ON TRUSSES

If surface loads are applied to trusses, the surface load will be reduced to nodal loads on the ends of eachtruss. By definition, a projection of line loads on trusses is not possible.


Surface Load distribution scheme Surface load distributed overline elements

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Results & Interpretation

DISPLAY RESULTS DURING MODEL MODIFICATION

MODIFYING MODELS WITH RESULTS DISPLAY

In certain cases it is desirable to display results from the latestcalculation while modifying the model (e.g. local reinforcements offloors based on rebar cross-sections).

To view results during editing, the display of results can be exported asa dxf file and imported in the same model.

RESULT EXPORT AS DXFDirect export (menu "file" : "export") of dxf files is part of the extendeddxf interface (optional module).

To generate a dxf file with the base dxf interface, the print dialog (menu"file" : "print") can be used. The export is limited to the current view asplanar dxf data.

IMPORT OF DXF FILES

The procedure for importing dxf files is identical for the base andextended dxf interface (menu "file" : "import").

The import of dxf data with the standard dxf interface is limited to planardxf files. Result displays can be imported by each plane separately.

The extended dxf interface can import planar as well as spatial dxf filesand therefore results for the entire model as well.

Display of DXF FilesThe display of DXF files can be changed in the layer manager.

Show/hide individual layers(show/hide all layers is possible via speed button / "Layers")

Change line color, style and weight

SIMULTANEOUS DISPLAY OF SEVERAL RESULTS

With the procedure described above, even multiple results can bedisplayed (e.g. for comparison).

Import of multiple dxf files

or

Import of a single dxf file and simultaneous display of results

DXF FILE UPDATE

dxf data is not automatically updated after model modifications (and recalculation).

When opening models it is automatically checked, if importeddxf files have bin changed since their import. If this is the case,

the dxf data can be updated optionally. Prerequisite for updating dxffiles is that the (absolute) path and file name of the dxf file isunchanged.


result and dxf-isolines

isolines in dxf-file

result (isolines)

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AXISVM MODULES

BASE MODULES

L1 beam statics 3D

L2 surface statics 3D

L3 beam/surface statics 3D

L4 surface statics 2D, incl. ribs

N… addon non-linear calculation(NL1, NL2, NL3, NL4)

PN… addon non-linear calculation, incl. non-linear material properties for steel(PNL1, PNL2, PNL3, PNL4)

ADDITIONAL MODULES

Design RC1 reinforcement design for slabs and walls,

crack width, state II

RC2 reinforcement design for beams and ribs, comlumn check, interaction diagram for bending about one or two axis

RC3 shear check for concrete slabs, punching check

RC4 design of isolated and strip foundation

SD1 steel design checks for profiles, incl. buckling/lateral torsional buckling, shear check

SD2 steel design checks for bolted connections

SD9 optimization of steel cross-sections

TD1 timber design checks for profiles

TD9 optimization of timber cross-sections

XLM calculation and design of multi-layered timber slabs (XLAM)

Modeling & Calculation PS1 prestressing, calculation of deviation and

friction forces

SE1 seismic calculation with response spectrum method

SE2 seismic calculation with PushOver method

DYN dynamic calculation (time history)

Interfaces DXF extended dxf interface, import/export of 3d

dxf files, export dialog, import of dxf files as geometry objects

PDF import of pdf files (analog dxf), incl. recognition of nodes and lines

ICF import/export of ifc files (BIM), incl. automatic/manual creation of statical models

Other MT multithread support, faster calculations DM documentation module, independent

language setting for user interface and reports

AXISVM APPS

HAL Hall Generator

MAS Quantities List

ERS seismic calculation with replacement forcemethod

SEG automatic generation of segment sections

KAP seismic design for walls

TWK design of air-raid shelters

OTHER PROGRAMS

AxisVM Viewer viewing AxisVM models without full licence of AxisVM

3muri seismic calculation of masonry buildings with PushOver method, incl. mixed buildings

IDEA Prestressing advanced prestressing module for bridges, tanks etc.

SteelConnection design of arbitrary steel connections (bolted/welded)

DC-Grundbau programs for ground checks, incl. pit walls, pit plans with volumes and masses, ground nailings, cantilever walls, settlement calculations, and others


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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION & TIPS

AXISVM TWKDesign of Air-Raid Shelters

Statical calculation according to the technical directives (TWK) of the federal office of civil defense

TWK94 & interim regulations, TWK 2015

Checks for bending and shear resistance

Checks for minimum dimensions and constrution rules for all elements

Automatic report generation

Available as an AxisVM App or StandAlone-Version

CALCULATE EVEN BETTER WITH THE BEST

Our training courses can help you to use AxisVM even more efficiently.

www.ingware.ch/kurse

SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE

Benefit from the advantages of a software maintenance contract.

Always use the current software version (free version updates)

Professional support by an engineer

Online support (screensharing)

Access to the SupportCenter (www.ingware.ch/axisvmsupport)

Priority for all support questions

Discount on prints, courses and events

CONTACT

Please contact us personally for additionial information and advice.

INGWARE AG Seestrasse 78, CH-8703 Erlenbach

www.ingware.ch

[email protected] (advice, administration and in general)

[email protected] (support and training)

+41 44 910 43 43


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