Promoting Safety, Preventing Harm Health and Safety in Animal Pest
Preventing Animal Disorders Preventing Animal Disorders on Pasture Patty Scharko, DVM, MPH Livestock...
-
Upload
clifford-lynch -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Preventing Animal Disorders Preventing Animal Disorders on Pasture Patty Scharko, DVM, MPH Livestock...
Preventing Animal Preventing Animal DisordersDisorders on Pasture
Patty Scharko, DVM, MPHPatty Scharko, DVM, MPHLivestock Disease Diagnostic CenterLivestock Disease Diagnostic Center
University of KentuckyUniversity of Kentucky
Animal Disorders on Pasture
Bloat Acute Bovine Pulmonary
Emphysema (fog fever) Nitrate Toxicity Cyanide/Prussic Acid Toxicity Poisonous Plants Mineral deficiency
Grass TetanyTrace mineral- copper, selenium
Animal Disorders on Pasture
not coveredBlacklegJohne’s diseasePinkeyeFootrotSalmonellosisLeptospirosisand more
Grass Tetany
Dec Apr Jun Aug Oct DecFeb
NitrateNitrateNitrateNitrate
Bloat
AIPABPEFog fever
AIPABPEFog fever
NitrateNitrateNitrateNitrate
CyanideCyanideCyanideCyanide
Dec
Bloat
BloatWhat is
it? gas accumulates in the rumen animal unable to eructate (belch up
gases) can result in sudden death
Pasture bloat
(legume)
Legumes favor frothy bloat; winter wheat
Frothy bloatStable protein foam in rumen traps gas from fermentation
Pressure on lungs
Causes of Bloat Animal inheritance for
susceptibility
High susceptible cattle
have larger rumen
volumes and slower
passage rate Bloating cattle consume
18 to 25% less alfalfa than non-bloaters
Causes of Bloat
Adaptation to pasture/rationRumen microflora need to adapt
Time of dayDew does affect bloatCattle were 2-17 times at higher
risk when fed between 7 - 8 AM compared to 11 AM - noon
Causes of Bloat
Plant maturity
Soluble protein content in plant
Lush, young plants produce bloat
Alfalfa < 10 inches caused bloat 2
times compared to alfalfa > 19 inches
Treatment
Do NOT remove from pasture
at first signs of bloat
Continuous grazing gives less
bloat than removal and return
Effect of feeding on incidence of bloat on
alfalfaGrazing System
Continuous Graze 6hrs/da-----Number of cases----
Week 1 1 25
Week 2 4 16
Total 5 41
J. Anim. Sci. 1995. 73:1493-1498
Treatment Foam reducers- drench or tube
Bloat-PacBloat treatment
Dish detergent: 1 oz in 1 L water Vegetable oil- tube only Beware of turpentine
Treatment Last resort/ emergency
hole in rumen
left side
trochar, cannula, or knife
needs to be sutured by veterinarian
antibiotics
Effect of feeding treatment products on alfalfa pasture bloatTreatment Dose, mg/lb ReductionMonensin 0.3a 71
Rumensin 0.6 72Lasolacid* 0.3 30
Bovatec 0.45b 120.6a 16
Polaxalene 20a,b 100 Bloat Guard
* Not approved in lactating dairy cattle* Not approved in lactating dairy cattlea JAS 1983. 56:1400; b JAS 1986. 63:1246
Prevention Bloat Guard
Pre-mixMolasses-mineral block
IonophoresRumensin- approved in stocker,
feeder, beef & dairy cows, dairy & beef replacement heifers & calves; goats
Bovatec Must be consumed on the same day
that bloating may occur
Prevention
1. Do NOT remove at first signs of
bloat
2. Provide grass-legume mixture for
pasture
3. Do NOT turn hungry cattle on lush
immature alfalfa or clover
Acute Bovine Acute Bovine Pulmonary Pulmonary
EmphysemaEmphysema
Acute Bovine Acute Bovine Pulmonary Pulmonary
EmphysemaEmphysema Aka: Fog Fever or Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia
Nutritional disorder, resulting in sudden onset of acute respiratory distress
Caused by formation and metabolism of 3-methylindole (3MI)
“Fog Fever”/ABPE “Fog fever” occurs often when moving
from grazed down area to lush succulent
growth
The better quality the pasture moved to,
the greater occurrence of ABPE
Death may be sudden, average 30%
Signs:
Open-mouth breathing
Frothing at mouth
Labored breathing with expiratory
grunt
“Fog Fever”/ ABPE
Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia
LDDC Necropsy Case Diagnosis
0
1
2
3
4
5
LD
DC
Nec
rop
sy C
ases
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep Oct
Nov
Dec
1996199719981999200020022003
ABPE Prevention withRumensin (monensin) or Bovatec
(lasalocid) *a
Clinical LungGroup Trt./Dose Signs Lesions Deads
1 M 100 mg0/4 0/4 0/4 2x
2 M 200 mg0/4 0/4 0/4 1x
3 L 100 mg 2/4 4/4 1/4 2x
4 Control 4/4 4/4 1/4
* Boavatec is not approved in lactating dairy cattle* Boavatec is not approved in lactating dairy cattlea Vet Record 107:322
Effect of Bovatec (lasalocid*)
on ABPE Prevention Dose Clinical
Groupmg/hd/da Signs Deads
1 0 5/5 3/5
2 200 0/5 0/5
3 400 0/5 0/5
4 600 0/5 0/5
* Not approved in lactating dairy cattle* Not approved in lactating dairy cattle a J. Anim. Sci. 60:232
Nitrate Toxicity SIGNS:
Depression, staggering, incoordination
Excess salivation
Brownish discoloration of mucous membranes
Drought N fertilization Grazing &/or hay
Sorghum, Sudan, Johnson grass Stable in hay
Nitrate Toxicity LDDC Necropsy Cases
0
1
2
3
4
5
LD
DC
Nec
rop
sy C
ases
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep Oct
Nov
Dec
199619971998199920002002200320042005
Nitrate Toxicity Nitrite is the toxic entity; 10x more toxic
than nitrates
Nitrite combines with hemoglobin to
form methemoglobin; prevents oxygen
transport
Chocolate brown blood
Death from asphyxiation
Nitrate Toxicity (2)
Young cattle are more susceptible
Hungry cattle more susceptible
Cattle can adjust to higher levels
given enough time
Nitrate Toxicity (3) Nitrite crosses into fetus; can lead
to abortion
Prevention
Ensiling reduces 40 to 60%
Dilution
Increase tolerance
Cyanide (Prussic Acid) Toxicity
SIGNS: Severe respiratory difficulty, sudden
death Sudan, sorghum-sudan, sorghum (Johnson
grass), wild cherry tree Frost/stress Do NOT graze frosted plants!
Wait 10-14 days after non-killing frost
Wait 48 hours after killing frost
Cyanide (Prussic Acid) Toxicity
Ingest cyanogenic glycosides that yield
hydrocyanic (prussic) acid in rumen
Hydrocyanic acid stops cellular respiration;
death from respiratory paralysis
Bright red blood
Toxic Plants
Japanese Yew (Taxus)
Oak/Acorns
Buckeye
Osage orange
(hedgeapple)
Mineral Deficiency
Magnesium
Selenium
Copper
Grass Tetany Hypomagnesemia, magnesium deficiency,
grass staggers, winter tetany
Affects only ruminants
� Primarily in lactating beef cows in spring
� Within 60 days of calving
� Pastured on cool season grasses
Spring grasses are high in potassium
Heavily fertilized (nitrogen &/or potash)
Magnesium Deficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
LD
DC
Nec
rop
sy C
ases
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
r
Jun
Jul
Au
g
Sep Oct
Nov
Dec
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Grass Tetany Cows need 20 grams of Mg daily or 4
oz/day of 15% Mg mineral mix Consumption important, individual cows may not
consume adequate free choice minerals
For spring calving, start Dec/Jan and continue
until daytime temperatures above 60o F
PREVENT!!
Copper Deficiency
Selenium Deficiency“white muscle disease”