Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Loja Province, Ecuador Student...
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Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Loja Province, Ecuador Student Researcher: Lauren Lamers, Faculty Researcher: Daniel Herman, PhD Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an antibiotic-resistant strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus , which can cause serious and potentially fatal infections in humans. In recent decades incidence of MRSA infections has risen, and MRSA now accounts for a significant proportion of nosocomial infections and results in thousands of deaths annually both in the United States and globally[1]. Little published data exists on the prevalence of MRSA in Ecuador, however, and its health impact in Ecuador is therefore poorly understood. This study examined the prevalence of MRSA colonization in Loja Province, Ecuador. Nasal swabs were obtained from individuals in rural communities and from patients and staff at a regional public hospital to assess the prevalence of MRSA carriage. Health surveys were also conducted to assess risk factors for MRSA colonization. Preliminary results indicate that of the hospital samples, 54.1% were positive for S. aureus, and 15.4% were positive for MRSA. Of the community samples, 41.5% were positive for S. aureus, and 5.4% were positive for MRSA. These results indicate that MRSA is a potentially serious health threat in Loja Province that warrants further investigation. Materials and Methods Sample Collection Nasal swabs were collected using StarSwab II ™ Platinum Series swabs (Starplex Scientific, Inc.) from individuals 12 or older in the rural communities of Ashimingo, Coamine, Tacoranga, Santa Ester, Chirimoyos, Chaquizhca, and Guara . Nasal swabs were also collected from patients and staff 12 and older at Isidro Ayora Hospital in Loja City, Ecuador. Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) Samples were inoculated onto MSA and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours to select for halotolerant specimens and identify potential S. aureus isolates by colony morphology and mannitol fermentation. Gram Stain Gram stains were conducted to identify isolates of Gram positive cocci. Catalase Test Catalase tests were conducted on suspected S. aureus isolates to verify the presence of the catalase enzyme. Latex Agglutination Test Latex agglutination tests were conducted on suspected S. aureus isolates using BactiStaph® Latex 150 Test Kits (Remel) according to the manufacturer’s instructions to verify the presence of clumping factor and Protein A simultaneously. Antibiotic Resistance Testing Suspected S. aureus isolates were inoculated onto MSA containing 4 μg/ml oxacillin and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours to identify potential methicillin- resistant specimens. PCR Analysis DNA was isolated from suspected MRSA isolates and PCR was conducted using 16srRNA, femB, and mecA primers (Table 1). PCR products were analyzed using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Data Analysis 95% confidence intervals and two- proportion z-tests were calculated using Minitab ® 14 Student software. Results A total of 246 samples were collected from the hospital, and 258 samples were collected from the communities. Preliminary results of MSA, Gram stain, catalase, and latex agglutination tests indicate that 54.1% (95% CI 47.8% - 60.3%) of hospital samples and 41.5% (95% CI 35.5% - 47.5%) of community samples were positive for S. aureus (Figure 2). Prevalence of S. aureus was therefore significantly higher in the hospital than the communities (p=0.002). In addition, results of antibiotic-resistance tests indicate that 15.4% (95% CI 10.9% - 20.0%) of hospital samples and 5.4% (95% CI 2.7% - 8.2%) of community samples were positive for MRSA (Figure 2). MRSA prevalence was similarly significantly higher in the hospital than the communities (p<0.01). The hospital sample results were further categorized according to gender, age, and history of hospitalization and surgery to examine the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in these subgroups (Figure 3). Community samples were further categorized according to community (Figure 4). Differences in S. aureus and MRSA prevalence between these subcategories, however, were not significant. Discussion The preliminary data indicate that MRSA is prevalent in Loja Province, suggesting that a significant proportion of the population is at risk for MRSA infections. Our findings therefore suggest that MRSA poses a potentially serious health threat in Loja Province that merits further study. Further work is being done to confirm these preliminary findings with PCR analysis to verify the presence of the mecA gene in suspected MRSA samples. Currently, 33 suspected MRSA samples have been tested, and 32 were mecA positive (Figure 1). References 1. Klein, E., Smith, D.L., and R. Laxminarayan. 2007. Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999-2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13: 1840-1846. Acknowledgements Financial support of this project was provided by UW – Eau Claire Office of Research and Sponsored Programs and Center for International Education. Hospital Community 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 S. aureus MRSA Sampling Location Prevalence (%) Figure 2. Prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in total hospital and community samples. 54.1 % 15.4 % 41.5 % 5.4% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 S. aureus MRSA Hospitaliz ation in past 12 months Surgery in past 12 months Age Sex Category and Characteristic Prevalence (%) Figure 3. Prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in hospital samples by sex, age, history of hospitalization, and history of surgery. 57.1 % 53.0 % 51.2 % 53.8 % 73.7 % 50.0 % 57.9 % 54.0 % 54.1 % 17.4 % 14.8 % 15.2 % 15.1 % 15.5 % 14.2 % 16.7 % 20.0 % 14.3 % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 S. a... Community Prevalence (%) Figure 4. Prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA by community. 53.5 % 52.5 % 29.0 % 22.2 % 38.5 % 33.3 % 0% 0% 7.0 % 15.3 % 6.5% 7.4% 5.8% 6.7% Primer Sequence Size/ Reference or Gen Bank Acc. # 16srRNA F 5’ CCTATAAGACTGGGATAACTTCGGG 3’ 597 bp/ D83356 16sfRNA R 5’ CTTTGAGTTTCAACCTTGCGGTCG 3’ femB F 5’ CGTGAAACTGAGAGCGTGC 3’ 297 bp/ NCBI Primer Blast femB R 5’ AATTGGGCCGTCAGTTTTGC 3’ mecA 1 5’ TCCAGATTACAACTTCACCAGG 3’ 162/ Y00688 mecA 2 5’ CCACTTCATATCTTGTAACG 3’ Table 1: Primers used in PCR analysis, primer sequences, and size of PCR product. 16srRN A femB mecA S. a ur eu s con t ro l M RSA c o n t r ol H15 8 H16 2 H16 3 H17 2 H179 H18 2 H19 7 Wa t e r La dd er Figure 1. PCR results of hospital MRSA isolates.
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Transcript of Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Loja Province, Ecuador Student...
Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Loja Province, Ecuador
Student Researcher: Lauren Lamers, Faculty Researcher: Daniel Herman, PhDDepartment of Biology, University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire
Introduction
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an antibiotic-resistant strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus , which can cause serious and potentially fatal infections in humans. In recent decades incidence of MRSA infections has risen, and MRSA now accounts for a significant proportion of nosocomial infections and results in thousands of deaths annually both in the United States and globally[1]. Little published data exists on the prevalence of MRSA in Ecuador, however, and its health impact in Ecuador is therefore poorly understood. This study examined the prevalence of MRSA colonization in Loja Province, Ecuador. Nasal swabs were obtained from individuals in rural communities and from patients and staff at a regional public hospital to assess the prevalence of MRSA carriage. Health surveys were also conducted to assess risk factors for MRSA colonization. Preliminary results indicate that of the hospital samples, 54.1% were positive for S. aureus, and 15.4% were positive for MRSA. Of the community samples, 41.5% were positive for S. aureus, and 5.4% were positive for MRSA. These results indicate that MRSA is a potentially serious health threat in Loja Province that warrants further investigation.
Materials and MethodsSample Collection Nasal swabs were collected using StarSwab II ™ Platinum Series swabs (Starplex Scientific, Inc.) from individuals 12 or older in the rural communities of Ashimingo, Coamine, Tacoranga, Santa Ester, Chirimoyos, Chaquizhca, and Guara . Nasal swabs were also collected from patients and staff 12 and older at Isidro Ayora Hospital in Loja City, Ecuador. Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) Samples were inoculated onto MSA and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours to select for halotolerant specimens and identify potential S. aureus isolates by colony morphology and mannitol fermentation. Gram Stain Gram stains were conducted to identify isolates of Gram positive cocci. Catalase Test Catalase tests were conducted on suspected S. aureus isolates to verify the presence of the catalase enzyme.Latex Agglutination Test Latex agglutination tests were conducted on suspected S. aureus isolates using BactiStaph® Latex 150 Test Kits (Remel) according to the manufacturer’s instructions to verify the presence of clumping factor and Protein A simultaneously. Antibiotic Resistance Testing Suspected S. aureus isolates were inoculated onto MSA containing 4 μg/ml oxacillin and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours to identify potential methicillin-resistant specimens. PCR Analysis DNA was isolated from suspected MRSA isolates and PCR was conducted using 16srRNA, femB, and mecA primers (Table 1). PCR products were analyzed using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis.Data Analysis 95% confidence intervals and two-proportion z-tests were calculated using Minitab ® 14 Student software.
Results A total of 246 samples were collected from the hospital, and 258 samples
were collected from the communities. Preliminary results of MSA, Gram stain, catalase, and latex agglutination tests indicate that 54.1% (95% CI 47.8% - 60.3%) of hospital samples and 41.5% (95% CI 35.5% - 47.5%) of community samples were positive for S. aureus (Figure 2). Prevalence of S. aureus was therefore significantly higher in the hospital than the communities (p=0.002). In addition, results of antibiotic-resistance tests indicate that 15.4% (95% CI 10.9% - 20.0%) of hospital samples and 5.4% (95% CI 2.7% - 8.2%) of community samples were positive for MRSA (Figure 2). MRSA prevalence was similarly significantly higher in the hospital than the communities (p<0.01). The hospital sample results were further categorized according to gender, age, and history of hospitalization and surgery to examine the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in these subgroups (Figure 3). Community samples were further categorized according to community (Figure 4). Differences in S. aureus and MRSA prevalence between these subcategories, however, were not significant.
Discussion
The preliminary data indicate that MRSA is prevalent in Loja Province, suggesting that a significant proportion of the population is at risk for MRSA infections. Our findings therefore suggest that MRSA poses a potentially serious health threat in Loja Province that merits further study. Further work is being done to confirm these preliminary findings with PCR analysis to verify the presence of the mecA gene in suspected MRSA samples. Currently, 33 suspected MRSA samples have been tested, and 32 were mecA positive (Figure 1).
References 1. Klein, E., Smith, D.L., and R. Laxminarayan. 2007. Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999-2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13: 1840-1846.
AcknowledgementsFinancial support of this project was provided by UW – Eau Claire Office of Research and Sponsored Programs and Center for International Education.
Hospital Community 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
S. aureusMRSA
Sampling Location
Prev
alen
ce (%
)
Figure 2. Prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in total hospital and community samples.
54.1%
15.4%
41.5%
5.4%
Male Female 12 to 29 30 to 59 Over 60 Yes No Yes No 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
S. aureusMRSA
Hospitalization in past 12 months
Surgery in past 12 months
AgeSex
Category and Characteristic
Prev
alen
ce (%
)
Figure 3. Prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in hospital samples by sex, age, history of hospitalization, and history of surgery.
57.1%53.0% 51.2% 53.8%
73.7%
50.0%
57.9%54.0% 54.1%
17.4%14.8% 15.2% 15.1% 15.5% 14.2%
16.7% 20.0%
14.3%
Ashimingo Coamine Tacoranga Santa Ester Chirimoyos Chaquizhca Guara0
10
20
30
40
50
60
S. aureusMRSA
Community
Prev
alen
ce (%
)
Figure 4. Prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA by community.
53.5% 52.5%
29.0%
22.2%
38.5%
33.3%
0% 0%
7.0%
15.3%
6.5% 7.4% 5.8% 6.7%
Primer Sequence Size/Reference or Gen Bank Acc. #
16srRNA F 5’ CCTATAAGACTGGGATAACTTCGGG 3’ 597 bp/D83356
16sfRNA R 5’ CTTTGAGTTTCAACCTTGCGGTCG 3’
femB F 5’ CGTGAAACTGAGAGCGTGC 3’ 297 bp/NCBI Primer Blast
femB R 5’ AATTGGGCCGTCAGTTTTGC 3’
mecA 1 5’ TCCAGATTACAACTTCACCAGG 3’ 162/Y00688
mecA 2 5’ CCACTTCATATCTTGTAACG 3’
Table 1: Primers used in PCR analysis, primer sequences, and size of PCR product.
16srRNA
femB
mecA
S. a
ureu
s co
ntro
lM
RSA
cont
rol
H158
H162
H163
H172
H179
H182
H197
Wat
er
Ladd
er
Figure 1. PCR results of hospital MRSA isolates.
