Pretreatment Fundamentals Bruce E. Dale, Richard T. Elander, Mark T. Holtzapple, Rajeev Kumar,...
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Transcript of Pretreatment Fundamentals Bruce E. Dale, Richard T. Elander, Mark T. Holtzapple, Rajeev Kumar,...
Pretreatment Fundamentals
Bruce E. Dale, Richard T. Elander, Mark T. Holtzapple, Rajeev Kumar, Michael R. Ladisch, Yoon Y. Lee, Nate Mosier, Jack Saddler, Mohammed Moniruzzaman, Charles E. Wyman
CAFI
BIO 2006Annual International Convention
Chicago, IllinoisApril 12, 2006
Biomass Refining CAFI
Biomass Refining Consortium for Applied Fundamentals and Innovation (CAFI):
Who we are….Pretreatment researchers working together in a
coordinated, disciplined way to understand the fundamentals underlying lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment and hydrolysis. Organized in 1999 -2000
CAFI recognizes that pretreatment is part of a system that includes hydrolysis and fermentation—pretreatment effects on downstream processes must be understood
Biomass Refining CAFI
USDA IFAFS Project: September 2000 to 2003
• USDA Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems Program for comparative information on leading cellulosic biomass pretreatments with common source of corn stover and identical analytical methods– Aqueous ammonia recycle pretreatment - YY Lee, Auburn University– Water only and dilute acid hydrolysis by co-current and flowthrough
systems - Charles Wyman, Dartmouth College– Ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) - Bruce Dale, Michigan State
University– Controlled pH pretreatment - Michael Ladisch, Purdue University– Lime pretreatment - Mark Holtzapple, Texas A&M University– Logistical support and economic analysis - Rick Elander/Tim Eggeman,
NREL through DOE Office of the Biomass Program funding• Emphasis on quality not quantity• Concluded September, 2003
Biomass Refining CAFI
DOE USDA Project: September 2004 to 2007
Biomass Refining CAFI
Enzymatic Digestion of Corn Stover and Poplar Wood after Pretreatment by Leading Technologies
Water, AFEX, acid pretreatmentsHydrolysis characteristicsMixed sugar fermentations using yeast
Researchers: Charles E. Wyman, Dartmouth College/University of California, Rajeev Kumar, Dartmouth College, Bruce E. Dale, Michigan State University, Richard T. Elander, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Mark T. Holtzapple, Texas A&M University, Michael R. Ladisch, Nate Mosier, Nancy Ho, Purdue University, Y. Y. Lee, Auburn University, Mohammed Moniruzzaman, Genencor International, John N. Saddler, University of British Columbia
CAFI 1: Corn StoverGlucan 36.1 %
Xylan 21.4 %
Arabinan 3.5 %
Mannan 1.8 %
Galactan 2.5 %
Lignin 17.2 %
Protein 4.0 %
Acetyl 3.2 %
Ash 7.1 %
Uronic Acid 3.6 %Non-structural Sugars 1.2 %
Biomass Refining CAFI
Component Composition (wt %)Glucan 43.8Xylan 14.9
Arabinan 0.6Mannan 3.9Galactan 1.0
Lignin 29.1Protein ndAcetyl 3.6Ash 1.1
Uronic Acids ndExtractives 3.6
CAFI 2 Standard Poplar
Key Comparisons: Per 100 lbs
Poplar Corn StoverGlucan (cellulose) 43.8 36.1
Xylan (hemicellulose) 14.9 21.4
Lignin 29.1 17.2
Ash 1.1 7.1
Energy in Lignin (est) 116,000 86,000
Ethanol (at 90% Yield) 4.9 4.8
Ethanol Fermentation
Pretreatment is needed to get us there
Feedstock Preparation
Biomass Pretreatment
Enzyme hydrolysis
Crystalline Region
Amorphous Region
CelluloseLignin
Hemicellulose
Effect of Pretreatment
Pretreatment
Enzymes convert cellulose to glucose and xylan to xylose (no degradation products)
C
H,C*
Gn X,GDegradation Products
k1
k2
k3
k4
C = native celluloseH = hemicellulose (xylan)C* = hydrated celluloseGn = glucans (oligosaccharides)G = glucose (monomer)X = xylose (monomer)
k2 > k1
Yeast Metabolism: pentose fermentation
Glucose
Glucose-6-P
Fructose-6-P
3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate Acetaldehyde
Ethanol
TCA Cycle
Xylose
Xylitol
Xylulose
Xylulose-5-PGlyceraldehyde-3-P
NAD(P)H
NADH
NADH
NADH NAD+
NAD+
NAD(P)+
NAD+
PPP
Ho et al