METABOLIC CONJUGATIONAND METABOLIC HYDROLYSISVolume 2edited by WILLIAM H. FISHMAN,Tufts University School of Medicine,New England Medical Center Hospitals,Boston, MassachusettsJaniuary 1971, 700 pp., $35.00Subscription p)rice: $29.75**Subscription prices for individtual volumes

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METHODS IN IMMUNOLOGYAND IMMUNOCHEMISTRYVolume 3: REACTIONS OF ANTIBODIESWITH SOLUBLE ANTIGENSedited by CURTIS A. WILLIAMS andMERRILL W. CHASE, both at theRockefeller University, New YorkJanuary 1971, 528 pp., $23.50Subscriptiotn price: $19.97**Subscription prices for individuLal voltImesvalid only on orders for the complete setreceived before publication of the lastvolume.

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES ANDTECHNIQUES OF PROTEINCHEMISTRYPart Bedi'ed by SYDNEY J. LEACH, RtissellGrimnwade School of Biochemistry, Uni-versity of MelbouLrne, Parkville, Victot-ia,AustraliaJanutary 1971, 510 pp., $24.00

MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORYIN DRUG RESEARCHA Volume in MEDICINAL CHEMISTRYSeries Editor: GEORGE DeSTEVENSby LEMONT B. KIER, Battelle Memo-rial lnstitute, Columbus, OhioJaniuary 1971, 279 pp., $15.00

MICROBIAL TOXINSVolume 2: BACTERIAL PROTEINTOXINSedited by SOLOMON KADIS, ResearchLaboratories, Albert Einstein Medical Cen-ter, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, THOM-AS C. MONTIE, Department of Micro-biology, University of Tennessee, Knox-ville, Tennessee, and SAMUEL, J. AJL,Research Laboratories, Albert EinsteinMedical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsyl-vaniaPart A: February 1971, 434 pp., $22.00Subscription Price: $18.70*Part B: April 1971, abou(t 425 pp., in prepa-ration*Subscription prices for individual volumesvalid only on orders for the complete set re-ceived before publication of the last volume.

TRACE ELEMENTS IN HUMANAND ANIMAL NUTRITIONThird Editionby E. J. UNDERWOOD, Institute ofAgriculture, University of Western Aus-tralia, Nedlands, Western AustraliaMarch 1971, about 480 pp., in prepai ation

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pened not to turn out as a source of in-jury to them. Some were even quitehumorous and I recommend readingthe accounts if one is interested inb-ars.

Herrero's recommendations are ex-

cellent. I hope we never try to delib-erately eliminate even mosquitoes fromthe national parks. Those afraid ofinjury should observe their bears inzoos and those who would like to ob-serve them close at hand should knowhow to do it. They will not be injuredeither, even if they are able to find a

grizzly....DONALD C. LOWRIE

Zoology Department, Californwia

State College, Los A ngeles 90032

References

1. P. R. Cutright, Lewis andi Clark: PioneeringNatutralists (Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana,1969).

2. R. D. Burroughs, Ed., Natutral History of theLewis andt Clark Expeditioni (Michigan StateUniv. Press, East Lansing, 1961).

Herrero correctly named me as a

supporter of the proposal to remove

grizzly bears from parks such as Yel-lowstone and Glacier and then labeledthe proposal both undesirable and"clearly contrary to the obligationstated in the statutes" under which our

national parks were established.Herrero himself recently pointed out

(1) that "few people would suggestreintroducing the grizzly into the backcountry of the Sierra Nevada NationalPark areas. Back coLntry use by peoplein the Sierra is simply too great to per-

mit such sharing." Thus the main dif-ference between our positions reduces towhether or not people should be per-

mitted, indeed encouraged, to get outfrom behind their windshields and hike

as they are doing in the Sierra park.It is worth noting that in the new Ger-man national park in the Bavarian For-est grizzlies will not be reintroduced.

The extensive statistics cited by Her-rero on the miles hiked, grizzlies stud-ied, and man-hours devoted by the

Craigheads in Yellowstone without seri-ous injury are no doubt accurate al-

though the Craigheads reported (2)that their "information was not gloanedwithout risk. Time and again we havebeen treed by bears." It is difficult to

see how the experience of a group of

professionals, usually armed at that,applies to the average hiker or camper.An Act of Congress established Yel-

lowstone in 1872 both as a "pleasuring-ground for the people" and for "the

preservation of all the timber, mineral

deposits, natural curiosities, and won-

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SCIENCE, VOL. 171432

IX~~~~~~~~~~

ders within said park." As soon asroads through the park- and Old Faith-ful Inn were built, the inherent con-flict of purposes became apparent.Clelarly, if the first part of the 1 872ohlii,,tion is to be fulfilled, some coIml-promaise is inevitable in the second.FLurt3hermiiore, no one generation can infact lorever hind future generations....Even thouLgh law,s remain the saime, asdecades pass and new circumiistancesarlse. the laws tenid to be reinterpreted.We can all agree that feedinig gar-

ba1ge to grizzlies in national parksshoLlld stop. But will the Park Service,which does such a superb job in somalny ways, continuLe to enforce no-teedlinlg rules after the present excite-menit has subsiled? I have seen garbageted to grizzlies every night unlder theeyes of unprotesting park rangers eventhoLugh it was in flagrant violation ofregulaLtionIS.

Last, some caution is in order beforeaccepting H-errero's themile that -thehighest lunction our parks can serve"is to give mnan a sense of being "partof nature.' This is a complcx and slip-pery idea. Does he imply that the mnanstuLy inng biochemistry or atomnic phys-ics is not as fuLlly and deeply immnersedin the study of nature as the mlan hik-ing the back trai'ls and thinking aboutgrizzly bears? Most of us believe wefindt mounlbtain scenery ennobling, some-thing which uplifts the mind and heart.Yet Hitlcr found his inspiration in theI3erchtesgaden Alps. There simply is noassuLrance that a sense of union with analpine ecosystem including large andsav.age carnivores will automatically bea civiilizig experience.

GAIRDNER B. MOMENTDepartment of Biological Sciences,G(ouicher College,Baltimotre, Ma1rrylanzld 21204

References

1. S. Her-icro, BioShienzc e 20, 1148 (1970).2. F1. Craighcad and J. Ci-aighlcad, Nat. Geogr.

Alag. 130, 252 (1966).

Measuring Radioactive Materials

We have nioted with interest the cor-responidenice on the subject of the mis-labeling of radioactively tagged chemi-cals. culminating with the letter (4Dec.) from A. Broido entitled "Moremi.slabelinlg more frustraltion." Broido

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5 FEBRUARY 1971

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Samford University's, Dr.J.H.Langston:"I evaluated analytical balancesfor a year. . . but it was a 15 minuteTORBAL demonstration that sold me:'

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stuLdents per day. It took the Torsion represen-tative just 15 minutes to point out that the no-

knife-edge torsion design principle providesthis kind of ruggedness-plus high accuracyand precision.

As a result of this demonstration, SamfordUniversity equipped their analytical lab withTORBAL EA-1 electronic analytical balances.The EA-l, with a capacity of160 g and precision of 0.03

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434

ters as 14C. The difficulties inherent inthe measurement of solid 14C sourcesas a result of absorption and scatteringhave recently been discussed by Wood(1) -

Because of such problems arisingfrom absorption and scattering, theemission rates per cturie from solidsources of the same low-energy beta-particle emitter can vary quite con-siderably, depending on their chemicalcomposition and geometrical configura-tion. Since it is impossible to calibratesuch solid sources nondestructively, theNational Bureau of Standards hasnever offered calibration services forthis type of source.Where the assay of a 14C sample

cannot conveniently be carried out byliquid-scintillation or gas counting wehave, in the past, recommended thepreparation of a working standard cus-tom-made for the particular experiment.It is inadvisable that such a workingstandard be made by anyone but theuser himself. Thus we have suggestedthat our Na"CO3 solution standardscontaining '4C can be satisfactorilyused for the assay of 14C samples bypreparing a working laboratory stand-ard, into which a quantitative "spike"of our standard has been introduced atsome appropriate stage in the prepara-tion of a sample, with the analysis car-ried out in exactly the same manner asfor the samples that are to be assayed.

Price lists of our standards for usein the assay of 14C, including [14C]-nz-hexadecane and [14C]benzoic acid intoluene for liquid-scintillation counting,and of other low-energy beta-particlesolution standards, such as 3H, 63Ni,and 1-lTPm, can be obtained from theRadioactivity Section iof the NationalBureau of Standards. Lists of ourradioactivity calibration services arealso available. Information and guid-ance on problems arising in radioactivitymeasurements can be found in a num-ber of texts such as, for example, NBSHandbook 80, A Manuiial of Radio-activity Procedutres, available from theGovernment Printing Office or theRadioactivity Section. Personnel of thissection are also available for consulta-tion on such problems.

S. B. GARFINKELW. B. MANN

Radioactivity Sectio)n,Ceniter for Radiationi Research,National Bureau of Standardis,Washington, D.C. 20234

Reference

1. K. G. WOOd. I,t. J. Appi. Radial. Isot. 21, 581(1970).

SCIENCE, VOL. 171

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no rebuttal "because it would be de-meaning on our part."

St. Regis Paper Co., which was ac-cused in the report of serious foot drag-ging, announced soon before the re-port's release that it was doubling itsplanned expenditures for environmentalprotection and was closing two of itsfoulest mills. CEP does not gloat overthis apparent success-it merely ex-presses pleasure that St. Regis is tryingto do better. A St. Regis spokesman,while on the best of terms with the in-vestigators, predicted that the impact ofthe report would be "zilch," and said"I don't think they're technically quali-fied to do it-they just don't under-stand" the complexities.

Favorable reactions came from thefinancial community. John Westergard,president of Equity Research Asso-ciates in New York, called the report"a serious work representing a majorcontribution to an understanding" ofpaper's pollution problems. "For thefirst time, security analysts will have attheir fingertips the information anddocumentation necessary to make a fairdetermination" of the industry's needsin this area.

Economist Roger Murray said, "'Pa-per Profits' is an excellent example ofprecisely what is required" for port-folio managers who are more frequent-ly taking environmental matters intoaccount when they make decisions. Al-drich of Chase Manhattan said the re-port would be valuable to spur com-panies to make their own, more detailedinvestigations into their problems.CEP is more interested in getting its

information around than in chalkingup victories. And right now, says boardmember Thomas Alder, "the promiseof the form is more important than thesubstance of the reports." Nevertheless,Miss Tepper claims that most of theinformation contained in the intensivestudies has never before been madeavailable to the public. In addition, shesays, the council serves as a translatorof technical material which, if pub-licized in its original form, wouldbe incomprehensible to the inquiringinvestor.As what Alder calls "a literary re-

source for activists," CEP suppliesfactual data to enable people, such asthe victims of pulp mill pollution, toask hard questions of companies whomthey believe to be violating public in-terest. On a more organized scale, thecouncil's antipersonnel contracting re-port was used as a reference by dis-

466

rupters at last year's meeting of Honey-well shareholders. At this meeting, AlPlOINT MAENTSshareholders requested the company tocurtail some $250 million worth ofcontracts for antipersonnel materiel.

Whirlpool and several other com-panies stopped manufacturing com-ponents of antipersonnel systems afterthe study was released. However, int'his case CEP only contributed to ex-isting pressures-Another Mother forPeace, a California group that dabblesin corporate prodding, had been con-ducting a rabid campaign against J. R. Silber

Whirlpool. In addition, such companies,whose war products constitute only atiny percentage of their total output,are often subjected to compelling pres-sures from within to drop a contro-versial, and not particularly profitable,line.

Attitudes Change

As the CEP staff refines its tech-niques and as its name becomes betterknown, company managements are in-creasingly communicative. Since thepublication of the pulp and paper re-port, "we have been finding a changeof heart in a number of industries" in-volved in the current study of corpora-

tions, says Miss Underwood. Chemi-cal companies were reluctanit to talk,but now "chemical companies are call-ing back." Steel companies are a "rela-tively silent group," she says; but sheis confident that the researchers will beable to develop a more effective ap-proach.The strength of CEP, says Timothy

Collins, whose securities firm is do-nating space for the New York office,is that it is "built on a strong founda-tion of research" and is interested in"long-term continuity" rather thanshort-range campaigns. No study is overonce it is completed-the council plansto issue follow-up reports on everymajor investigation. Future reports are

already in the works: a study of South-east Asia war contractors, a detailedlook into minority employment prac-tices in the communications media, anda survey of antipollution activities with-in the electric utilities industry.The council is too young for its in-

fluence to be assessed, but a growinglist of subscribers is apparently satis-fied that a team of "girl graduates" andtheir male aides are capable of master-ing financial and technical complexi-ties that industry has long maintainedto be beyond the grasp of the outsider.

-CONSTANCE HOLDEN

John R. Silber, dean, College of Artsand Sciences, University of Texas, Aus-tin, to president, Boston University....Charles I. Schottland, former dean,Social Welfare Graduate School, Bran-deis University, to president of theuniversity.... Paul E. Gray, professorof electrical engineering, M.I.T., todean, School of Engineering, M.I.T....George T. Reynolds, director, Elemen-tary Particles Laboratory, PrincetonUniversity, to director, new Center forEnvironmental Studies at Princeton....Allen F. Strehler, associate professor ofmathematics, Carnegie-Mellon Univer-sity, to dean of graduate studies at theuniversity. .. . Christopher P. Sword,professor of microbiology, Universityof Kansas, to chairman of life sci-ences, Indiana State University....Noel R. Rose, professor of microbi-ology and assistant professor of medi-cine, Center for Immunology, StateUniversity of New York, Buffalo, todirector of the center. . . . John P.Long, acting head, pharmacology de-partment, University of Iowa Collegeof Medicine, to head of the depart-ment. Richard F. Armstrong,associate professor of sociology, KnoxCollege, to chairman, anthropologyand sociology, Eastern Kentucky Uni-versity. . . . Peter Bedrosian, assist-ant professor of psychology, StateUniversity of New York, Buffalo, tochairman, psychology department, EastStroudsburg State College.. . . SimonHorenstein, associate professor of neu-rology, Case Western Reserve Univer-sity, to chief of neurology, St. LouisUniversity. . . . Richard A. Kenyon,associate dean, Graduate School, andchairman, mechanical engineering de-partment, Clarkson College, to chair-man of mechanical engineering, Ro-chester Institute of Technology....Ralph A. Llewellyn, chairman, physicsdepartment, Rose Polytechnic Institute,to chairman, physics department, In-diana State University.

SCIENCE, VOL. 171

in 300 women at term whose laborswere induced with infusions of PGE2,PGF2a, and oxytocin. The failures witheach group were 4, 33, and 44, respec-

tively. Karim then startled the audienceby announcing excellent results in in-ducing labor with the use of relativelylarge amounts of oral prostaglandins.This route of administration was pre-

viously thought to be ineffective. Theamount of oral prostaglandins necessary

to produce therapeutic abortions, how-ever, was found to be poorly tolerated,and his group, therefore, used the vag-

inal route. A series of successful abor-tions in 45 women was presented withvaginal applications of PGE2 (20 mg)or PGF2a (50 mg) every 21/2 hoursuntil abortion took place. The vaginal-tablet method was also used to bringabout menses in 11 of 12 women whowere 2 to 7 days past their expectedmenstrual date.The Yale report concerned the induc-

tion of labor in 42 women in a double-blind study with PGE2, PGF2a, andoxytocin. The results of the study were

encouraging but far less spectacularthan the results of others. It was em-

phasized ithat clinical efficacy trialsmust be carefully controlled, and sev-

eral types of discrepancies in otherseries were pointed out. A need for a

objective appraisal of results was

stressed.By popular demand, an extra after-

noon session was added as a questionand answer forum which served toclarify some issues and to allow more

investigators to present some results.It was agreed that the definition of"success" in the clinical abortion studieswas being used rather loosely, makingcomparison between various reportsdifficult.The meetinr was extremely produc-

tive and should do much to stimu-late research on this important topicthroughout the world. Certainly thepossibility has been raised that prosta-glandins may be a method of self-administered fertility control with an

effect limited to the corpus luteum.However, Raymond L. Vande Wiele,co-chairman of the session on repro-duction, rightfully raised a note of cau-

tion, urging quality in research ratherthan quantity, with a close look in thenear future at side effects.

GERALD G. ANDERSONLEON SPEROFF

Department of Obstetrics andGynecology,Yale University School of Medicine,New Haven, Connecticut 06510

504

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Developmental Biologist, Ph.D., teaching interestsand experience in anatomy, microanatomy, andcell biology. Currently developing undergraduatecourse which integrates the areas of developmentand heredity. Box 2, SCIENCE. X

(a) DRUG ABUSE SPECIALIST; OrganicChemist Ph.D.; design, direct research program,administrative experience; seeks commercial man-agement position. (b) PHARMACOLOGISTPh.D.; university professor, research director;toxicity testing of drugs, food additives, pesticides;prefers appointment drug manufacturer. Wood-ward Medical Personnel Bureau, 185 N. Wabash,Chicago, IIL 60601.

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DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGISTThis addition to be made to biology faculty Inthe Fall of 1971 at growing state-supportedinstitution. Responsibilities include teaching un-dergraduate courses in biology and conductingresearch. Please forward r6sum6, transcripts andtwo letters of recommendation to Dr. PeterDeJong, Chairman, Department of BiologySaginaw Valley College, University Center,Mich. 48710.

Ph.D. ENDOCRINOLOGIST (THYROID)Excellent position available for a qualified Ph.D.endocrinologist to head section for thyrometa-bolic tests with private institute. Applicant mustbe young and dynamic, with minimum of 3years' postdoctoral training, and 3 to 5 years'actual experience in thyrometabolic tests. Strongbackground in TSH, LATS, and other thyrometa-bolic procedures with emphasis on radioimmuno-assay applications desirable. Excellent salary andother institutional benefits. Reply in full detailstating experience, publications, and referencesin your first communication to Director of Per-sonnel, P.O. Box 92002, Los Angeles, California90009.

RESEARCH BIOCHEMIST HOpening for a B.S./M.S. degree holder with 2years of research experience to work on a chal-lenging program in macromolecular biology ofmammalian systems. Require experience in lab-oratory techniques in molecular biology specifi-cally in isolation of proteins, and nucleic acids;separations involving chromatographic, ultracen-trifugal, and electrophoretic techniques; isotopictechniques involving pulse-labeling of intermedi-ates. Experience in enzymology is desirable. Willconsider recent Ph.D. with appropriate back-ground. Replies are to be sent to P. P. Nair,Ph.D., Biochemistry Research, Sinai Hospital ofBaltimore, Inc., Belvedere Avenue at Green-spring, Baltimore, Marland 21215.

SCIENCE, VOL. 171

E1E1111111 POSITIONS OPEN 1ii11BIOCHEMIST, Ph.D.

Research position in clinical chemistry labora-tory with specific objectives of establishingand implementing radioimmuno-assay methodsfor protein and nonprotein hormones. First-hand experience with RIA methods is essen-tial. Salary commensurate with qualifications.Send r6sum6 to:

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BIOLOGIST, Ph.D.Position in Biological Research at our Cor-porate Research Center in Bloomfield fora scientist with background in pathologyor cellular biology to work with all mod-els of acute and chronic inflammatory re-sponse. For consideration and further in-formation, please direct resume of yourqualifications to:

Research Personnel

SCHERINGCORPORATION

60 Orange St. Bloomfield, N.J. 07003Applicants of all races are encouraged to apply

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