President’s Patch · 2019. 5. 4. · President’s Patch 1 Black Spot 2 ... North American pawpaw...

Inside this issue

President’s Patch 1

Black Spot 2

“ 3

“ 4

Annual Mtg registration 5

Bud/Sprout Removal 6

Two New PawpawCultivars 7

Recipe 8

NAPGA / OPGA Info 8

OSU Registration Form 9

Fall 2018Fall 2018Fall 2018

Volume 16, Issue 2Volume 16, Issue 2Volume 16, Issue 2

State Chapter:Ohio Pawpaw Growers

Association

NAPGA & OPGA past newsletters are archived atOhio State University, Piketon, Ohio

http://southcenters.osu.edu/horticulture/publications/newsletters/Ohio-pawpaw-growers-association-newsletters

Please check with Ron ([email protected]) regarding your membership status.

Mission StatementMission StatementMission StatementNAPGA

is an organization of pawpawenthusiasts, backyard and

commercial pawpaw growers,small and large, dedicated topromoting the superior traitsof the pawpaw plant and fruit,developing a pawpaw industry

and marketing plan,preserving and studying the

wild pawpaw genetics.

OPGA. Jerry was well recognized for his hybridiz-ing persimmons and the NA pawpaw. He will cer-tainly be missed by the NAPGA / OPGA and me.

This newsletter will focus on the Blackspotdisease that I observed last summer at my Ad-ams County farm and other locations in Kentuckyand Indiana. and what it did to the trees andpossibly will do in the upcoming years. It will beinteresting to see if it returns this year as heavyas last year. Please let me know if you see thedisease symptoms in your NA pawpaw planting.

Be sure to send in your NAPGA / OPGA regis-tration for our annual meeting, if you wish to at-tend, is on page 5. The deadline to register isgetting close, May 13. Page 9 is the registrationform for the grafting workshops at Piketon, OHand Columbus, OH sponsored by The Ohio StateUniversity. Remember that we will be focusingon the NA pawpaws but the grafting methodsthat will be demonstrated can apply to other fruitand nut trees.

President’s Patch by

Contact the pawpaw discussion group:http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Ohiopawpaw

NAPGA Facebook page:http://www.facebook.com/NorthAmericanPawpawGrowers

Inmemory ofJerry Leh-man. I am sadto inform youthat Jerry Leh-man died onApril 1, 2019.This is oldnews to mostof you but Ifeel the needto include it inthe PawpawPickin’s. OnMarch 28, Jerrywas injured while working in his orchard. Jerryhad a broken back and other injuries from afall. Jerry had been diagnosed with Leukemiaand was suffering from a low white blood cellcount. The stresses of his health problems andadditional complications where just overwhelm-ing for Jerry to recover from.

Jerry was a life member of the NAPGA and

Contact NAPGA or OPGA: http://www.NAPGA.com or http://www.Ohiopawpaw.comContact the pawpaw discussion group: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/OhiopawpawNAPGA Facebook page: http://www.facebook.com/NorthAmericanPawpawGrowers

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Black Spot of North American Pawpawby Ronald L. Powell, PhDThis is the follow up article on black spot that I

promised in a previous issue of the E News. TheNorth American pawpaw trees at the farm in AdamsCounty, OH, were infected with an unidentified fungusthis year besides the usual Phyllosticta sp. or Bor-dered Leaf Spot. The symptoms of the leaf infectionsranged from severe to none on various cultivars. Istarted to make a list of susceptible trees but since Ihave over a hundred cultivars, it became a dauntingtask. It became easier to list those pawpaw trees thatdid not show any or few symptoms of the disease.

The leaf infection appeared to be widespread inthat I was sent pictures and or samples of pawpawleaves from TN, NY and KY with the unknown fungus.I was also able to personally observe infected leavesin KY and at a pawpaw planting in IN. On the brightside, I did not observe any leaf symptoms at myplanting in Butler County, OH.

Leaf samples were sent from my farm in AdamsCounty, OH, to the C. Wayne Ellett Plant and PestDiagnostic Clinic located in Reynoldsburg, OH. Thefacility is a joint venture between the Ohio Depart-ment of Agriculture and Ohio State University. Dip-locarpon sp. was identified by Dr. Joy Pierzynski,plant pathologist. She stated in the report on herfindings; “the pawpaw sample you sent is positiveor Black Spot Fungus (Diplocarpon sp.). I was ableto clearly see the fungus under the microscope.This is a common fungal disease on pawpaw thistime of year once there has been a lot of rain”. Iam still attempting to discover why UK and OSUwere not able to culture the samples sent to them.

After conducting a web search for Diplocarponon NA pawpaw and was able to locate two refer-ences for black spot on pawpaw. The first referencewas given to me by Dr. Joy Pierzynski, Ohio State

University, in her report for an arti-cle by Mary H. Dyer, CredentialedGarden Writer and the second wasfound on the Stark Bros web site.

Mary Dyer’s article entitled,“How to treat a sick pawpaw: infor-mation about diseases of pawpawtrees.” She mentions two“common” diseases of pawpawtrees: powdery mildew and blackspot. She states that, “black spoton pawpaw is recognized bymasses of tiny black spots on theleaves and fruit. Black spot, afungal disease, is most commonin cool weather or following aperiod of unusually damp weath-er.” The web site is:Https:www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/pawpaws/diseases-of-pawpaw-trees.htm.


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The second article on black spot was found on theStark Bros web site entitled, “Pest and Disease Con-trol for Pawpaw Trees”. The article states, “BlackSpot. Disease causing defoliation and black spots onleaves and thrives in moist conditions. Twigs mayalso be infected. Black spots are circular with fringedmargins, and if severe, spots can combine to cause alarge black mass, can weaken and kill plants.

It may be too early to talk about controlmeasures since additional samples sent to Ohio StateUniversity and University of Kentucky have bothfailed to culture any pathogen from the pawpaw leafsamples. As far as my research on Diplocarpon show,there are six species: Diplocaron mespili or macula-tum (Quince leaf blight, loquat, hawthorn), D. earli-ana or earlianum (strawberry leaf scorch), D. mali(apple), D. impressum, D. saponaride, and D. rossae(rose black spot).

Additional information from the Gardening KnowHow web site gives us additional information on theblack spot fungus. Black spot fungus begins to devel-op in the spring when temperatures reach intothe sixties and the garden has been continu-ously wet for six to nine hours. By the timetemperatures reach into the seventies, the dis-ease is running rampant and won’t slow downuntil the daytime temperatures rise above 850F(290C). The disease begins with tiny blackspots on the leaves. No bigger than a pinhead.As the fungus develops, those back spots onleaves are ringed with a yellow halo. Soon theentire leaf turns yellow and falls.

Diplocarpon sp. belong to the Phylum, As-comycota (Ascomycetes, sac fungi, producesexual spores, ascospores in asci. They pro-duce non-motile asexual spores called conid-ia); Class, Discomycetes (Ascomycetes withapothecia - ascocarps shaped like cups, sau-cers, or cushions and called apothecia); Order, Hel-otiales (Apothecia, cup or disk shaped. Asci, plural of

ascus, a sac-like cell of a hypha, with only slightlythickened apices).

The text book, “Plant Pathology” by George Agri-os, that I am using as a reference discusses Diplocar-pon with anthracnose diseases, Anthracnose, meansblackening (anthrax = carbon = black), are diseasesof the foliage, stems, or fruits that typically appearas dark-colored spots or sunken lesions with a slight-ly raised edge. Anthracnoses are caused by fungithat produce conidia within black acervuli, Diplocar-pon is one of four genera that are responsible formost anthracnose diseases, and is found in naturemostly in their conidial stage (asexual) and can over-winter as mycelium or conidia.

Diplocarpon attack primarily the foliage of plantsby means of conidia on which the infected areas pro-duce numerous conidia that spread to other plantsby wind, wind-blown rain, water, and insects andcause more infections. In most cases, these fungioverwinter primarily as conidia or mycelium in fallenleaves or other plant debris.

In summary, black spot on Asimina triloba ap-pears as black lesions on the leaves. The leaf spots

Black Spot of NA Pawpaw, cont.


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Black Spot of NA Pawpaw, cont.ascospores, and conidia in infected leaves. Both co-nidia and ascospores can cause primary infections ofleaves in the spring by direct penetration. The sporesgerminate and the mycelium grows in the mesophyllof the leaf and within two weeks acervuli and conidia

appear on the upper surface. Conidia areproduced throughout the growing seasonand cause repeated infections throughoutthe growing season and cause repeatedinfections during warm, wet weather.

There currently is no chemical controlmeasures registered for the North AmericanPawpaw, however, good sanitation practic-es and removing and burning infectedleaves may help.

have fringed margins and may coalesce to producelarge, irregular, black lesions. The leaf tissue aroundthe lesions turns yellow, and often entire leaves be-come yellow and fall off prematurely. The fungusproduces (1) conidia in acervuli forming between theouter wall and cuticle of the leaf epidermis, and (2)ascospores in tiny apothecia formed in old lesions.Conidia on short conidiophores push up and rupturethe cuticle. The fungus overwinters as mycelium,


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2019 OPGA Workshop Registration Form2019 OPGA Workshop Registration Form2019 OPGA Workshop Registration FormThe 2019 Annual Meeting will be held at Wilmington College on May 18th

Center for Sciences and Agriculture on College Ave, Wilmington, OH

By Mail: Complete the information section below and return with the registration feeBy Mail: Complete the information section below and return with the registration feetoto::

NAPGA/OPGA, ℅ Ron Powell, 6549 Amelia Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45241

or

Email Ron at [email protected]

513-777-8367

$12.0012.00 —— each for NAPGA/OPGA members and $15.00each for NAPGA/OPGA members and $15.00—— each for noneach for non--membersmembers

The registration fee includes coffee and bagels at registration, a box lunch, NA pawpaw scion woodThe registration fee includes coffee and bagels at registration, a box lunch, NA pawpaw scion woodand a small NA pawpaw seedling to take home with you will be provided. A grafting demonstrationand a small NA pawpaw seedling to take home with you will be provided. A grafting demonstrationwill be presented by experienced grafters and will assist you with your graft. A visit to the Wilming-will be presented by experienced grafters and will assist you with your graft. A visit to the Wilming-ton College farm NA pawpaw planting may take place in the afternoon, if weather and time permit.ton College farm NA pawpaw planting may take place in the afternoon, if weather and time permit.

Completed registrations by May 13th or earlier are appreciated.Completed registrations by May 13th or earlier are appreciated.Completed registrations by May 13th or earlier are appreciated.

Let us know if you are on a special dietLet us know if you are on a special dietLet us know if you are on a special dietPlease make checks payable to: NAPGA or OPGA.Please make checks payable to: NAPGA or OPGA.Please make checks payable to: NAPGA or OPGA.

Name: _____________________________________________________________Name: _____________________________________________________________Name: _____________________________________________________________

Address: ____________________________________________________________Address: ____________________________________________________________Address: ____________________________________________________________

City/State/Zip: _______________________________________________________City/State/Zip: _______________________________________________________City/State/Zip: _______________________________________________________

Phone:____________________________Email:_____________________________Phone:____________________________Email:_____________________________Phone:____________________________Email:_____________________________


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are not removed in a timely manner, the rapidly de-veloping shoots may become very difficult to tellfrom the developing shoots from the graft. Inspect-ing your grafts is important since vegetative buds onthe stock plant below the graft may continue tobreak for a period of time and outgrow the graft.

I hope that this will clear up any confusion aboutthe removal of flower buds on the scion wood andthe removal of the breaking and rapidly expandingvegetative buds below the graft on the scion wood.

Bud/Sprout Removalby Ronald L. Powell, PhDA question regarding the removal of buds from

small NA pawpaw trees during the 2018 annual NAP-GA/OPGA meeting came up. I believe that the origi-nal question was about the removal of flower budsfrom the scion wood. In the collection/harvesting ofNA pawpaw scion wood, the flower buds are usuallynot removed until the time of grafting. Removal ofthe flower buds leaves an open wound(s) that wouldallow for the evaporation of water that would lead todehydration of the scion wood and a site for the en-trance of diseases (bacteria and/or fungi).

At the time of grafting, the scion is coveredwith Parafilm that will prevent dehydration andacts like a band aid to cover the wounds to pre-vent diseases. The NA pawpaw scion wood is es-sentially last year’s growth and the flower budsare located on last year’s wood, if the tree is ma-ture. Thus, harvesting scion wood without theflower bud is difficult.

The flower buds are usually removed (rubbedoff) so that the newly grafted NA pawpaw plantmay establish itself instead of bearing fruit. Anyfruit that is produced on the newly grafted NApawpaw plant is usually “dropped” for various rea-sons. One reason the pawpaw plant may dropfruit is the tree may not have sufficient canopycover to protect the fruit from sunburn, becausethe fruit is not shaded.

After the root stock is grafted, any vegetativebuds that begin to break below the graft must beremoved. See picture to the right and note thetwo sprouts circled below the graft. These vegeta-tive buds below the graft will compete and out-grow any buds that break on the scion. The plantswill need to be checked for several weeks tomonths and maybe up to a year to remove thevegetative buds that will continue to break andleaf out below the graft. If these vegetative buds


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KSU ChappellTM

The Kentucky State University Land GrantProgram announced the release of its third paw-paw cultivar, KSU-ChappellTM (KSU 4-1). Thisfruit is the third pawpaw released by the univer-sity and follows KSU-AtwoodTM (KSU 8-2) andKSU-BensonTM (Hy 7-5).

The KSU-ChappellTM is a mid-season ripeningcultivar that is extremely vigorous and high yield-ing. KSU-ChappellTM bears large fruit (250 gramson average) with a creamy sweet, mild-banana-pineapple flavor with floral notes, and low per-cent seed (5% by weight). Trees of KSU-ChappellTM will be available for purchase fromlicensed nurseries.

TallahatchieTM

TallahatchieTM Pawpaw (10-35). Accordingto Neal Peterson, the TallahatchieTM has pleas-ant aromas and a sweet mellow flavor with flo-ral notes. It is also known for having a verysmooth texture. Fruit ripens mid to late season.In Maryland that is mid to late September. Fruitaverages about 240 grams (9 oz.) with a fruitto seed ratio of about 5% which is great forpawpaws.

What makes TallahatchieTM Pawpaw distinc-tive is its exquisite flavor. Ms. Jones of KSU in-sisted that you must include this variety whenmaking pawpaw ice cream. It has very fewseeds with a seed to fruit ratio less than Shen-andoah. TallatchieTM tends to bear large clus-ters which a impressive to see. However, it mayrequire some thinning.

Twonewcultivarsintroducedin2018

NAPGA/OPGA Editorvisit us at our web sites:www.NAPGA.comwww.NAPGA.com

www.Ohiopawpaw.comwww.Ohiopawpaw.comPawpaw Pickin’s is published bi-annually by the

NAPGA/OPGA, organizations dedicated to advancing theeducation and knowledge of North American pawpaw

culture, encouraging the planting of pawpaws, themanagement of native pawpaws, and perpetuating the

utilization of all N. A. pawpaw products.

NAPGA/OPGA DuesNAPGA/OPGA DuesNAPGA/OPGA DuesPlease check with Ron ([email protected]) regarding your dues status orbe sure to read the reminder in your E-News correspondence. Yourmembership dues are now collected on your anniversary date.Please renew your membership in NAPGA/OPGA to show your support.Your continued support is needed to further the education and the promo-tion of North American pawpaws.

Go to www.Ohiopawpaw.com, for a membership form.Membership dues are: $20.00 — family membership

$5.00 — student membership

Send dues to: NAPGA / OPGA, ℅ Dr. Ron Powell6549 Amelia Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45241

Board ofBoard ofBoard ofDirectorsDirectorsDirectors& Officers& Officers& Officers

NAPGA/OPGANAPGA/OPGANAPGA/OPGA

Ron Powell……..….President, OHGreg Hoerrt…….....1st - Vice President, OHTony Russell……….2nd Vice President, OHDave Simpson…..…Treasurer, OHTerry Powell…….....Secretary, OHKaren Sandorf…..…Web Mistress, PADale Brooks………...ALMark Boone……..….MICliff England…….....KYBrad Bergefurd OHJason Neumann…...OHMarc Stadler………..OHGene Pouly………....OHRon White…………..OHVacant

Pawpaw Hazelnut Oat MuffinsDate Puree1 1/2 cups pitted dates, snip in half1/4 cup pilus 2 tablespoons waterMuffins3/4 cup chopped hazelnuts1 1/4 cups vanilla soymilk1 tablespoon rice or mild vinegar2 1/2 cups old fashioned rolled oats2 tsp baking powder1 1/2 tsp ground cinnamon1 tsp ground nutmeg1/4 tsp. ground cloves1/4 tsp baking soda1/4 tsp salt1 cup pureed pawpaws1 tsp vanilla extract1/2 tsp. caramel or vanilla extract1 large egg white

Directions:Preheat the oven to 3500 F1. Line 2 six-section muffin tines with baking cups2. Prepare the date puree by combining the dates and water in a foodprocessor and pulse to a coarse puree. Set aside.3. Combine the soy milk and vinegar in a small bowl and set aside.4. I n a large mixing bowl, combine the rolled oats, baking powder,cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, baking soda, and salt and mix well.5. Add the crushed hazelnuts and stir in.6. In a medium bowl, combine the pawpaw, vanilla extract, the reserveddate puree and the soymilk-vinegar mixture.7. Add the wet ingredients and mix thoroughly.8. In a small bowl, lightly beat egg white with a fork until foamy9. Add egg white o the muffin batter and mix until thoroughlyincorporated10. Fill the muffin pans to the brim and bake for 26 to 28 minutes oruntil a toothpick inserted into the center of the muffins comes out clean.11. Cool completely before removing muffins from paper baking cups.

Note: The amounts used to prepare the date puree makes 1 cup of pureeYou may adjust the spices to your tasteYields several more than 1 dozen muffinsThis is a gluten free recipeThis makes a dense, not fluffy muffin


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Aconitum sp. or Winter aconite

President’s Patch · 2019. 5. 4. · President’s Patch 1 Black Spot 2 ... North American pawpaw...

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