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Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH
Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH
Editor/Publisher, J Med Internet Res
Associate Professor Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, & KMDI, University of Toronto;
Senior Scientist, Centre for Global eHealth Innovation,Division of Medical Decision Making and Health Care Research; Toronto General Research Institute of the UHN, Toronto General Hospital, Canada
WebCite® (www.webcitation.org)WebCite® (www.webcitation.org)
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WebCite® is an on-demand archiving system (controlled by citing and cited
authors, editors, and publishers), which enables long-term digital
preservation and citability of any kind of Internet-accessible object *
Mission
* webpages, blogs, wikis, data files e.g. spreadsheets, PDF-reports, “grey” research reports, preprints etc.
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E-publishing & Open Access Research Group at the CGEI, Toronto
• Journal of Medical Internet Research (www.jmir.org), – Living publishing lab– a pioneer in Open Access publishing (10 yrs)– Leading journal in its discipline (Impact Factor 3.0)– “triple-O” philosophy (open access, open source, open peer-
review)– OS contributions include contributions to OJS and XML-
typesetting software (originally © MJ Suhonos, G. Eysenbach, J Alperin, code released under GNU forms basis for PKP Lemon8 project)
• CIHR-funded research on the Impact of Open Access on Knowledge Translation (see e.g. Eysenbach. PLoS Biol 4(5): e157)
• Publishing innovations incl. WebCite® (www.webcitation.org)
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www.jmir.org
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Authors increasingly cite non-traditional (web)references
• Webpages (e.g. personal homepages)
• “grey” PDF reports (e.g. research progress reports, etc.)
• Blogs
• Wikis
• Datasets which are available online
Note: For the purpose of this talk I refer to “webpages” or webreferences - but what I really mean is any sort of electronic digital object that can be cited and which can be deemed non-traditional (not having a DOI)
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Problem 1: URLs go “dead”
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Attrition rate of cited non-journal URLs
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Dellavalle RP, Hester EJ, Heilig LF, Drake AL, Kuntzman JW, Graber M, et al. Information science. Going, going, gone: lost Internet references. Science 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):787-788. DOI:10.1126/science.1088234
In one study published in the journal Science, 13% of Internet references in scholarly articles were inactive after only 27 months.
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Problem 2: Even if URLs don’t go “dead”, their content may change
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Eysenbach G. Towards quality management of medical information on the internet: evaluation, labelling, and filtering of informationBMJ 1998;317:1496-1502
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Today, that site looks different…
medpics.org
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Wikis and Blogs change constantly
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The homepage of a blog shows the most recent posts only
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Problem 3: Internet material not deemed “citable”
(impedes the use of blogs, wikis, online-sharing of datasets etc.)
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Editors often discourage citing web material (including datasets)
URL:http://www.plantphysiol.org/misc/ifora.shtml. Accessed: 2008-06-26. (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5YsaBISU5)
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Internet material not considered citable(Deemed unstable, not archived)
Fear of plagiarism / not getting credits
Authors are reluctant to-Making data and datasets online accessible-Participate in collaborative projects (wikis)-Share information in blogs
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Problem 4: Crawler-based archiving insufficient
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Limitations of crawler based archiving
• No author-initiated on demand archiving on a given date/time
• “Shotgun” approach
• Crawler cannot go everywhere (“hidden web”)
• No impact statistics (how often has my archived copy been retrieved)
• Impossible to curate
WebCite = Web Archiving 2.0
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The solution: WebCite®
• First mentioned as an idea and implemented as a prototype in 1998 (Eysenbach, BMJ 1998;317:1496-1502)
• Project idea revived in 2004/2005• First implemented by J Med Internet Res• Today, used by >200 journals and large
publishers (including Biomed Central, Oxford University Press)
• Became member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium in 2008
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Citing Author
/comb
WebCite®
/archive Cited Author
/bookmarklet/archive
(self-archiving)
Publisher/Editor
/archive
/comb
What the world needsJ. Author
This is a sample citing paper [1].
References:1. Doe J.
www.citedwebsite.com/exmpl [Accessed 1.1.2004]
2. -------------------3. -------------------4. -------------------
XMLManuscriptwith DOI®
DOI® server
IALibraries/Digital PreservationPartners
mirrorsSnapshotRetrievalRequest (DOI with Hash)
© WebCite®
LinkResolver
Reverse (citation-triggered) archiving Self (author-triggered) archiving
Third-party archiving
CrossRef®ForwardLinking XML
(optional) DOI assignment
Reader
(dynamic content)
(static content)
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Citing Author
/comb
WebCite®
/archive/bookmarklet
What the world needsJ. Author
This is a sample citing paper [1].
References:1. Doe J.
www.citedwebsite.com/exmpl [Accessed 1.1.2004]
2. -------------------3. -------------------4. -------------------
IALibraries/Digital PreservationPartners
mirrorsSnapshotRetrievalRequest
© WebCite® Third-party archiving
Reader
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Eysenbach, Gunther. Gunther Eysenbach Random Research Rants Blog. 2008-06-26. URL:http://gunther-eysenbach.blogspot.com. Accessed: 2008-06-26. (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5YreMGRz7)
Eysenbach, Gunther. Gunther Eysenbach Random Research Rants Blog. 2008-06-26.http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fgunther-eysenbach.blogspot.com&date=2008-06-26
Two possible citation formats to cite the WebCite snapshot
Opaque (ID-based)
Transparent
(Note that there are also others: Hash-based, and citing-document-DOI-based)
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4. Displays cached version
2. Request is redirected to webcitation
www.citedwebsite.com/exmplERROR: NOT FOUND
3. Attempts to retrieve “live” cited URL, if not found displays
cached version (and/or other versions)
What the world needsJ. Author
This is a sample citing paper [1].
References:1. Doe J.
www.webcitation.org?cache_url=www.citedwebsite.com/exmpl&cache_date=31.1.2003 [Accessed 31.1.2004]
2. -------------------3. -------------------4. -------------------
Webcitation.org
Reader point of view: for retrieving archived material the reader simply clicks on the WebCite link
1. Reader clicks on cited webcitation-URL(on 1.1.2005)
Cached version (timestamp 31.1.2004)
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Bookmarklet
Can be used to rapidly archive the currently viewed webpage
(bookmarklet hands over current URL and email adress of the citing author to the WebCite server)
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Citing Author
/comb
WebCite®
/archive Cited Author
/bookmarklet/archive
(self-archiving)What the world needs
J. Author
This is a sample citing paper [1].
References:1. Doe J.
www.citedwebsite.com/exmpl [Accessed 1.1.2004]
2. -------------------3. -------------------4. -------------------
IALibraries/Digital PreservationPartners
mirrorsSnapshotRetrievalRequest
© WebCite®
Reverse (citation-triggered) archiving Self (author-triggered) archiving
Third-party archiving
Reader
(dynamic content)
(static content)
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As “potentially cited” author I can self-archive and add a static WebCite-enriched
reference as citation suggestion…
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As “potentially cited” author I can self-archive and add a static WebCite-enriched
reference as citation suggestion…
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… or I provide a dynamic link to the WebCite archiving form
(“WebCite this!”)
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… or I provide a dynamic link to the WebCite archiving form
(“WebCite this!”)
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Click on “WebCite this” populates the archiving form with metadata
from the cited author
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(the same approach can be used by authors of wikis, datasets etc.)
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Implementation from a publisher / editor point of view
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Level 1-4 implementation
Time since author saw the cited webdocument
Author “webcites” document immediately(or reference manager takes care of this)Editors stipulate this in their Instructions for authors
Editor/Copyeditor “webcites” cited document before publication
1
2
WebCite® immediately archives cited webreferences on publication (combing XML files)
3
Retrospective focussed crawling of old articles4
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Level 1-Implementation by journal editors: Instructions for authors
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Citing Author
/comb
WebCite®
/archive/bookmarklet
Publisher/Editor
/archive
/comb
What the world needsJ. Author
This is a sample citing paper [1].
References:1. Doe J.
www.citedwebsite.com/exmpl [Accessed 1.1.2004]
2. -------------------3. -------------------4. -------------------
XMLManuscriptwith DOI®
IALibraries/Digital PreservationPartners
mirrors
© WebCite®
Reverse (citation-triggered) archiving Self (author-triggered) archiving
Third-party archiving
CrossRef®ForwardLinking XML
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Implemented by >200 journals
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What’s next
Future developments
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WebCite 2.0
• User accounts• Enables users to view a list of the snapshots they
created (and to categorize and export them e.g. in BibTex, Refman etc.)
• Enables tagging, “crowdsourcing” of curation tasks such as metadata entering & reconciliation
• Recommender service (people who cited x also cited y)• Post-publication peer-review (others can rate
documents)• For cited authors
– WebCite® Impact Factor (access / citation statistics, which can be used for tenure & promotion purposes)
– WebCitation-Alert service
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Implementation of WebCite® in tools facilitating “archive as you cite”
• Bibliographic management systems (Endnote, reference manager) and shared bookmarks (Connotea, CiteULike)
• XML-editing software (Word 2007 XML-addin, Lemon8 etc.)
• Plugin for OJS and other manuscript management systems (allowing authors to automatically WebCite all references in their manuscript)
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WebCite® works within the International Internet Preservation
Consortium (IIPC)• Collect and preserve a rich body of Internet content from
around the world
• To foster the development and use of common tools, techniques and standards that enable the creation of international archives
• To encourage and support national libraries everywhere to address Internet collecting and preservation
http://netpreserve.org
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2008 IIPC Members (38)• Asia
– Jewish National and University Library (Israel) – National Diet Library, Japan – National Library Board, Singapore – National Library of China
• Europe – Biblioteca de Catalunya (Library of Catalonia) – Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze (National Library
of Italy, Florence) – Biblioteka Narodowa (National Library of Poland) – Bibliotheque nationale de France (National Library of
France) – British Library (U.K.) – Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (German National Library) – European Archive Foundation – Hanzo Archives Ltd. (U.K.) – Kansalliskirjasto (National Library of Finland) – Koninklijke Bibliotheek (National Library of the
Netherlands) – Kungl. biblioteket (National Library of Sweden) – Landsbokasafn Islands – Haskolabokasafn (National and
University Library of Iceland) – Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka (National Library of Latvia) – Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu (National
and University Library in Zagreb, Croatia) – Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica (National and
University Library, Slovenia) – Národní knihovna České republiky (National Library of
the Czech Republic) – Nasjonalbiblioteket (National Library of Norway)
• Europe, cont.– National Archives (U.K.) – National Library of Scotland – Netarchive.dk (Royal Library and the State and University Library,
Aarhus) – Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (Austrian National Library) – Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek (Swiss National Library) – Virtual Knowledge Studio – Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts
and Sciences
• North America– Bibliothèque et Archives Nationales du Québec (BAnQ) – California Digital Library (U.S.) – Centre for Global eHealth Innovation, WebCite® Internet
Citations Archiving Project (Canada) – Internet Archive (U.S.) – Library and Archives Canada – Library of Congress (U.S.) – Library of Virginia (U.S.) – United States Government Printing Office – University of North Texas Libraries (U.S.)
• Oceania– National Library of Australia – National Library of New Zealand
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The vision
• A global infrastructure (standard APIs) – for cross-archive searching of cited URLs (by
URL & date)– Decentralized storing of archived webmaterial
• Pilot project with WebCite®, Internet Archive, and Library and Archives Canada
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Summary: What WebCite® contributes
• Links/URL no longer go 404 (dead)• WebCite’d content does not change• Internet material can be deemed citable and “archived”
– Encourages “openess” (authors contribute to blogs, wikis etc., and make their datasets available)
– Takes the submission load off journals – much of the scholarly communication can take place outside of journals
• Provides access/impact statistics for cited authors• Enables one-click self-archiving• “Internet Archiving 2.0”: Enables archiving of the
“hidden/deep web” (where crawlers cannot go), collaborative assignment of metadata
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Call for action
• If you are an citing author: use WebCite next time you cite a non-journal URL
• If you are a blogger or a (potentially cited) author publishing online in any other way, put a “WebCite this!” link on your page
• If you are an editor/publisher: Implement WebCite in your workflow (instructions for authors, copyeditors, XML production department)
• If you are a librarian: Contact us to become a long-term preservation partner
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www.medicine20congress.com, Toronto, Sept 4-5th, 2008
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Thank you!
FundingChange Foundation, Canadian Institutes for Health Research, NSERC, European Union,
SSHRC
Dr G. Eysenbach, Email: geysenba at uhnres.utoronto.ca or @gmail.com,
My peer-reviewed Journal: http://www.jmir.org
My Blog: http://gunther-eysenbach.blogspot.com
My Conferences: http://www.medicine20congress.com
http://www.ehealthcongresss.org
My Slides: http://www.slideshare.net/eysen
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Appendix
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Copyright Issues
• WebCite® honors robot exclusion standards and “no-archive” tags
• Copyright holders can request removal of material• “Fair use” defence (used for non-profit/scholarly
purposes, only a part of the site was archived, etc.)• U.S. court ruled that Google’s caching does not
constitute a copyright violation, because of fair use and an implied license (Field vs Google, US District Court, District of Nevada, CV-S-04-0413-RCJ-LRL)
• In the future, WebCite® may also – Allow copyright holders to specify a fee-per-access royalty fee – Long-term goal: WebCite® does not physically store anything
but instead deposits the material in the respective National Libraries etc., who often have a legal deposit mandate*
Legal deposit: a copy of any work published in COUNTRY must be deposited with the National Library of COUNTRY
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WebCite® is a disruptive technology
• If online articles/material are– Permanently archived and “citable”– Findable– “Rankable” (post-publication peer-review)– (all of which WebCite® plans to implement)
• … what will be the role of the traditional scholarly journal publication?– Quality of pre-publication peer-review, editing,
copyediting is key– Value-added services (e.g. semantic markup,
curation)
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<ref id="ref19"><label>19</label>-- <nlm-citation citation-type="web"><article-title>Who Gets ALS</article-title><source>ALS Association</source><access-date>2008 Apr 25</access-date>- <comment><ext-link xlink:type="simple"xlink:href="http://www.alsa.org/als/who.cfm"ext-link-type="uri">http://www.alsa.org/als/who.cfm</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type=“other">5Y0NuDIU9</pub-id></nlm-citation></ref>
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<ref id="ref19"><label>19</label>-- <nlm-citation citation-type="web"><article-title>Who Gets ALS</article-title><source>ALS Association</source><access-date>2008 Apr 25</access-date>- <comment><ext-link xlink:type="simple"xlink:href="http://www.webcitation.org/query?url= http://www.alsa.org/als/who.cfm&date=2008-04-25"ext-link-type="uri"> http://www.webcitation.org/query?url= http://www.alsa.org/als/who.cfm&date=2008-04-25 </ext-link></comment></nlm-citation></ref>
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Citing Author
/comb
WebCite®
/archive Cited Author
/bookmarklet/archive
(self-archiving)
Publisher/Editor
/archive
/comb
What the world needsJ. Author
This is a sample citing paper [1].
References:1. Doe J.
www.citedwebsite.com/exmpl [Accessed 1.1.2004]
2. -------------------3. -------------------4. -------------------
XMLManuscriptwith DOI®
DOI® server
IALibraries/Digital PreservationPartners
mirrorsSnapshotRetrievalRequest (DOI with Hash)
© WebCite®
LinkResolver
Reverse (citation-triggered) archiving Self (author-triggered) archiving
Third-party archiving
CrossRef®ForwardLinking XML
(optional) DOI assignment
Reader
(dynamic content)
(static content)